Download or read book Factors Affecting the Neurotoxic Effects of 6 hydroxydopamine in an Animal Model of Parkinson s Disease written by Rebecca J. Grant and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Collectively, our findings highlight differential vulnerability amongst midbrain dopamine neurons, of possible relevance to Parkinson's disease. In addition, our work suggests that calpains may represent a future therapeutic target for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, present drawbacks associated with this approach indicate that additional studies are necessary before such neuroprotective compounds can be employed to treat Parkinson's disease." --

Download or read book Advances in Research on Neurodegeneration written by R. Horowski and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-09 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 10th International Winter Conference on Neurodegeneration (lWCN) has taken place from February 14-16,2002, at the lovely "SchloB Ziethen", an old prussian manor (in Prussia, 'faute de mieux', called 'SchloB', i. e. cas tle or residence). This place is 20 km off Tegel Airport, Berlin's main airport, and has been beautifully restored by baroness Edith von Thiingen (nee von BUlow, i. e. of historical Prussian aristocracy); it lends itself rather perfectly for the IWCN type of small interdisciplinary workshops on neurodegenera tion which combine short lectures with plenty of discussion. In this context, we could quote Alexander von Humboldt's famous opening words for one of the first international scientific meetings held at Berlin, on September 18, 1828: "The main purpose ... does not consist in a mutual reading of manuscripts all to be printed after at least one year in specialised publications, but in the personal communication amongst those who work in similar scientific fields; the oral and thus more stimulating exchange of ideas, might they represent facts, opinions or doubts; the foundation of friendly relations which convey illumination to our sciences, serene grace to our lives and tolerance and mildness to our habits ... Berlin, Sept. 18, 1828 Alexander von Humboldt To the IWCN aficionado, it may come as a little surprise that this is the pub lication of the 10th Winter Conference as this might mean that they must have missed number 9.

Download or read book Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases written by Bartholomew Ibeh and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-23 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world has recorded losses in terms of human life as well as extensive time spent in experimentation with development of new drugs, elucidation of disease mechanism(s), and therapeutic agent discovery. Ethical and legal issues cojoin in slowing down scientific discoveries in medicine and biology. The past two (2) decades, therefore, have seen tremendous attempts that largely are successful in developing animal models with the characteristics of mimicking, approximating, or expressing transplanted human organs/tissues. These models or rather approaches seem to be fast, cost-effective, and easy to maintain compared to primates. This book is a collection of expert essays on animal models of human diseases of global interest. A visible objective of the book is to provide real-time experimental approach to scientists, clinicians, ethicists, medicolegal/medical jurisprudence workers, immunologists, postgraduate students, and vaccinologists and informative and multidisciplinary approach for the identification of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers using animal models as well as investigating the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of human diseases. An increased understanding of the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of human diseases has laid out the foundation for the development of rational therapies mainly with animal models.

Download or read book NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy written by Peter Riederer and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-11-04 with total page 4652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a reference guide describing the current status of medication in all major psychiatric and neurological indications, together with comparisons of pharmacological treatment strategies in clinical settings in Europe, USA, Japan and China. In addition, it highlights herbal medicine as used in China and Japan, as well as complementary medicine and nutritional aspects. This novel approach offers international readers a global approach in a single dedicated publication and is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in comparing treatments for psychiatric disorders in three different cultural areas. There are three volumes devoted to Basic Principles and General Aspects, offering a general overview of psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 1); Classes, Drugs and Special Aspects covering the role of psychotropic drugs in the field of psychiatry and neurology (Vol. 2) and Applied Psychopharmacotherapy focusing on applied psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 3). These books are invaluable to psychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, medical practitioners and clinical psychologists.

Download or read book Etiology of Parkinson s Disease written by Jonas H. Ellenberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-03-01 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.

