Download or read book External factors of economic growth in the transition economies of the Baltics and Central Asia written by Eldar Madumarov and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-04-16 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2007 in the subject Economics - Case Scenarios, grade: 1,0, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre und Statistik), language: English, abstract: Im Kontext der zunehmenden Verflechtung von Volkswirtschaften können Außenhandel und Kapitalströme von besonderer Bedeutung sein, wenn die Wirtschaftswachstumsperspektiven der Länder in Betracht gezogen werden. Diese Aussage findet ihre Bestätigung in entgegengesetzten Wachstumsentwicklungen der baltischen und zentralasiatischen Transformationsökonomien, welche seit den frühen 1990er Jahren bedeutsame Änderungen hinsichtlich Wirtschaftsstruktur und Handelsmuster erfahren haben. Diese Arbeit untersucht, welche Rolle externe Faktoren im Wirtschaftswachstumsprozess in den Transformationsländern des Baltikums (Estland, Lettland und Litauen) und Zentralasiens (Kasachstan, Kirgisistan und Usbekistan) spielen. Dementsprechend lautet die Leitfrage dieser Untersuchung: Sind die betrachteten Wachstumsratenunterschiede in den Transformationsländern des Baltikums und Zentralasiens auf unterschiedliche Entwicklungen in ihren externen Sektoren zurückzuführen? Um diese Frage entsprechend zu beantworten, werden die Länder hinsichtlich der einzelnen zum Wachstum beitragenden Komponenten verglichen. Diese werden empirisch durch das Anwenden des Modells des durch die Zahlungsbilanz beschränkten Wachstums ermittelt. Mit der einfachen Version des Modells lässt sich die Wachstumsleistung der betrachteten Ökonomien mit deren Handelsverhalten, d.h. Exportkapazitäten und Importzwängen verbinden. Die erweiterte Version des Modells ermöglicht, die Wachstumsraten in deren Komponenten – den Effekt des realen Tauschverhältnisses, den Effekt des Exportwachstums und den Effekt der Kapitalzuflüsse – zu zerlegen. Aus den empirischen Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass die höheren zu beobachtenden Wachstumsraten der baltischen Ökonomien – verglichen mit denen der zentralasiatischen Ökonomien – in der Periode von 1994 bis 2005 auf höhere Werte der Gesamtheit von Exportwachstum, Kapitalzuflüssen und relativen Preisentwicklungen zurückzuführen sind. Die Wachstumsunterschiede innerhalb der betrachteten Regionen können analog erklärt werden. Ferner, ist davon auszugehen, dass die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der angestrebten regionalen Integration bei der Erklärung der unterschiedlichen Wachstumsleistungen des Baltikums und Zentralasiens in Betracht gezogen werden sollten. Das Baltikum war erfolgreicher nicht zuletzt dank der geglückten Integration mit den Ökonomien der Europäischen Union. Zentralasien hat diesbezüglich hingegen weniger erreicht.
Download or read book Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe written by Mr.Ruben Atoyan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-07-20 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyses the impact of large and persistent emigration from Eastern European countries over the past 25 years on these countries’ growth and income convergence to advanced Europe. While emigration has likely benefited migrants themselves, the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, its impact on sending countries’ economies has been largely negative. The analysis suggests that labor outflows, particularly of skilled workers, lowered productivity growth, pushed up wages, and slowed growth and income convergence. At the same time, while remittance inflows supported financial deepening, consumption and investment in some countries, they also reduced incentives to work and led to exchange rate appreciations, eroding competiveness. The departure of the young also added to the fiscal pressures of already aging populations in Eastern Europe. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for sending countries to mitigate the negative impact of emigration on their economies, and the EU-wide initiatives that could support these efforts.
Download or read book The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty First Century written by Richard Pomfret and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-15 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the Central Asian economies of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, from their buffeting by the commodity boom of the early 2000s to its collapse in 2014. Richard Pomfret examines the countries’ relations with external powers and the possibilities for development offered by infrastructure projects as well as rail links between China and Europe. The transition of these nations from centrally planned to market-based economic systems was essentially complete by the early 2000s, when the region experienced a massive increase in world prices for energy and mineral exports. This raised incomes in the main oil and gas exporters, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan; brought more benefits to the most populous country, Uzbekistan; and left the poorest countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, dependent on remittances from migrant workers in oil-rich Russia and Kazakhstan. Pomfret considers the enhanced role of the Central Asian nations in the global economy and their varied ties to China, the European Union, Russia, and the United States. With improved infrastructure and connectivity between China and Europe (reflected in regular rail freight services since 2011 and China’s announcement of its Belt and Road Initiative in 2013), relaxation of United Nations sanctions against Iran in 2016, and the change in Uzbekistan’s presidency in late 2016, a window of opportunity appears to have opened for Central Asian countries to achieve more sustainable economic futures.
