Download or read book Fabrication of Tunable Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors QWIP Polarization Sensitive QWIPs and Enhanced Coupling Grating Structures written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project investigates the properties of intersubband reduced dimension devices based on quantum wells and quantum dots, which could be used for infrared detection. In the past few years, there has been active research on studying the performance characteristics of mid-wave infrared (MWIR, 3-5 m) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8-12 m) applications. Present-day photon detectors in this wavelength range need to be cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature or below. Quantum dot detectors are expected to display low dark current, large detectivity and better response at elevated temperature due to the longer lifetime of excited electrons due to greatly suppressed electron-phonon scattering. The responsivity and specific detectivity of QDIPs is significantly lower than those observed in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detectors. However, due to difficulties with the epitaxial growth of mercury based compounds, material defects cause problems with uniformity and operability across an array that continues to plague MCT focal plane arrays. QDIPs, on the other hand, are based on a comparatively mature GaAs technology and the uniformity of their response suggests that they can be incorporated into large area focal plane arrays (FPAs).

Download or read book Asymmetric Quantum Well Structures for Enhanced Infrared Photon Absorption written by Mehjabeen Akhtar Khan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compared to inter-band transition for photon absorption in a quantum wells, intra-band (or inter-subband) transitions in heterojunction (GaAs/InP) quantum wells can provide access to a broader range of wavelengths for detector design, specifically detectors operating in the mid infrared region of spectrum (4-12 [micro]m) and beyond is possible. These quantum wells not only provide great flexibility in optimizing the Eigen energy levels or wavefunctions, and inter-subband optical matrix elements determining the corresponding transition probability, but also allow controlling electron-phonon scattering rates and thus electron lifetime. The research presented in this dissertation investigates asymmetric quantum well structures formed through III-V semiconductor material system such as AlGaAs/ InxGa(1-x)As/InyGa(1-y) As/AlGaAs that can further improve the responsivity through higher carrier mobility. Asymmetry is introduced by using multiple materials to form the well region. The advantage of exploring stepped quantum well structure stems from experimental evidence that such structures are capable of absorbing normal incidence and thus eliminates the requirement of incorporating additional optical coupling schemes such as grating structures. An important contribution of this research is the development of an analytical model to analyze single or multiple quantum well structures to quantify photon absorption. The physical model developed in this work is based on non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF), Fermi's golden rule and quantum mechanical wave impedance concept. The approach has two distinct advantages. First, it is accurate, easily programmable and yet computationally efficient. Second, it facilitates quantifying the broadening of states resulting from both photon absorption and tunneling, which provides important insight for improving detection efficiency. Instead of being presented through calculations, such broadening has been simply assumed in previously reported works. The method developed in this research provides an efficient methodology to quantify the absorption rate of photons with different polarizations. The study looks into the design and analysis of the wells to enhance infrared radiation detection, and suggests mechanisms to optimize the structures in terms of material choice, composition, structural geometry and applied voltages. The high electron mobility and hence drift velocity in InGaAs ( >5×106cm/s), along with low carrier recapture lifetime, is expected to improve the detection speed of the device. Unlike GaAs/AlGaAs, the lattice mismatch at InGaAs/AlGaAs interface is likely to introduce strain in the structure. The effect of such strain as well as the layer thickness is taken into account in this work. Also, a methodology for achieving voltage tenability, i.e. the ability to detect different wavelengths at different bias voltages has been investigated. Although both n-type and p-type systems have potential for optoelectronic devices, n-type quantum wells are more advantageous because of their nearly parabolic sub-band structure. As for material consideration, direct band gap material based systems, such as AlGaAs/InGaAs and AlGaAs/GaAs, have been found to be particularly suitable for n-type QWIP photodetectors. The reason being that the electrons in such materials occupy states around the [gamma]valley where the effective mass is smaller and therefore mobility is higher; a condition which leads to higher photoresponsivity. Moreover such systems allow the possibility of highly stable device operation owing to the insensitivity of intra-band transition energies to temperature fluctuation and reduced influence of Auger recombination.

Download or read book Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors written by Harald Schneider and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-10-18 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressed to both students as a learning text and scientists/engineers as a reference, this book discusses the physics and applications of quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). It is assumed that the reader has a basic background in quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, and semiconductor devices. To make this book as widely accessible as possible, the treatment and presentation of the materials is simple and straightforward. The topics for the book were chosen by the following criteria: they must be well-established and understood; and they should have been, or potentially will be, used in practical applications. The monograph discusses most aspects relevant for the field but omits, at the same time, detailed discussions of specialized topics such as the valence-band quantum wells.

