Download or read book Factors Contributing to Disparities in Early Breast Cancer Treatment written by Sheenu Chandwani and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specific Aims: This dissertation was conducted to examine the following specific aims among early breast cancer patients: 1) Racial differences in the use of pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the role of pre-operative MRI on rates of re-operation and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), and time to surgery; 2) Racial differences in elapsed time and sessions received during radiation therapy; and 3) Racial differences in chemotherapy dose modifications and role of neutropenia in this association. Design, setting and subjects: Subjects were selected from the Breast Cancer Treatment Disparity Study which is an ongoing cohort study of African American (AA) and white subjects residing in eastern New Jersey who were newly diagnosed with early breast cancer between 2005 and 2010. Data were collected through a detailed review of medical records obtained from multiple health care providers of these participants. Results: A significantly higher use of pre-operative MRI among whites versus AAs (58.3% vs. 39.7%, p0.01) was seen in the first study. Receipt of pre-operative MRI was associated with a non-significant lower rate of re-operation (RR= 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54, 1.07), but a significantly higher rate of CPM (RR= 1.75; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.92) and a longer time to surgery (geometric mean= 40.5 days versus 27.6 days, p0.01). The second study revealed no differences between AA and white women in elapsed time and sessions received during standard radiation therapy following lumpectomy (median elapsed time= 48 days, % subjects with49 days elapsed time= 36%, and mean sessions= 33, for both racial groups). In the third study, a significantly lower relative dose intensity (RDI) was delivered to AA subjects than white subjects (94.4% versus 100.0%, p= 0.005) during chemotherapy and the risk of15% reduction in RDI was more than double (RR= 2.62; 95% CI: 1.40, 4.89) in AA women as compared to white women. White blood cell counts at initiation of chemotherapy and in subsequent cycles were similar between the races and were unable to account for differences in dose intensity between the two groups. Conclusion: The rapid rise in use of pre-operative MRI is a concern as no benefit of its use was observed in this study. We also conclude that once treatment is initiated AA women and white women were very similar in receipt of care delivered during radiation. However, this did not hold true for chemotherapy. AA women in comparison to white women were at more than two-fold risk of experiencing dose modifications during chemotherapy that was not explained by differences in their blood counts.

Download or read book Racial Disparities in Early Stage Breast Cancer Treatment written by Prethibha A. George and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Appropriate treatment disparity and delay in receipt of treatment are possible reasons that contribute to shorter survival in African-American (AA) breast cancer patients compared to their White counterparts. Specific Aims: In early stage breast cancer: 1) determine if racial differences exist in treatment, 2) examine racial disparity of delays in diagnosis and treatment initiation and explore factors that predicted delay in the overall population and by race, 3) examine factors that influenced the choice between mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and whether these factors differed by race. Methods: Newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer patients during 2005-2010 were identified in seven eastern New Jersey counties through rapid case ascertainment. For each AA woman 18-85 years of age, a white woman was randomly selected (± 5 years of age and from same county). Two data collection methods took place: medical chart review (Aims 1 & 2) and semi-structured interviews (Aim 3). Multivariable binomial and linear regression models were conducted to explore associations between race and outcomes (receipt of standard treatment; diagnosis and treatment delay). Results: In Aim 1, AAs tended not to receive optimal treatment compared to whites (RR: 1.60; 95% CI: .94, 2.71). Aim 2 demonstrated that AA women experienced longer time to diagnosis and surgical treatment. The geometric mean (95% CI) for whites and AAs in time to diagnosis was 35 (31, 40) and 47 (41, 54); time to surgery was 28 (26, 30) and 33 (30, 35) respectively. Aim 3 demonstrated that health issues that interfered with physical/social activities influenced AAs to receive mastectomy compared to BCS (RR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01, 2.77). Conclusion: We observed racial differences in receipt of optimal treatment (after controlling clinical factors) and took longer time to diagnosis and treatment for early stage breast cancer among AAs compared to white women. These differences could contribute to the observed poor survival in AAs with breast cancer. Also AAs listed previous health issues as an influencing factor in the surgical treatment they received. The findings suggest that interventions are needed to eliminate barriers that contribute to the observed disparity and to help narrow the racial gap in survival rates.