Download or read book Income Inequality and Poverty During the Transition from Planned to Market Economy written by Branko Milanovi? and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Bank Technical Paper No. 394. Joint Forest Management (JFM) has emerged as an important intervention in the management of Indias forest resources. This report sets out an analytical method for examining the costs and benefits of JFM arrangements. Two pilot case studies in which the method was used demonstrate interesting outcomes regarding incentives for various groups to participate. The main objective of this study is to develop a better understanding of the incentives for communities to participate in JFM.
Download or read book Transition Report 2001 written by European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and published by Stationery Office Books (TSO). This book was released on 2001 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report focuses upon aspects of energy production, consumption and efficiency within the transition economies of the countries in central eastern Europe and the Baltic states, south-eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The report is divided into two sections. Part I considers issues of macroeconomic performance and future prospects for growth. Part II contains an analysis of the primary and secondary energy sectors in these countries. The report highlights the challenges facing the energy-rich countries in managing their resources prudently. It discusses key policy issues, such as the need to strengthen governance and transparency in the energy sector, and to increase savings to preserve national wealth for future generations. It also looks at tariff reform as a means of improving energy efficiency, and examines ways of ensuring that the poor do not suffer as a result of tariff adjustments. It highlights the complementary role that private investment in the power sector can play in improving energy efficiency, if accompanied by a strong regulatory framework. The report also contains an assessment of the progress towards transition made by each country, on a range of areas including liberalisation and macroeconomic stabilisation.
Download or read book Land Policies and Evolving Farm Structures in Transition Countries written by Zvi Lerman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2002 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toward a New Social Contract written by Maurizio Bussolo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing economic fissures in the societies of Europe and Central Asia between generations, between insiders and outsiders in the labor market, between rural and urban communities, and between the super-rich and everyone else, are threatening the sustainability of the social contract. The institutions that helped achieving a remarkable degree of equity and prosperity over the course of several decades now face considerable difficulties in coping with the challenges presented by these emerging forms of inequality. Public surveys reveal rising concerns over inequality of opportunity, while electoral results show a marked shift to populist parties that offer radical solutions to voters dissatisfied with the status quo. There is no single solution to relieve these tensions, and attempts to address them will vary considerably across the region. However, this publication proposes three broad policy principles: (1) promote labor market flexibility while maintaining protection for all types of labor contracts; (2) seek universality in the provision of social assistance, social insurance, and basic quality services; and (3) expand the tax base by complementing progressive labor-income taxation with taxation of capital. These principles could guide the rethinking of the social contract and fulfil European citizens’ aspirations for growth and equity.
Download or read book Financial Transition in Europe and Central Asia written by Alexander Fleming and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains 21 papers focusing on a wide range of issues concerning financial sector transition in the countries of Europe and Central Asia (ECA). It places the transition economies in the context of recent and prospective developments in global financial markets. This book also evaluates the experience of the last 10 years and reviews the progress from a command financial system to a market-based one, identifying some of the key characteristics of the financial transition.
Download or read book Capital Flows and the Emerging Economies written by Sebastian Edwards and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1990s witnessed several acute currency crises among developing nations that invariably spread to other nearby at-risk countries. These episodes—in Mexico, Thailand, South Korea, Russia, and Brazil—were all exacerbated by speculative foreign investments and high-volume movements of capital in and out of those countries. Insufficient domestic controls and a sluggish international response further undermined these economies, as well as the credibility of external oversight agencies like the International Monetary Fund. This timely volume examines the correlation between volatile capital mobility, currency instability, and the threat of regional contagion, focusing particular attention on the emergent economies of Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe. Together these studies offer a new understanding of the empirical relationship between capital flows, international trade, and economic performance, and also afford key insights into realms of major policy concern.
Download or read book Disinflation in Transition Economies written by Ms.Sharmini Coorey and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1996-12-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In light of the persistence of moderate inflation in many transition economies, this paper analyzes whether inflation resulted from insufficiently tight financial policies and wage pressures or from the protracted adjustment of relative prices. Using a new database for 21 countries, the effect of relative price variability on inflation is estimated within a framework controlling for nominal and real shocks. Money and wage growth were the most important determinants of inflation; relative price variability had a sizable effect at high inflation during initial liberalization and a small effect at moderate inflation. Cost recovery may contribute to variability, particularly in the advanced stages of the transition.
