Download or read book Factors Affecting Aphid Transmission of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus written by Warren Clifford Adlerz and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Intrinsic Factors in the Transmission of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus by Aphids written by Sardara Singh Sohi and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of the inherent transmissibility of the virus and of the inherent transmitting ability of aphids on the transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) were studied along with four virus-vector relationships of BYMV and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.). In addition, investigations were made on the transmission of clover yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) by aphids and on the effects of temperature on the susceptibility of Lincoln pea to inoculation with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by M. persicae. All eight aphid species included in these tests transmitted BYMV. The aphids ranked in the order of descending efficiency of BYMV transmission as follows: Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.), Benton Co. (Oregon) clone of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Aphis fabae Scop., Columbia Co. (Washington) clone of A. pisum, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), Therioaphis riehmi (Borner), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kltb.) and Cavariella aegophodii (Scop.). Efficiency of transmission varied from 62 percent to 7 percent. B. helichrysi, C. aegopodii and T. riehmi have not previously been reported to transmit BYMV. Collections of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from Oregon and Washington included biotypes differing in BYMV transmission, fecundity, body size and host preference. No differences were found among M. persicae clones. BYMV isolates differed in symptom expression and in the ease with which they were transmitted by aphids. Aphid transmissibility of BYMV was lost or greatly reduced following a single mechanical transfer. The vector-Iess isolate multiplied to the virtual exclusion of the aphid transmissible isolate when broad bean plants were inoculated simultaneously with both these isolates. Different areas of broad bean leaves were not equal as sources of BYMV for M. persicae. More aphids transmitted the virus from the interveinal chlorotic area than from the green areas along the veins. Post-inoculation temperature for 48-56 hours had a considerable influence on Lincoln pea susceptibility to BYMV infection by M. persicae inoculation. More plants were infected at 27 and 30°C than at 15, 18 or 24°C. Post-inoculation temperature treatment for 24 hours or less did not have any appreciable effect. Pre-inoculation temperature for 47-55 hours also considerably influenced plant susceptibility to BYMV infection by aphid inoculation. Twice as many plants were infected at 15°C as at 30°C. The effects of pre- and post-inoculation temperatures were not additive. The number of plants infected depended entirely on post-inoculation temperature. Artificial termination of acquisition probes did not have any appreciable effect on BYMV transmission by M. persicae. No significant differences in virus transmission were found for aphids with acquisition probes in the 11- to 45-second, range. Virus transmission increased with an increase in the number of test probes. Loss of BYMV by feeding M. persicae could be expressed exponentially. Half-Iife of the retention of virus by feeding aphids was about three minutes. Clover yellow mosaic virus could be easily confused with BYMV on the basis of symptom expression in Dwarf Horticultural and Bountiful cultivars of the bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L. cv. Lincoln, Vicia faba L. (secondary symptoms, especially on new sprouts), and in Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste and Reyn. (primary reaction). It was not transmitted by A. pisum, A. fabae, C. aegopodii, M. euphorbiae, M. rosae and M. persicae.

Download or read book Some Factors Determining the Level of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Transmission by Aphids written by Gene Paul Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments were done to determine the effect of some factors on the level of transmission of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by aphids. The effect of different source plant treatments, the effect of light on test plant susceptibility, and the effect of a second virus on the transmission of BYMV were tested. Effects from the first two factors would help explain the variation within and among experiments on the transmission of BYMV by aphids. The level of transmission of BYMV by aphids was not affected by the different amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, or manganese supplied the source plant. There was no effect on the level of transmission when the source plants were subjected to different light-temperature treatments which caused marked differences in plant growth. The presence of a second virus, white clover mosaic virus (WCMV), in the source plant had no effect on the transmission of BYMV by aphids. The effects of different photoperiods, light intensities, light spectrums, and post- and pre-inoculation light treatments on the susceptibility of the test plant to inoculation with BYMV by aphids was tested. Photoperiods of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 hours had no effect. There was no difference in the effects of one-fourth, half, three-fourths, and maximum light intensity. Light from lamps with different spectrums had no effect. Post-inoculation light or dark treatments had no effect on the susceptibility of the test plants to inoculation with BYMV by aphids. A pre-inoculation dark treatment of 12-18 hours or a three-minute to six-hour light treatment had an effect on test plant susceptibility to inoculation with BYMV by aphids. Pre-inoculation darkness reduced the susceptibility of the plant. WCMV was not transmitted by the green peach aphid from broad bean sources infected with both WCMV and BYMV. The pea aphid did not transmit WCMV from infected Ladino clover to disease-free Ladino clover. The alfalfa cultivars Talent, Du Puits, Lahontan, Lake Mountain, Ranger, and Grimm; and the white clover cultivars Ladino, Nora White, and New Zealand White were not susceptible to inoculation with BYMV by aphids.