Download or read book Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance written by Aamir Ahmad and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resistance to therapies, both targeted and systemic, and metastases to distant organs are the underlying causes of breast cancer-associated mortality. The second edition of Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance brings together some of the leading experts to comprehensively understand breast cancer: the factors that make it lethal, and current research and clinical progress. This volume covers the following core topics: basic understanding of breast cancer (statistics, epidemiology, racial disparity and heterogeneity), metastasis and drug resistance (bone metastasis, trastuzumab resistance, tamoxifen resistance and novel therapeutic targets, including non-coding RNAs, inflammatory cytokines, cancer stem cells, ubiquitin ligases, tumor microenvironment and signaling pathways such as TRAIL, JAK-STAT and mTOR) and recent developments in the field (epigenetic regulation, microRNAs-mediated regulation, novel therapies and the clinically relevant 3D models). Experts also discuss the advances in laboratory research along with their translational and clinical implications with an overarching goal to improve the diagnosis and prognosis, particularly that of breast cancer patients with advanced disease.

Download or read book Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos written by Amelie G. Ramirez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book gives an overview of the sessions, panel discussions, and outcomes of the Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos conference, held in February 2018 in San Antonio, Texas, USA, and hosted by the Mays Cancer Center and the Institute for Health Promotion Research at UT Health San Antonio. Latinos – the largest, youngest, and fastest-growing minority group in the United States – are expected to face a 142% rise in cancer cases in coming years. Although there has been substantial advancement in cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment over the past few decades, addressing Latino cancer health disparities has not nearly kept pace with progress. The diverse and dynamic group of speakers and panelists brought together at the Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos conference provided in-depth insights as well as progress and actionable goals for Latino-focused basic science research, clinical best practices, community interventions, and what can be done by way of prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer in Latinos. These insights have been translated into the chapters included in this compendium; the chapters summarize the presentations and include current knowledge in the specific topic areas, identified gaps, and top priority areas for future cancer research in Latinos. Topics included among the chapters: Colorectal cancer disparities in Latinos: Genes vs. Environment Breast cancer risk and mortality in women of Latin American origin Differential cancer risk in Latinos: The role of diet Overcoming barriers for Latinos on cancer clinical trials Es tiempo: Engaging Latinas in cervical cancer research Emerging policies in U.S. health care Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos proves to be an indispensable resource offering key insights into actionable targets for basic science research, suggestions for clinical best practices and community interventions, and novel strategies and advocacy opportunities to reduce health disparities in Latino communities. It will find an engaged audience among researchers, academics, physicians and other healthcare professionals, patient advocates, students, and others with an interest in the broad field of Latino cancer.

Download or read book Patterns of Care and Disparities in the Treatment of Early Breast Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior research evidence that has suggested that regional variation and socioeconomic barriers in breast cancer treatment remain substantial problems for patients across the nation. The purpose of our project was to characterize national patterns in the treatment of early invasive breast cancer in older women with incident disease. We specifically sought to characterize disparities in care and regional variation in treatment patterns. Methods. We sought to apply a novel resource, comprehensive national Medicare claims data, to study disparities in care and outcomes in women with breast cancer. We calculated national and state-by-state absolute and standardized utilization rates of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy in patients with early invasive breast cancer treated with conservative surgery (CS); analyzed the modifying effect of race on RT utilization; and evaluated the utility of claims-based covariates in predicting breast cancer stage. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model these outcomes. Findings. Significant regional variation in utilization of breast cancer treatment existed in our cohort of older women diagnosed with invasive disease, even after standardization for patient and disease characteristics. In addition, significant racial disparities in care existed, with non-white women significantly less likely than white women to receive RT after CS, despite this treatment modality generally considered standard treatment. Conclusions. Our research adds to the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive national sample to address these study questions. Our future research will extend on our current findings by determining whether these variations in breast cancer treatment also affect outcomes, such as cancer recurrence, mortality, and costs of cancer care.