Download or read book Principles of Infrared Technology written by John Lester Miller and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about general infrared (IR) engineering, technology, practices, and principles as they apply to modem imaging systems. An alternative title to this book with appeal to managers and marketing personnel might be "Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Infrared Sensors, but Couldn't Get Answers on from Engineers." This book is not meant to be a comprehensive compendium of IR (like the Infrared and Electro Optical Systems Handbook). Rather, it is intend ed to complement such texts by providing up to date information and pragmatic knowledge that is difficult to locate outside of periodicals. The information contained in this book is critical in the day-to-day life of en gineering practitioners, proposal writers, and those on the periphery of an IR pro gram. It serves as a guide for engineers wishing to "catch up," engineers new to the field, managers, students, administrators, and technicians. It is also useful for seasoned IR engineers who want to review recent technological developments.

Download or read book Handbook of Optoelectronics written by John P. Dakin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Optoelectronics offers a self-contained reference from the basic science and light sources to devices and modern applications across the entire spectrum of disciplines utilizing optoelectronic technologies. This second edition gives a complete update of the original work with a focus on systems and applications. Volume I covers the details of optoelectronic devices and techniques including semiconductor lasers, optical detectors and receivers, optical fiber devices, modulators, amplifiers, integrated optics, LEDs, and engineered optical materials with brand new chapters on silicon photonics, nanophotonics, and graphene optoelectronics. Volume II addresses the underlying system technologies enabling state-of-the-art communications, imaging, displays, sensing, data processing, energy conversion, and actuation. Volume III is brand new to this edition, focusing on applications in infrastructure, transport, security, surveillance, environmental monitoring, military, industrial, oil and gas, energy generation and distribution, medicine, and free space. No other resource in the field comes close to its breadth and depth, with contributions from leading industrial and academic institutions around the world. Whether used as a reference, research tool, or broad-based introduction to the field, the Handbook offers everything you need to get started. John P. Dakin, PhD, is professor (emeritus) at the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, UK. Robert G. W. Brown, PhD, is chief executive officer of the American Institute of Physics and an adjunct full professor in the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic at the University of California, Irvine.

Download or read book Integrated Silicon Optoelectronics written by Horst Zimmermann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-10-03 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Silicon Optoelectronics synthesizes topics from optoelectronics and microelectronics. The book concentrates on silicon as the major base of modern semiconductor devices and circuits. Starting from the basics of optical emission and absorption, as well as from the device physics of photodetectors, the aspects of the integration of photodetectors in modern bipolar, CMOS, and BiCMOS technologies are discussed. Detailed descriptions of fabrication technologies and applications of optoelectronic integrated circuits are included. The book, furthermore, contains a review of the newest state of research on eagerly anticipated silicon light emitters. In order to cover the topics comprehensively, also included are integrated waveguides, gratings, and optoelectronic power devices. Numerous elaborate illustrations facilitate and enhance comprehension. This extended edition will be of value to engineers, physicists, and scientists in industry and at universities. The book is also recommended to graduate students specializing on microelectronics or optoelectronics.

Download or read book Technology of Quantum Devices written by Manijeh Razeghi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-11 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology of Quantum Devices offers a multi-disciplinary overview of solid state physics, photonics and semiconductor growth and fabrication. Readers will find up-to-date coverage of compound semiconductors, crystal growth techniques, silicon and compound semiconductor device technology, in addition to intersubband and semiconductor lasers. Recent findings in quantum tunneling transport, quantum well intersubband photodetectors (QWIP) and quantum dot photodetectors (QWDIP) are described, along with a thorough set of sample problems.

Download or read book Handbook of Infrared Detection Technologies written by M. Henini and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-12-11 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction -- Comparison of Photon and Thermal Detectors Performance -- GaAs/AIGaAs Based Quantum Well Intra-red Photodetector Focal Plane Arrays -- GaInAs(P) Based Qwips on GaAs, InP and Si Substrates for Focal Plane Arrays -- InAs/(Galn)Sb Superlattices: A Promising Material System for Infra-red Detection -- GaSb/InAs Superlattices for Infra-red FPAs -- MCT Properties, Growth Methods and Characterization -- HgCdTe 2D Arrays -- Technology and Performance Limits -- Status of HgCdTe MBE Technology -- Silicon Infra-red Focal Plane Arrays -- PolySiGe Uncooled Microbolometers for Thermal Infra-red Detection -- Infra-red Silicon/Germanium Detectors -- Fundamentals of Spin Filtering in Ferromagnetic Metals with Application to Spin Sensors.

Download or read book Long Wavelength Infrared Detectors written by Manijeh Razeghi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely work presents a comprehensive overview of the development of new generations of infrared detectors based on artificially synthesized quantum structures. The growth of quantum wells and superlattices is well documents in this volume, as are the principal new superlattice technologies for long wavelength infrared detection. Featuring insightful contributions from researchers working at the "cutting edge" of this exciting field, this volume is sure to become an essential reference for advanced graduate students and researchers alike.