Download or read book Relation of Environment and Nutrition to Plant Susceptibility to Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus by Aphid Transmission written by Knud George Swenson and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Some Factors Affecting the Transmission of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus by the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum harris with Emphasis on the Inoculation Phase of the Transmission Cycle written by James Hsi-cho Tsai and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Several Factors on Behavior and Subsequent Transmission of Bean Common Mosaic Virus by the Green Peach Aphid written by Francis William Zettler and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transmission Variation and Loss of Aphid Transmissibility of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus written by James A. Kamm and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) strains, presumably not transmissible by aphids, were studied to determine the biological and environmental conditions which would possibly result in aphid transmission of these strains. Investigations were made to study the effect of different aphid rearing conditions on the transmission frequency of BYMV. Also, the probing behavior of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was studied in relation to transmission frequency of BYMV to test plants. Differences other than loss of transmissibility were found to account for the failure of aphids to transmit some BYMV strains. Five strains varied in ability to infect specific pea and bean varieties; all strains were aphid transmissible except BYMV III. BYMV I and II no longer produced systemic infection in Perfected Wales pea or Dwarf Horticultural bean although both strains produced local infection in inoculated leaves of Perfected Wales pea. Only BYMV y21 and III produced systemic infection in Dwarf Horticultural bean. The above changes in virus infectivity were attributed to virus mutation. Both Dwarf Horticultural bean and Perfected Wales pea are commonly used as differential hosts to identify legume viruses. BYMV and pea mosaic virus are distinguished only on the inability of pea mosaic virus to infect bean. Consequently, the validity of virus classification of legume viruses based on differential host reaction is questionable. In addition to the above variation, BYMV I and II required a high post-inoculation temperature to produce infection in Blue Lake bean; other strains were not affected under the same conditions. The host range of BYMV I, II, III, and IV was the same in the plants: Trifolium pretense L., Crotolaria spectabilis Roth., Trifolium subterranean L. variety Yarloop, Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste and Reyn., Glycine max (L.) Merr. variety Lincoln, Melilotus alba Desr., and Pisumm sativum L. variety Lincoln. BYMV III, maintained by mechanical transfer since 1963, was not transmitted to ten plant species in attempts with over 5000 aphids. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) failed to transmit BYMV III from five different species or varieties of source plants. This was interpreted as evidence that virus acquisition by aphids, due to the source plant, was not involved in loss of aphid transmissibility of BYMV III. Five aphid species and ten test plant species were used in an attempt to find a vector-host plant combination which would result in aphid transmission of BYMV III. Macrosiphm albifrons Essig and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) finally transmitted BYMV III to Crotolaria spectabilis Roth. This was the first transmission of BYMV III after attempts with more than 5000 aphids. The return of aphid transmissibility in BYMV III could be explained only on the basis of virus mutation. Indirect evidence from two experiments suggested that aphid transmissible and non-transmissible forms of BYMV III were present in the stock culture when Macrosiphum albifrons first transmitted BYMV III. Aphids transmitted the isolate first transmitted by Macrosiphum albifrons at a higher frequency than the stock culture of BYMV III. A subsequent experiment indicated that almost any aphid would transmit BYMV III after return of aphid transmissibility. Transmission of BYMV IV by aphids reared on Chinese cabbage was compared to that of aphids reared on a chemically defined diet. The trend in frequency of transmission implied that aphids reared on the artificial diet were inferior in transmission of BYMV IV. The probing behavior of Myzus persicae on Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris was evaluated in relation to the transmission frequency of BYMV. Plant susceptibility of pea and bean was the same. Aphids made 40 percent more probes on bean than on pea in a 15 minute observation period. However, increased transmission to bean was not reflected by the greater number of probes. There was no evidence that transmission of BYMV was affected by observed differences in the probing behavior of Myzus persicae.