Download or read book Impact of Pleiotrophin Gene Therapy in 6 hydroxydopamine and AAV Alpha synuclein Rodent Models of Parkinson s Disease written by Sara E. Gombash Lampe and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trophic factor gene therapy to slow nigral dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been extensively tested in preclinical animal models. Despite encouraging results in toxin based PD models, no neurotrophic factor therapy to date has yielded clinical benefits, indicating the continued need for new candidates and new targets. The studies in this dissertation were designed to investigate the therapeutic potential of the trophic factor pleiotrophin (PTN). PTN promotes survival and outgrowth of mesencephalic DA producing neurons in vitro and is upregulated in the substantia nigra (SN) of PD patients. This dissertation includes a series of studies investigating the effects of nigrostriatal PTN overexpression by injection of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) in both the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and human wild-type alpha-synuclein (a-syn) overexpression (AAV) rat models of PD. Results from these studies reveal that intrastriatal PTN overexpression prior to 6-OHDA insult is neuroprotective for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and to DA projections to the striatum, and provides restoration of motor performance. Furthermore, only PTN overexpression targeted to the striatum specifically results in long-term nigrostriatal sparing, whereas PTN co-transduction of the SN mitigates long-term neuroprotection. In contrast, PTN overexpression in the nigrostriatal system is unable to protect SN DA neurons or striatal terminals from a-syn aggregation and toxicity and is unable to ameliorate a-syn-induced motor deficits. Taken together, these results suggest that PTN overexpression is protective against oxidative stress mechanisms of neurodegeneration, but is ineffective against the a-syn overexpression-induced toxicity produced in the AAV-a-syn model. It is unclear whether these findings signal PTN gene therapy failure or AAV-a-syn model limitations. Whether the 6-OHDA, the AAV-a-syn model or neither possess predictive validity for neuroprotection in the PD remains to be determined. Further investigation of the survival signaling induced by PTN in the face of 6-OHDA and the determination of whether this signaling is absent in conditions of a-syn overexpression.

Download or read book Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 LRRK2 written by Hardy J. Rideout and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to assemble the leading researchers in the field of LRRK2 biology and neurology and provide a snapshot of the current state of knowledge, encompassing all major aspects of its function and dysfunction. The contributors are experts in cell biology and physiology, neurobiology, and medicinal chemistry, bringing a multidisciplinary perspective on the gene and its role in disease. The book covers the identification of LRRK2 as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. It also discusses the current state of the field after a decade of research, putative normal physiological roles of LRRK2, and the various pathways that have been identified in the search for the mechanism(s) of its induction of neurodegeneration.

Download or read book Animal Models of Parkinson s Disease written by Burkhard Niewoehner and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2005-12-18 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2003 in the subject Biology - Neurobiology, grade: 1,0 (Distinction), Oxford University (Department of Experimental Psychology), language: English, abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) was the first neurological disease to b e modelled in animals. Early models of PD used toxins which selectively targeted dopaminergic neurons, such as reserpine, 6 -hydroxydopamine, and 1 -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6tetrahydropyridine. These initial models have greatly contributed to the current understanding of the pathogenesis of PD and have proven to be valuable tools in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, but have failed to mimic important characteristics of PD. Recently, it has been found that chronic systemic exposure to the pesticide rotenone can reproduce specific features of PD in rodents. Moreover, the association of a-synuclein mutations with some cases of familial PD have motivated the development of genetic models of PD in mice and Drosophila. The present essay gives a brief survey of the clinics and pathophysiology of PD, discusses the different animal models of PD currently available, and briefly compares the suitability the rodents and primates as models for human PD.

Download or read book Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease written by Jiro Kasahara and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-05-29 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a slowly progressive motor dysfunction and loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra innervating the striatum, causing depletion of dopamine, which leads to a hyperactivation of the striatal medial spiny neurons. To understand the pathophysiological details of PD and for developing and screening the novel therapeutic and/or neuroprotective substances, animal models for PD induced by neurotoxins have been developed. Among them, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is the most commonly used since it causes a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and induces typical PD-like symptoms both in human and in experimental animals with a relatively simple application. In this chapter, we first overview the characteristics of PD and animal models with neurotoxins to establish, then focus on, MPTP-treated mouse and common marmoset models for PD with their practical experimental protocols and applications.

Download or read book Toxin Induced Models of Neurological Disorders written by A.J. Nonneman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tbis volume discusses and evaluates the use of neurotoxins to produce animal models of human neurodegenerative diseases. Tbe models presented use neuro toxins to induce some or most of the pathophysiological changes (including behavioral) that characterize the most studied motor neuron disorders and cogni tive disorders (dementia) in humans. Within the biomedical research community, there is little doubt about the utility of such models. But with increasing frequen cy, individuals concemed with animal rights question the validity of such models and argue that they actually produce no useful information for understanding or developing treatments for human disorders. Each of the chapters will address this issue, considering the utility, validity, generalizability, and limitations of the models presented. Chapter 1 begins with a brief review of the ethics of animal use in neuro biological research, inc1uding a discussion of the criteria that may be used to evaluate animal models of human disease and extrapolate from the model to appropriate questions regarding humans. The limitations of such extrapolation are also discussed, with special consideration of issues specific to the use of neurotoxins. Chapter 2 extends this theme with further consideration of issues and strategies involved in developing neurotoxin-induced models of neuro degenerative disorders and assessing risk factors associated with neurotoxin ex posure. It then narrows to evaluate the use of a model systems approach to explore neurotoxin-induced leaming and memory deficits in animals as related to humans with dementia.