Download or read book Disparities in the Treatment of Early Breast Cancer written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Context: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among US women. Compounding the impact of breast cancer are significant age and race differences that have been noted in the incidence and mortality of breast cancer. The elderly suffer disproportionately from the burden of breast cancer because they are a rapidly growing population in the US and they also have relatively higher mortality and morbidity from this disease. There is conclusive evidence of the efficacy of adjuvant systemic treatment in prolonging survival. However, very little is known about the frequency of use of this treatment in the elderly. On the other hand, racial differences in breast cancer reveal that although black women have lower incidence of breast cancer than whites, they sustain higher mortality rates. There is evidence that the reduced survival among blacks may be attributable more to differences in socioeconomic status and access to appropriate care, rather than to biological differences between the races. Therefore, it is apparent that the elderly and ethnic minority groups, especially black women, experience poorer outcomes from their breast cancers than their counterparts. Age and race disparities in treatment of early breast cancer may be one mechanism by which these women suffer poorer outcomes. Therefore, the overall goal of this dissertation was to examine age and race disparities in the treatment of early breast cancer as articulated in the three specific aims described below. Specific Aims: The aims of this dissertation were to: (1) determine the frequency of use of adjuvant systemic treatment for early breast cancer among women 65 years of age and older, (2) examine whether differences exist in receipt of standard treatment for early breast cancer between black and white women, and (3) examine whether differences exist in delays in initiation of treatment for early breast cancer between black and white women. Design, Setting, and Patients: Aim 1 utilized data from the population-based New Jersey Cancer Registry (NJSCR) to ascertain the frequency of use of adjuvant systemic treatment among 200 women (100 fatal cases and 100 non-fatal cases) who were greater than or equal to 65 years of age and diagnosed with early stage breast cancer during 1987-1998. Study subjects were stratified based on their estrogen receptor (ER) status into ER positive and ER negative cases. NJSCR data provided information on patient and tumor characteristics as well as information on treatment received and their providers. Cancer registry data are usually obtained from hospital tumor registrars, while adjuvant systemic treatment is frequently administered on an outpatient basis. Therefore, cancer registry data was supplemented with data obtained from patients' primary care physicians and oncologists. For Aims 2 and 3 of this dissertation, a retrospective cohort study was designed using a linked NJSCR and New Jersey Medicaid dataset for the years 1997 through 2001. Participants in these studies were women 20-64 years of age who were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (SEER Summary Stage 'localized' and 'regional spread to lymph nodes') between January 1997 and December 2001. Women who were neither white nor black, who were diagnosed with other cancers, and whose breast cancer was not the primary cancer were excluded. The linked database was used to obtain diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment information on 237 black and 485 white women. Descriptive analyses were done to characterize the study populations for all three aims. For Aim 1, the frequency of use of surgical therapy, hormonal therapy alone, chemotherapy alone, and hormonal therapy in combination with chemotherapy was calculated separately for subjects with ER positive and ER negative tumors. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to examine the predictors of adjuvant hormonal and chemotherapy use. For Aim 2, logistic regression models were constructed to compare receipt of standard treatment between blacks and whites. Racial differences in breast cancer specific and overall survival were evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models. For Aim 3, we compared blacks and whites with respect to delays in initiation of surgical treatment after confirmed diagnosis, of adjuvant radiation therapy after breast conserving surgery, and of adjuvant hormonal and chemotherapy after definitive surgery. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the association between delays in initiation of surgical treatment (greater than or equal to 1 month vs.

Download or read book Cancer Disparities written by Ronit Elk and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2012 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been remarkable progress in understanding, preventing, detecting, diagnosing, and treating cancer, resulting in a reduction of cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Despite this, the cancer burden varies considerably by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Cancer incidence rates vary markedly between racial/ethnic groups, but even more startling are the differences in outcome across groups. Cancer Disparities: Causes and Evidence-Based Solutions helps readers understand the scope and causes of this inequity by providing a detailed analysis of the many factors that result in cancer disparities across the cancer continuum, including the role of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, access to and use of services, insurance status, geographic variables, and differences in treatment provided to patients. Further, it is the first book to describe evidence-based, concrete solutions that can be used to reduce or even eliminate cancer health disparities. Fifteen previously unpublished studies of interventions designed specifically to achieve health equality are described. These studies focus on contextually and culturally appropriate strategies to enhance cancer prevention, screening and early detection, treatment, symptom management, and quality of life in underserved populations.

Download or read book Social Inequities in Cancer written by Dana Hashim and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-08-19 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Social Inequities in Cancer” is a compendium of articles that identify barriers and metrics on the topic of modifiable and unnecessary cancer inequalities. Social inequities have long been recognised as a strong contributing factor in health and cancer inequalities for the past several decades. Despite progress in cancer treatment, cancer incidence, mortality and survival vary markedly between and within countries. Globalisation, greater life expectancy, emerging analytical technologies, and the scalability of big data have revolutionized the vantage point from which social inequities can be studied. The focus of these articles is inequalities as they relate to cancer, with the inequalities ranging from the community to the global scale. Disclaimer: Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization.