Download or read book The Transmission of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus by Some Strains of the Aphid Myzus Persicae Sulzer written by Gene Paul Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Susceptibility of Peas to Aphid Inoculation with Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus written by Richard Elroy Welton and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of soil moisture, mineral nutrition and temperature on the susceptibility of peas to inoculation with bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) by the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) were investigated along with three vector-virus relationships. In addition, a comparative study was made of two methods of evaluating susceptibility of slants to inoculation with virus by aphids. A more accurate method of estimating plant susceptibility to inoculation with virus by aphids is proposed. With this method, the aphid is allowed to probe only once on a test plant rather than spending; its entire infective feeding period on the plant. There was no statistically significant difference between the susceptibility of plants grown in very moist soil and the susceptibility of plants grown in very dry soil even though the plants in the dry soil were strikingly dwarfed. Additions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the soil at the time of planting had no effect on the susceptibility of Lincoln and Perfected Wales peas to inoculation with BYMV by aphids even though these treatments resulted in large increases in the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil and plants. The addition of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese and zinc chelates to the soil had no effect on the susceptibility of Lincoln peas to inoculation with BYMV by aphids. There was an increase in susceptibility of Lincoln peas to inoculation with BYMV by aphids with decrease in preinoculation temperature over a range of 15° to 36° C. Regression analysis indicated the increase was linear and amounted to approximately a six percent increase in susceptibility for each degree centigrade decrease in temperature. Plants grown at postinoculation temperatures below 24° were less susceptible than plants grown at 246. Plant susceptibility was greater at a postinoculation temperature of 30° than at 24°. Initial work indicated the effects of preinoculation and postinoculation temperatures were not additive. No significant differences in virus transmission were found for aphids with acquisition probes in the 11- to 45-second range. Increase in test probe time resulted in increase in virus transmission over a 6- to 60-second range, the major increase occurring after 35 seconds. In an experiment on the retention of BYMV by feeding aphids, the transmission decreased from an initial level of 74% to 4% after a 15-minute feeding.

Download or read book Viruses and Virus Diseases of Vegetables in the Mediterranean Basin written by Gad Loebenstein and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Advances in Virus Research focuses on mycoviruses. The authors and reviews represent the most current and cutting-edge research in the field. A broad range of research is presented from research experts. Contributions from leading authorities Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Download or read book Aphids as Virus Vectors written by Kerry F. Harris and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aphids as Virus Vectors focuses on aphids as vectors of plant viruses and the fundamentals of their relationship with virus and host. The mouthparts and feeding mechanism of aphids are discussed, along with aphid penetration of plant tissues and the transmission mechanisms of aphids as virus vectors. The intrinsic properties and taxonomy of aphid-borne viruses are also examined. Comprised of 22 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the importance of aphids as vectors, their biology, and the properties of the viruses they transmit. These introductory chapters prepare the reader for later ones on aphid-virus-plant interactions. The next section deals with transmission mechanisms, with emphasis on several novel alternatives to many of the traditionally held concepts of how aphids transmit viruses. Accessory factors in non-persistent virus transmission are considered. Subsequent chapters focus on technological advances in aphid-virus research, including the use of aphid cell culturing, radioisotope methodology, membrane feeding, and electrical measurement systems. The most promising frontiers in epidemiological and control-oriented research are discussed in the last two sections. This monograph will be a useful resource for researchers from such varied sciences as entomology, plant science, and virology, as well as for graduate students taking entomology and plant pathology courses on insects in relation to plant diseases.

Download or read book Virus Insect Plant Interactions written by Kerry F. Harris and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-10-16 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Virus-Insect-Plant Interactions, the world's leading scientists discuss the latest breakthroughs in understanding the biological and ecological factors that define these complex transmission systems and how this knowledge might be used to our advantage in producing innovative, user and environmentally friendly approaches to controlling the spread of plant pathogens by insects. This is an invaluable reference work for researchers, teachers, and students. There are many quick-reference figures and tables, the contents pages include individual chapter abstracts, and each chapter ends with its own bibliography. Presents the most significant research breakthroughs of the past two decades Contains eighteen chapters by forty-two world-renowned researchers Invaluable reference work for researchers, teachers and students Each chapter ends with its own bibliography Contents pages of forematter include individual chapter abstracts Contains many quick-reference figures and tables