Download or read book The Impact of Exercise on the Vulnerability of Dopamine Neurons to Cell Death in Animal Models of Parkinson s Disease written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parkinson's disease results in part from the loss of dopamine neurons. We hypothesize that exercise reduces the vulnerability of dopamine neurons to neurotoxin exposure, which is modulated by stress. We have outlined experiments to test this hypothesis in rats treated with one of several neurotoxins, beginning with 6-hydroxydopamine. Over the past year, we increased the size and training of our research team and made a number of observations of direct relevance to our hypothesis. We also have received permission to expand our original Statement of Work to include critical studies on the mechanism of the actions of exercise, using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Our focus continues to be on the effects of stress and exercise on the vulnerability of DA neurons, and the role played in these phenomena by trophic factors and intracellular signaling cascades.

Download or read book The Case of the Frozen Addicts written by J.W. Langston and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2013-12-02 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the summer of 1982, hospital emergency rooms in the San Francisco Bay Area were suddenly confronted with mysteriously “frozen” patients – young men and women who, though conscious, could neither move nor speak. Doctors were baffled, until neurologist J. William Langston, recognizing the symptoms of advanced Parkinson’s disease, administered L-dopa – the only known effective treatment – and “unfroze” his patient. Dr. Langston determined that this patient and five others had all used the same tainted batch of synthetic heroin, inadvertently laced with a toxin that had destroyed an area of their brains essential to normal movement. This same area, the substantia nigra, slowly deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease. As scientists raced to capitalize on this breakthrough, Dr. Langston struggled to salvage the lives of his frozen patients, for whom L-dopa provided only short-term relief. The solution he found lay in the most daring area of research: fetal-tissue transplants. The astonishing recovery of two of his patients garnered worldwide press coverage, helped overturn federal restrictions on fetal-tissue research, and offered hope to millions suffering from Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other degenerative brain disorders. This is the story behind the headline – a spellbinding account that brings to life the intellectual excitement, ethical dilemmas, and fierce competitiveness of medical research. This new updated edition of the classic neurological mystery tale, “The Case of the Frozen Addicts,” illuminates how the solution to a baffling mystery of the brain’s chemistry opened a new frontier in medicine and restored life to people without hope. “It begins with a series of quixotic discoveries, escalates to providing possible solutions for one of humanity’s most intractable medical problems, and then catapults the reader into the center of America’s hottest political arena – abortion and fetal sanctity. Bravo! A brilliant read.” – Laurie Garrett, author of The Coming Plague “[Langston and Palfreman] weave a highly readable and spellbinding medical detective tale... It is as absorbing as a good mystery, as entertaining as an exciting novel, and as enlightening as a good biography.” – Stanley Fahn, New England Journal of Medicine “I could not put it down... it is the lives of the ‘frozen addicts’ themselves – and the fullness with which this is presented – which makes the whole thing overwhelming.” – Oliver Sacks

Download or read book Neurotoxin Modeling of Brain Disorders Life long Outcomes in Behavioral Teratology written by Richard M. Kostrzewa and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-13 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is authored by leading experts who made major discoveries in neuroteratology research focused on modeling human neural developmental disorders. Individual chapters address ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), Lesch-Nyhan disease, psychoses and schizophrenia, autism, and models of Parkinson’s Disease and tardive dyskinesia. The effects of perinatal stress and agonist insults on life-long outcomes are addressed, as well as the overall effects of perinatal neurotoxins on development of specific neural phenotypic systems. The book provides a unique compendium on how perinatal insults of various types can produce effects in brain that persist throughout the life span. Researchers can derive insight into experimental approaches in this research field; clinicians can develop insights into the influences of the many noxious and seemingly innocuous substances that might influence brain development in children.