Download or read book Cancer Health Disparities written by Chanita Hughes Halbert, PhD and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-10 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite improvements in strategies for early detection and cancer treatment, racial and ethnic groups and individuals from other medically underserved populations continue to experience disparities in cancer morbidity and mortality. Research in cancer health disparities has evolved from first generation studies that described racial differences in morbidity and mortality to research that examines the efforts of interventions that focus on increasing access to early detection and treatment. As a result of these efforts, racial background, socioeconomic characteristics, access to high quality cancer care, and psychological and social factors have been documented as important determinants of cancer health disparities; these factors provide the context within which cancer is detected, treated, and prevented. The field of cancer health disparities is now at a critical juncture where it is essential to move beyond descriptive information on determinants of disparities in cancer morbidity and mortality to translational studies that examine basic biological processes and how these processes interact with social, psychological, and behavioral factors to contribute to disparities in cancer risk and outcomes. Empirical evidence about the influence of multilevel determinants has grown, and now, more than ever, efforts are being made to understand the independent and interactive effects of biological, psychological, behavioral, and social determinants of cancer health disparities and to translate this information into sustainable interventions for cancer prevention, control, and treatment. Provides an in-depth examination of emerging evidence about multilevel determinants of cancer health disparities Describes novel frameworks and approaches that are being used to understand and address cancer health disparities Presents evidence-based interventions that have potential to achieve equity in cancer outcomes Reviews the effects of previous and ongoing approaches to address disparities

Download or read book Cancer Care Delivery and Women s Health written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer care delivery refers to the multiple layers of the health care system that interact to affect outcomes for patients with cancer and the quality of that care. The factors included in the care delivery system that potentially alter outcomes include social dynamics, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, provider and individual behaviors. Because women's health care has its own unique challenges, the intersection between cancer care delivery and women's health is to be examined in this Frontiers in Oncology issue. The unique opportunities and challenges of improving the health care system for women with breast and gynecologic cancers are to be explored in depth. We will visit many topics of cancer care delivery with the unique perspective geared towards the care of women's malignancies.

Download or read book Breast Cancer Quality of Care written by Brinda Venkatesh and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite significant advances that have been made in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, a disproportionate burden of the disease continues to fall on women from minority groups. Studies suggest that differentials in the quality of breast cancer care in the treatment stage influence breast cancer disparities. Because treatment is defined by medical intervention, the health system plays a critical role in understanding breast cancer disparities and needs to be further examined. Moreover, studies examining such differentials have focused on aggregated racial data, which may be masking smaller ethnic groups that may be at higher risk. This dissertation attempts to clarify the health system contribution to breast cancer quality of care disparities and highlights the need to examine breast cancer quality of care disparities using disaggregated racial/ethnic data in order to help inform the design of more targeted quality improvement efforts. Paper #1 examines the relationship between designated specialty cancer centers and breast cancer quality of care. In cancer care delivery, there has been an emerging trend for cancer centers to obtain special designations from one or more of the following institutions: the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), and the American College of Surgeon’ Commission on Cancer. These designations are markers for high quality cancer care, yet little is known about the actual effectiveness of the care they provide or the communities that they tend to serve. Paper #2 examines breast cancer quality of care differences between Asian women (aggregated and disaggregated) and non-Hispanic White women. Cancer disparities research often focus on examining communities in aggregate. Recently, more scholars are utilizing disaggregated ethnic data when assessing cancer disparities in order to acknowledge the diversity of these large communities. Little is known about breast cancer quality of care disparities among Asian American ethnic groups. Paper #3 examines the relative contribution of within hospital and between hospital effects on racial/ethnic disparities on the quality of breast cancer treatment. Existing literature posits that there are two mechanisms at the health systems level that contribute to disparities in the quality of care received by minority groups. Some studies suggest that disparities are due to minorities receiving differential treatment within the same institution as White patients, while others propose that minorities tend to receive care from lower quality health care settings. Studies to date have not examined the ways in which the health system may be contributing to breast cancer quality of care disparities. Data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) was used for the analyses. The study population consisted of women ages 20 years or older and who have had a first invasive primary breast cancer diagnosis between 2011-2014. This dissertation contributes to the existing literature on breast cancer disparities by clarifying the mechanism of the health system contribution to breast cancer disparities and uncovering disparities in disaggregated ethnic groups. Findings from this dissertation will provide important information for the development of quality improvement efforts in cancer care delivery.

