Download or read book Factors Influencing Juror Sentencing Decisions Race Social Economic Status Attorney Credibility and the Relevance of Stereotype Attribution Theory written by Nichole Force and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2008-06-15 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 148 undergraduate students acted as mock jurors in a study that manipulated the following variables to assess their influence on Subjects determination of guilt and sentencing severity of a criminal defendant: race of defendant, social economic status (SES) of defendant, race of victim, and credibility of defense attorney. A chi square analysis of the relationship between the four independent variables and verdict found defendant SES and attorney quality/credibility to be significant. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 anova for sentence length found a main effect of attorney quality and a significant interaction between defendant race and SES. A factorial anova on the projected likelihood of the defendant to commit a criminal act in the future found main effects for defendant SES and attorney quality. Factor analysis of a ten-item semantic differential questionnaire found that subjects rated defendants of high SES as having significantly more integrity than defendants of low SES. Support for stereotype attribution theory, which asserts that much racial stereotyping derives from an inference of social class, was found.

Download or read book Stereotypes about Victims written by Amanda Lynn Scott and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: In three experiments, the influence of the race of victims on legal decisions is explored. Using mock jurors and fictional case summaries and transcripts, the current investigation experimentally manipulates key factors that could influence jurors' judgments about appropriate amounts of punishment and compensation. Experiment 1 demonstrates that victim race can impact legal decisions. Both victim race and the injury sustained by the victim were manipulated. In this first experiment, participants punished injuries more harshly when they inhibited a victim's ability to confirm positive expectations derived from their ethnic identity. Experiment 2 explored the distinction between civil and criminal decisionmaking. Victim race, injury suffered and the framing of the dependent variables were manipulated. Specifically, an attempt was made to reframe both criminal (sentencing decisions) and civil (compensation awards) judgments as either victim- (civil) or defendant- (criminal) focused decisions. The results of Experiment 2 suggested that participants actually punished injuries that were not related to positive aspects of the victim's group identity more harshly than injuries that were related to the abilities assumed to be positively associated with their group. This finding represents a reversal from Experiment 1. Experiment 3 was designed to reconcile the contradictory findings from Experiments 1 and 2. Both focus of processing and the presence or absence of a fairness norm were manipulated to explain why the race effect present in Experiment 1 reversed in Experiment 2. The results from this final study suggest that the effect of processing focus, rather than the presence or absence of a fairness norm, is a better explanation for the race reversal effect reported in Experiment 3. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of a consideration of the ethnicity of victims in the legal system. In addition, the experiments demonstrate that various factors in the case, including victim ethnicity and juror processing focus can interact in interesting ways. Finally, this program of research suggests that more research about the content of the stereotype attached to the ethnicity of victim's in legal proceedings is warranted.

Download or read book The Influence of Social Dominance Orientation Citizenship Status and Ethnicity on Juror Punitiveness written by Ranisha Rene Dokes and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are an estimated 44 million immigrants (both illegal and legal) living in the United States as of 2017 (Jones, 2019; Radford, 2019). Paired with the current immigration policies and political climate, there is concern for due process and equal protection for all, especially for the immigrant population. Various theories suggest that those who are high in the social hierarchy will assign unfair punishments to others they see as political or economic threats, and as a way to maintain social control. In the context of criminal trials, factors such as the citizenship status and ethnicity of a defendant may bias juror decision making, threatening a defendant's right to a fair trial. Thus, the purpose of this study was to understand how factors such as social dominance orientation, citizenship status, and ethnicity impact punitive attitudes amongst jurors. A total of 878 racially diverse students were recruited to read one of six trial transcripts that varied in a defendant's citizenship status (documented, legal non-citizen, undocumented) and ethnicity (Mexican or White Canadian). Citizenship status did not affect jurors. However, the Canadian defendant was convicted more, given a longer sentence, and found more culpable and less credible than the Mexican defendant. These results suggest extralegal factors such as ethnicity affect jurors' decision-making, albeit in unexpected ways, which poses a threat to defendants' due process protections and equal treatment.

Download or read book Processes of Prejudice written by Dominic Abrams and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Juror Bias in the U S Legal System written by Russ Espinoza and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-04 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bias in the legal decision making process has been given considerable attention over the last few decades. However, research regarding biases by juries and juror members has been inconsistent and inconclusive. The majority of this research has focused on race and gender of defendants and jury members, crime circumstances, aggravating and mitigating factors, and juror instructions (Espinoza & Willis-Esqueda, 2008). This book examines how these factors have recently contributed to juror bias and steps we can take to ameliorate this bias. In addition, there is a description of an empirical study that demonstrates that socio-cultural factors (e.g. minority defendant and attorney characteristics, and defendant socioeconomic status) significantly contribute to juror bias in the U.S. criminal court system. Lastly, I discuss various remedies to address these problems and contribute to a better legal system in the United States for all.