Download or read book Seed borne plant virus diseases written by K. Subramanya Sastry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-05 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeds provide an efficient means in disseminating plant virus and viroid diseases. The success of modern agriculture depends on pathogen free seed with high yielding character and in turn disease management. There is a serious scientific concern about the transmission of plant viruses sexually through seed and asexually through plant propagules. The present book provides the latest information along with the total list of seed transmitted virus and viroid diseases at global level including, the yield losses, diagnostic techniques, mechanism of seed transmission, epidemiology and virus disease management aspects. Additional information is also provided on the transmission of plant virus and virus-like diseases through vegetative propagules. It is also well known that seed transmitted viruses are introduced into new countries and continents during large-scale traffic movements through infected germplasm and plant propogules. The latest diagnostic molecular techniques in different virus-host combinations along with disease management measures have been included. The book shall be a good reference source and also a text book to the research scientists, teachers, students of plant pathology, agriculture, horticulture, life sciences, green house managers, professional entrepreneurs, persons involved in quarantines and seed companies. This book has several important features of seed transmitted virus diseases and is a good informative source and thus deserves a place in almost all university libraries, seed companies and research organizations.

Download or read book Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates written by Scott N. Johnson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invertebrates perform such vital roles in global ecosystems—and so strongly influence human wellbeing—that biologist E.O. Wilson was prompted to describe them as “little things that run the world.” As they are such powerful shapers of the world around us, their response to global climate change is also pivotal in meeting myriad challenges looming on the horizon—everything from food security and biodiversity to human disease control. This book presents a comprehensive overview of the latest scientific knowledge and contemporary theory relating to global climate change and terrestrial invertebrates. Featuring contributions from top international experts, this book explores how changes to invertebrate populations will affect human decision making processes across a number of crucial issues, including agriculture, disease control, conservation planning, and resource allocation. Topics covered include methodologies and approaches to predict invertebrate responses, outcomes for disease vectors and ecosystem service providers, underlying mechanisms for community level responses to global climate change, evolutionary consequences and likely effects on interactions among organisms, and many more. Timely and thought-provoking, Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates offers illuminating insights into the profound influence the simplest of organisms may have on the very future of our fragile world.

Download or read book Partial Purification and Serological Analysis of Aphid Transmissible and Non Aphid Transmissible Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Isolates written by Kenneth Anthony Kukorowski and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aphid Populations in Central New York as Related to Epiphytology of Bean Common Mosaic Virus written by Francis William Zettler and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Aphid Age and In vector Virus Concentration as Factors Influencing Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Transmission by the Pea Aphid written by Hendarsih Suharto and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The relationship between pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) and aging pea aphids was studied. Although this research initially emphasized the relationship between the decline in the rate of PEMV transmission and the 'concentration of PEMV within pea aphids, aphid age was found to be the principle factor influencing transmission. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to assay the concentration of virus within aphid bodies. Aphid age at the time of virus acquisition significantly influenced the maximum rate of transmission attained and the rate of transmission decline by aging aphids. Following a 24-hr virus acquisition treatment, 1-day-old aphids achieved the highest transmission rate (95%) and the slowest decline in their rate of transmission of 4 age groups tested. Eight-day-old aphids had a maximum transmission rate of 50% and a more rapid decline in transmission. Thirteen-day-old aphids had a maximum rate of only 5% while 23-day-old aphids did not transmit at all. The relative feeding rate of aphids 8, 13, 18, and 23 days old was measured indirectly by assaying the virus concentration in aphids immediately following a standard 24-hr virus acquisition treatment. The 18- and 23-day-old aphids fed significantly less than 8- and 13-day-olds. The concentration of PEMV was monitored periodically in both whole and dissected aphids during 16 day test periods following a 24-hr virus acquisition treatment. In the whole insect study, l-day-olds initially acquired A405 = 0.06 or 2.3 ng of PEMV while 8-day-olds acquired A405 = 0.44 or 20 ng of PEMV per aphid. The average concentration of PEMV recorded from individuals in the 1-day-old group remained constant during the 16-day test period while in the 8-day-old group it decreased significantly. When aphids from the 8-day-old group were dissected immediately after completion of the virus acquisition treatment, the virus concentration was found to be higher in the gut than in the body region. The concentration in the gut, however, declined rapidly while in the body it remained constant during the 16-day post-virus acquisition test period. Decline in the virus transmission rates by aging aphids was not explained by the virus concentration within aphids. In fact, transmission of PEMV by individual aphids was independent of the virus concentration within individual aphids. Therefore, decline in the transmission rate is more likely dependent on the physiological realtionship between PEMV and key processes within vectors, such as, entry of virions into the salivary system. These processes may be slowed by vector aging.