Download or read book Neurotoxic Factors in Parkinson s Disease and Related Disorders written by Alexander Storch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book stems from the 2nd Parkinson's Disease Symposium on Neurotoxic Factors in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, held on Augus 6-7, 1999 at the University of Ulm Medical School in Ulm at the Danube in Germany. The specific topic, neurotoxic factors in Parkinson's Disease, involves neurobiological, epidemiological and environmental factors that bring to light this second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This work is compiled by leading researchers in neurodegeneration from around the world, making it a unique, comprehensive, and useful publication.

Download or read book Basic Neurochemistry written by R. Wayne Albers and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-11-02 with total page 1121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Neurochemistry, Eighth Edition, is the updated version of the outstanding and comprehensive classic text on neurochemistry. For more than forty years, this text has been the worldwide standard for information on the biochemistry of the nervous system, serving as a resource for postgraduate trainees and teachers in neurology, psychiatry, and basic neuroscience, as well as for medical, graduate, and postgraduate students and instructors in the neurosciences. The text has evolved, as intended, with the science. This new edition continues to cover the basics of neurochemistry as in the earlier editions, along with expanded and additional coverage of new research from intracellular trafficking, stem cells, adult neurogenesis, regeneration, and lipid messengers. It contains expanded coverage of all major neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including the neurochemistry of addiction, pain, and hearing and balance; the neurobiology of learning and memory; sleep; myelin structure, development, and disease; autism; and neuroimmunology. Completely updated text with new authors and material, and many entirely new chapters Over 400 fully revised figures in splendid color 61 chapters covering the range of cellular, molecular and medical neuroscience Translational science boxes emphasizing the connections between basic and clinical neuroscience Companion website at http://elsevierdirect.com/companions/9780123749475

Download or read book Translocator Protein TSPO written by Giovanni Natile and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Translocator Protein (TSPO)" that was published in IJMS

Download or read book Behavioural Analysis of 6 hydroxydopamine Rodent Models of Parkinson s Disease written by Andreas Heuer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aims of this thesis were to characterise further lesion-induced impairments in unilateral rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD) on a more cognitive level and to investigate the effects of cell replacement therapies on these tests. Chapter 3.1 deals with the effects of dopamine depletion on a lateralised choice reaction time task in the Skinner box as this apparatus is more widely available than the 9-hole boxes on which initial studies have been based. Unilateral near complete lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway induced a stable side bias that was comparable to the lesion-induced deficits that have been reported in the 9-hole box apparatus. Chapter 3.2 reports on the effects of similar lesions on a more spatial reaction time task and the effects of engraftment of dopamine rich tissue in the denervated striatum. The lesions induced a spatial bias that was only marginally improved by the cell transplantation, clearly showing the limitations of ectopic graft placement. Nevertheless, small but significant improvements on that task could be shown as grafted animals performed with higher accuracy and had reduced movement times compared to the lesion only counterparts. Chapter 3.3 explores the lesion-induced deficit in more detail by implementing an error correction rule on the operant task to enforce a change in the animals' response strategy. The results of this chapter confirmed earlier findings, that the dopamine depletion produced by the lesion gives rise to a strong near hole bias on the contralateral side which did not recover, even with extensive post lesion testing, i.e. the lesion-induced deficit is most likely to be caused by a misrepresentation of response space, rather than caused by a shift in response strategy. The second strand of this thesis focuses on the development of mouse models of similar dopamine-depleting lesions that are typically used in rat models of PD. In Chapter 3.4 the three most common lesion models are compared to each other on an extensive battery of simple motor tests. The aim was both to characterise the behavioural impact of dopamine depletion in different sites, as well as to identify appropriate hand tests, capable of distinguishing lesions greater than 70% depletion. The differences and similarities between lesions were evaluated and correlations between behavioural performance and nigral cell loss were observed. In Chapter 3.5 I developed parameters which allowed application of the lateral choice reaction time task to mouse models of dopamine depletion. Here I demonstrate the effects of two lesions, either to the medial forebrain bundle or the substantia nigra, on the same task conducted in mice. Lesioned mice of the former group displayed a stronger deficit largely because of the larger dopamine depletion. Subsequently, in Chapter 3.6 I characterise the effects of primary fetal tissue grafts on the previously established model and task. Primary fetal tissue was able to ameliorate some of the lesion-induced deficits on an operant choice reaction time task and a series of simple motor screens. The results of both strands of research in the present thesis have implications for the understanding of the cognitive and motor deficits that are induced by the most commonly used lesion model of PD and for the parameters that can be recovered by cell replacement therapies. The primary fetal tissue will serve as a baseline, against which future stem cell based therapies can be measured.