Download or read book Physics and Applications of Terahertz Radiation written by Matteo Perenzoni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-10-16 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the latest advances in the techniques employed to manage the THz radiation and its potential uses. It has been subdivided in three sections: THz Detectors, THz Sources, Systems and Applications. These three sections will allow the reader to be introduced in a logical way to the physics problems of sensing and generation of the terahertz radiation, the implementation of these devices into systems including other components and finally the exploitation of the equipment for real applications in some different field. All of the sections and chapters can be individually addressed in order to deepen the understanding of a single topic without the need to read the whole book. The THz Detectors section will address the latest developments in detection devices based on three different physical principles: photodetection, thermal power detection, rectification. The THz Sources section will describe three completely different generation methods, operating in three separate scales: quantum cascade lasers, free electron lasers and non-linear optical generation. The Systems and Applications section will take care of introducing many of the aspects needed to move from a device to an equipment perspective: control of terahertz radiation, its use in imaging or in spectroscopy, potential uses in security, and will address also safety issues. The text book is at a level appropriate to graduate level courses up to researchers in the field who require a reference book covering all aspects of terahertz technology.

Download or read book Mid infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics written by Anthony Krier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-05-22 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optoelectronic devices operating in the mid-infrared wavelength range offer applications in a variety of areas from environmental gas monitoring around oil rigs to the detection of narcotics. They could also be used for free-space optical communications, thermal imaging applications and the development of "homeland security" measures. Mid-infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics is an overview of the current status and technological development in this rapidly emerging area; the basic physics, some of the problems facing the design engineer and a comparison of possible solutions are laid out; the different lasers used as sources for mid-infrared technology are considered; recent work in detectors is reviewed; the last part of the book is concerned with applications. With a world-wide authorship of experts working in many mid-infrared-related fields this book will be an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students drawn from physics, electronic and electrical engineering and materials science.

Download or read book Infrared and Terahertz Detectors written by Antoni Rogalski and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides a comprehensive overview of infrared and terahertz detector technology, from fundamental science to materials and fabrication techniques. It includes a new tutorial introduction to technical aspects that are fundamental for basic understanding.

Download or read book Frontiers of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes written by Kazuhiko Matsumoto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on carbon nanotubes and graphene as representatives of nano-carbon materials, and describes the growth of new technology and applications of new devices. As new devices and as new materials, nano-carbon materials are expected to be world pioneers that could not have been realized with conventional semiconductor materials, and as those that extend the limits of conventional semiconductor performance. This book introduces the latest achievements of nano-carbon devices, processes, and technology growth. It is anticipated that these studies will also be pioneers in the development of future research of nano-carbon devices and materials. This book consists of 18 chapters. Chapters 1 to 8 describe new device applications and new growth methods of graphene, and Chapters 9 to 18, those of carbon nanotubes. It is expected that by increasing the advantages and overcoming the weak points of nanocarbon materials, a new world that cannot be achieved with conventional materials will be greatly expanded. We strongly hope this book contributes to its development.

Download or read book Semiconductor Nanowires written by J Arbiol and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Semiconductor nanowires promise to provide the building blocks for a new generation of nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. Semiconductor Nanowires: Materials, Synthesis, Characterization and Applications covers advanced materials for nanowires, the growth and synthesis of semiconductor nanowires—including methods such as solution growth, MOVPE, MBE, and self-organization. Characterizing the properties of semiconductor nanowires is covered in chapters describing studies using TEM, SPM, and Raman scattering. Applications of semiconductor nanowires are discussed in chapters focusing on solar cells, battery electrodes, sensors, optoelectronics and biology. Explores a selection of advanced materials for semiconductor nanowires Outlines key techniques for the property assessment and characterization of semiconductor nanowires Covers a broad range of applications across a number of fields

Download or read book Optoelectronic Devices written by M Razeghi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tremendous progress has been made in the last few years in the growth, doping and processing technologies of the wide bandgap semiconductors. As a result, this class of materials now holds significant promis for semiconductor electronics in a broad range of applications. The principal driver for the current revival of interest in III-V Nitrides is their potential use in high power, high temperature, high frequency and optical devices resistant to radiation damage. This book provides a wide number of optoelectronic applications of III-V nitrides and covers the entire process from growth to devices and applications making it essential reading for those working in the semiconductors or microelectronics. Broad review of optoelectronic applications of III-V nitrides

Download or read book Concepts in Photoconductivity and Allied Problems written by Albert Rose and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry written by P. F. Fox and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-19 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the most comprehensive introductory text on the chemistry and biochemistry of milk. It provides a comprehensive description of the principal constituents of milk (water, lipids, proteins, lactose, salts, vitamins, indigenous enzymes) and of the chemical aspects of cheese and fermented milks and of various dairy processing operations. It also covers heat-induced changes in milk, the use of exogenous enzymes in dairy processing, principal physical properties of milk, bioactive compounds in milk and comparison of milk of different species. This book is designed to meet the needs of senior students and dairy scientists in general.