Download or read book Juror Decision Making written by Jennifer M. Kutys and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Individuals are bombarded with stereotypes every day in the United States. It is impossible to eliminate the effect of these stereotypes in any situation; however, the criminal justice system strives to find ways to minimize the impact of these stereotypes in the courtroom. In this study, the effects of socioeconomic status and attractiveness of a female defendant on sentencing severity, perceived recidivism, and deservedness of punishment in a murder trial were examined. The study was also designed to investigate how jurors may engage in cognitive processes such as motivated reasoning when biases are pointed out to them. Attractiveness and socioeconomic status did not affect sentencing severity, perceived recidivism, or deservedness of punishment. However, several general trends were evident indicating that females and Caucasians may be harsher in their sentencing overall, though results were not significant. Jurors did engage in motivated reasoning when they were confronted with their biases. In fact, to moderate cognitive dissonance that arises from that awareness, participants altered their ratings of socioeconomic status for the defendant. A more evenly distributed gender pool may enhance the study and findings.

Download or read book Racial Disparities in Capital Sentencing written by Jamie L. Flexon and published by Criminal Justice: Recent Schol. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Flexon presents an interdisciplinary perspective to the problem of racial disparities in capital case outcomes. In doing so, research from social and cognitive psychology concerning stereotypes and attitude influence were bridged with other empirical findings concerning racial disparities in capital sentencing. Specifically, the psychology of stereotypes and attitudes are used to help explain how racial discrimination can operate undetected among death qualified jurors while producing sentencing discrepancies. The introduction of a potential source of bias information concerning criminal justice and race also is offered. Results indicate that prejudicial ideas are likely operating to influence capital sentencing decisions.

Download or read book Jury Decision Making written by Dennis J. Devine and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2012-08-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While jury decision making has received considerable attention from social scientists, there have been few efforts to systematically pull together all the pieces of this research. In Jury Decision Making, Dennis J. Devine examines over 50 years of research on juries and offers a "big picture" overview of the field. The volume summarizes existing theories of jury decision making and identifies what we have learned about jury behavior, including the effects of specific courtroom practices, the nature of the trial, the characteristics of the participants, and the evidence itself. Making use of those foundations, Devine offers a new integrated theory of jury decision making that addresses both individual jurors and juries as a whole and discusses its ramifications for the courts. Providing a unique combination of broad scope, extensive coverage of the empirical research conducted over the last half century, and theory advancement, this accessible and engaging volume offers "one-stop shopping" for scholars, students, legal professionals, and those who simply wish to better understand how well the jury system works.

Download or read book Criminal Sentences written by Marvin E. Frankel and published by . This book was released on 1973-01 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Guidelines Manual written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology written by Kay Deaux and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-02 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology beautifully captures the history, current status, and future prospects of personality and social psychology. Building on the successes and strengths of the first edition, this second edition of the Handbook combines the two fields of personality and social psychology into a single, integrated volume, offering readers a unique and generative agenda for psychology. Over their history, personality and social psychology have had varying relationships with each other-sometimes highly overlapping and intertwined, other times contrasting and competing. Edited by Kay Deaux and Mark Snyder, this Handbook is dedicated to the proposition that personality and social psychology are best viewed in conjunction with one another and that the synergy to be gained from considering links between the two fields can do much to move both areas of research forward in order to better enrich our collective understanding of human nature. Contributors to this Handbook not only offer readers fascinating examples of work that cross the boundaries of personality and social psychology, but present their work in such a way that thinks deeply about the ways in which a unified social-personality perspective can provide us with a greater understanding of the phenomena that concern psychological investigators. The chapters of this Handbook effortlessly weave together work from both disciplines, not only in areas of longstanding concern, but also in newly emerging fields of inquiry, addressing both distinctive contributions and common ground. In so doing, they offer compelling evidence for the power and the potential of an integrated approach to personality and social psychology today.

Download or read book Race and the Jury written by Hiroshi Fukurai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely volume, the authors provide a penetrating analysis of the institutional mechanisms perpetuating the related problems of minorities' disenfranchisement and their underrepresentation on juries.

Download or read book Inside the Juror written by Reid Hastie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive and understandable summary of the major theories of juror decision making.

Download or read book The Psychology of the Courtroom written by Norbert L. Kerr and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents comprehensive and integrative reviews that critically examine the psychological theory and research relevant to the courtroom trial. Chapters discuss either common courtroom roles involving defendant and victim, juror, jury, judge, and witness, or problems involving court procedures, methodological issues for research, and innovation in the courts. All are written by behavioral scientists who are or have been actively engaged in research in the area that they review, and all stress organizing and integrating existing work as well as identifying gaps in knowledge and important topics for future research. The volume fulfills a need for both integrative and broad-based summary and critical review of the expanding empirical literature that focuses on various courtroom participants and problems.

Download or read book Identifying the Culprit written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-01-16 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification makes the case that better data collection and research on eyewitness identification, new law enforcement training protocols, standardized procedures for administering line-ups, and improvements in the handling of eyewitness identification in court can increase the chances that accurate identifications are made. This report explains the science that has emerged during the past 30 years on eyewitness identifications and identifies best practices in eyewitness procedures for the law enforcement community and in the presentation of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom. In order to continue the advancement of eyewitness identification research, the report recommends a focused research agenda.

Download or read book EEOC Compliance Manual written by United States. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Death of Expertise written by Tom Nichols and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the early 1990s, a small group of "AIDS denialists," including a University of California professor named Peter Duesberg, argued against virtually the entire medical establishment's consensus that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Science thrives on such counterintuitive challenges, but there was no evidence for Duesberg's beliefs, which turned out to be baseless. Once researchers found HIV, doctors and public health officials were able to save countless lives through measures aimed at preventing its transmission"--