Download or read book International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-02-27 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers.
Download or read book World Economic Outlook October 2013 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-10-08 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global growth is in low gear, and the drivers of activity are changing. These dynamics raise new policy challenges. Advanced economies are growing again but must continue financial sector repair, pursue fiscal consolidation, and spur job growth. Emerging market economies face the dual challenges of slowing growth and tighter global financial conditions. This issue of the World Economic Outlook examines the potential spillovers from these transitions and the appropriate policy responses. Chapter 3 explores how output comovements are influenced by policy and financial shocks, growth surprises, and other linkages. Chapter 4 assesses why certain emerging market economies were able to avoid the classical boom-and-bust cycle in the face of volatile capital flows during the global financial crisis.
Download or read book Transition Report 2005 written by European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This annual report assesses recent economic developments in 27 countries in central eastern Europe and the Baltic states (CEB), south-eastern Europe (SEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and examines progress made in their transition from central planning to market economies. It includes country-by-country assessments looking at key areas of reform, as well giving the latest macroeconomic data. The 2005 report draws on the findings of a survey of over 9,500 companies for the latest Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS).
Download or read book Balance of Payments Exchange Rates and Competitiveness in Transition Economies written by Mario I. Blejer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-08-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrating transition economies into the global commercial and trade market system is a prolonged and risky process. This book is a collection of studies dealing with the different issues related to the liberalization of external relations in economies moving from a socialist to a market-based system The focus is on external sector developments, and the topics deal with balance of payments conditions, exchange rate policies and regimes, international competitiveness, international capital flows, trade, and other matters related to the integration of transition economies into the world economy. An understanding of the principles involved and of the experiences of both transition and advanced economies during this process is crucial to ensure its ultimate success. Written by internationally recognized scholars, the chapters cover these issues in a systematic manner. The first section treats current account developments, capital flows, and exchange rate policies in transition countries, the second section deals with specific issues related to international trade, and the final section consists of six specific country experiences. In this final section, a chapter dealing with the Russian Federation discusses the collapse of the ruble in August 1998.
Download or read book Macroeconomic Developments in the Baltics Russia and Other Countries of the Former Soviet Union 1992 97 written by Mr.Luis Valdivieso and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1999-01-06 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper discusses the significant overall progress with macro stabilization of these transition countries during 1992-1997. While average inflation declined steadily since 1992, output fell significantly for many of these countries during this period, and it was not unti 1996-97 that as a group they experienced positive growth, financial policies, the current account, competitiveness, debt-and non-debt-creating capital flows, and the initial impact of the Asian crisis.
Download or read book Golden Aging written by Maurizio Bussolo and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compared to other regions, Europe and Central Asia are by far the oldest. Moreover, population aging is set to accelerate further over the coming decades as large segments turn old. Additionally, some countries such as Russia and certain Eastern European countries are facing a shrinkage of their population. Against this backdrop, this report investigates what stands in the way of societies reaping the full benefits of increased longevity--that is, longer lives and potentially prolonged payoffs from human capital--and what can help to mitigate the possible negative impacts of a smaller and older workforce. Beginning with a focus on demographic trends, the report puts the rapid decline in fertility and contrasting migration trends in the region in a historical perspective and looks forward to the varying paths that population change may follow in the region. Next, it examines the evidence on the likely impact of demographic change on growth and savings, the labor force, firm and economy-wide innovation, poverty and inequality, and intergenerational solidarity. Finally, the report goes beyond diagnostics and puts an emphasis on what we know regarding successful policy interventions, presenting evidence on what has and has not worked in the past.--Publisher description.
Download or read book The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea written by Barbara Janusz-Pawletta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-19 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the legal and economic situation concerning the removal and allocation of the natural resources in the Caspian Sea – the largest enclosed body of salt water in the world, which not only constitutes a fragile ecosystem with great fishery resources, but is also rich in oil and gas deposits. The economic advantages gained from the development of oil and gas are the basis for the economic and social development of the riparian states, but also cause significant transboundary harm to the ecosystem of the Caspian Sea. The book contends that, if the local environment grows more heavily contaminated through the extraction of mineral resources, it could lead to environmentally induced violence. It describes the ongoing conflicts, which are primarily due to various riparian states’ territorial claims concerning the extraction of oil and gas resources, and argues that the current legal framework on the use and protection of the Caspian Sea is obsolete. Thus, the main objective of the book is to point out corresponding international legal mechanisms that could be used in order to settle these disputes and protect the Caspian Sea’s fragile environment from transboundary harm.