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Radiotherapy in Cancer Care written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2017-11-28 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cancer treatment is complex and calls for a diverse set of services. Radiation therapy is recognized as an essential tool in the cure and palliation of cancer. Currently, access to radiation treatment is limited in many countries and non-existent in some. This lack of radiation therapy resources exacerbates the burden of disease and underscores the continuing health care disparity among States. Closing this gap represents an essential measure in addressing this global health equity problem. This publication presents a comprehensive overview of the major topics and issues to be taken into consideration when planning a strategy to address this problem, in particular in low and middle income countries. With contributions from leaders in the field, it provides an introduction to the achievements and issues of radiation therapy as a cancer treatment modality around the world. Dedicated chapters focus on the new radiotherapy technologies, proton beams, carbon ion, intraoperative radiotherapy, radiotherapy for children, treatment of HIV-AIDS malignancies, and costing and quality management issues.

Download or read book Adverse Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy Anything New to Improve Tolerance and Reduce Sequelae written by Kulmira Nurgali and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-06-12 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in anti-cancer chemotherapy over recent years have led to improved efficacy in curing or controlling many cancers. Some chemotherapy-related side-effects are well recognized and include: nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, cardiac and skeletal muscle dysfunction and renal impairment. However, it is becoming clearer that some chemotherapy-related adverse effects may persist even in long term cancer survivors. Problems such as cognitive, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal dysfunction, and neuropathy may lead to substantial long term morbidity. Despite improvements in treatments to counteract acute chemotherapy-induced adverse effects, they are often incompletely effective. Furthermore, counter-measures for some acute side-effects and many potential longer term sequelae of anti-cancer chemotherapy have not been developed. Thus, new insights into prevalence and mechanisms of cancer chemotherapy-related side effects are needed and new approaches to improving tolerance and reduce sequelae of cancer chemotherapy are urgently needed. The present Research Topic focuses on adverse effects and sequelae of chemotherapy and strategies to counteract them.

Download or read book Ethnic Minority Disparities in Cancer Treatment written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Unequal Treatment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-02-06 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color.

Download or read book Health United States 2016 with Chartbook on Long Term Trends in Health written by National Center for Health Statistics and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This annual overview report of national trends in health statistics contains a Chartbook that assesses the nation's health by presenting trends and current information on selected measures of morbidity, mortality, health care utilization and access, health risk factors, prevention, health insurance, and personal health-care expenditures. Chapters devoted to population characteristics, prevention, health risk factors, health care resources, personal health care expenditures, health insurance, and trend tables may provide the health/medical statistician, data analyst, biostatistician with additional information to complete experimental studies or provide necessary research for pharmaceutical companies to gain data for modeling and sampling. Undergraduate students engaged in applied mathematics or statistical compilations to graduate students completing biostatistics degree programs to include statistical inference principles, probability, sampling methods and data analysis as well as specialized medical statistics courses relating to epidemiology and other health topics may be interested in this volume. Related products: Your Guide to Choosing a Nursing Home or Other Long-Term Services & Supports available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/your-guide-choosing-nursing-home-or-other-long-term-services-supports Health Insurance Coverage in the United States, 2014 available here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/health-insurance-coverage-united-states-2014 "Some System of the Nature Here Proposed": Joseph Lovell's Remarks on the Sick Report, Northern Department, U.S. Army, 1817, and the Rise of the Modern US Army Medical Department can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/some-system-nature-here-proposed-joseph-lovells-remarks-sick-report-northern-department-us Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2014: Recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (ePub) -Free digital eBook download available at the US Government Online Bookstore here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/guide-clinical-preventive-services-2014-recommendations-us-preventive-services-task-force --Also available for FREE digital eBook download from Apple iBookstore, BarnesandNoble.com (Nook Bookstore), Google Play eBookstore, and Overdrive -Please use ISBN: 9780160926426 to search these commercial platforms.