Download or read book Experimental Studies of Gas aerosol Reactions written by Anand Gupta and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Multiphase Chemistry written by Hajime Akimoto and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important guide that highlights the multiphase chemical processes for students and professionals who want to learn more about aerosol chemistry Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry provides the information and knowledge of multiphase chemical processes and offers a review of the fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols. The authors—noted experts on the topic—also describe new particle formation, and cloud condensation nuclei activity. In addition, the text includes descriptions of field observations on secondary aerosols and PM2.5. Atmospheric aerosols play a critical role in air quality and climate change. There is growing evidence that the multiphase reactions involving heterogeneous reactions on the air-particle interface and the reactions in the bulk liquid phase of wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets are important processes forming secondary aerosols in addition to gas-phase oxidation reactions to form low-volatile compounds. Comprehensive in scope, the book offers an understanding of the topic by providing a historical overview of secondary aerosols, the fundamentals of multiphase reactions, gas-phase reactions of volatile organic compounds, aqueous phase and air-particle interface reactions of organic compound. This important text: Provides knowledge on multiphase chemical processes for graduate students and research scientists Includes fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols Covers in detail reaction chemistry of secondary organic aerosols Written for students and research scientists in atmospheric chemistry and aerosol science of environmental engineering, Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry offers an essential guide to the fundamentals of multiphase chemical processes.
Download or read book Aerosol Formation from Gas Phase Reactions of Ozone and Olefin in the Presence of Sulfur Dioxide written by David Nicholas McNelis and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes written by Peter Warneck and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "European Experiment on the Transport and Transformation of Environmentally Relevant Trace Constituents over Europe" (EUROTRAC) was established in 1986 to tackle the scientific problem and combine the expertise, knowledge and resources in Europe, in order to apply them over a large region covering the greater part of the continent. EUROTRAC is a coordinated multidisciplinary scientific research project involving field measurements, laboratory studies, instrument development and development of comprehensive computer models for the simulation of the physical and chemical processes in the lower atmosphere.
Download or read book The Characterization of Atmospheric Aerosols written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the final report of a three-year, Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The objective of this collaborative research project is the measurement and modeling of atmospheric aerosols and heterogeneous (gas/aerosol) chemical reactions. The two major accomplishments are single particle characterization of tropospheric particles and experimental investigation of simulated stratospheric particles and reactions thereon. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry, real-time and composition measurements of single particles are performed on ambient aerosol samples. This technique allows particle size distributions for chemically distinct particle types to be described. The thermodynamics and chemical reactivity of polar stratospheric clouds are examined using vapor deposited thin ice films. Employing nonlinear optical methods, as well as other techniques, phase transitions on both water and acid ices are monitored as a function of temperature or the addition of gases.
Download or read book Topics in Current Aerosol Research written by G. M. Hidy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Topics in Current Aerosol Research deals with the fundamental aspects of aerosol science, with emphasis on experiment and theory describing highly dispersed aerosols (HDAs) as well as the dynamics of charged suspensions. Topics covered range from the basic properties of HDAs to their formation and methods of generation; sources of electric charges; interactions between fluid and aerosol particles; and one-dimensional motion of charged cloud of particles. This volume is comprised of 13 chapters and begins with an introduction to the basic properties of HDAs, followed by a discussion on the formation of condensation HDAs. Some of the methods of generation of HDAs are considered, including atomization, physical condensation of vapor, and chemical reactions in the gas phase are considered. A ""transport"" model for electrically charged aerosols is described. Subsequent chapters explore methods of investigation of HDAs in suspended state and based on particle precipitation; transfer processes in HDAs, including mass transfer, charge transfer, momentum transfer, and heat transfer; and charging of particulate matter by collection. This book will be a useful resource for practicing scientists and graduate students in such widely diverse fields as physics, physical chemistry, meteorology, geophysics, astronomy, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, environmental sciences, and medicine.
Download or read book Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Indoors written by Chunyi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People in developed countries spend about 90% of their time indoors, so controlling in-door air quality (IAQ) is of primary importance for not harming public health. Airborne particu-late matter (PM) is one of the most problematic pollutants indoors, since exposure to particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 Îơm (i.e, PM2.5) is associated with respiratory dis-eases, as well as morbidity and mortality outcomes. Organic aerosol components, so called organic aerosol (OA), generally comprise the ma-jor portion of indoor PM, owing to its large indoor emission. One important component of OA indoors is secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which are condensed phase particles composed of semi- and low-volatility compounds. Most research has focused on SOA generated by terpene ozonolysis occurring in the gas phase. This work, however, explores a lesser researched for-mation mechanism, which is the possibility of airborne SOA generated by ozone surface reac-tions with sorbed squalene (C30H50), which is a nonvolatile constituent of skin oil. As such, thirteen steady state chamber experiments were performed to measure the SOA formation en-tirely initiated by ozone reactions with squalene sorbed to glass at two RH conditions of 21% and 51%, in the absence of seed particles. SOA was initiated from these surface reactions, and all experiments but one exhibited nucleation and mass formation. Mass formation increased with ozone concentration at RH = 51% while nucleation was more obvious at RH = 21%. Additionally, most indoor OA, either emitted or generated (i.e., not only SOA), is at composed of semivolatile compounds (SVOCs) in a state of dynamic equilibrium between gas and particle phases. Filters might have a reduced efficiency on removing these kinds of particles since they coexist in gas and condensed aerosol phases. The preferential filtration of particle phase material of the OA system could disrupt the equilibrium, and the removed aerosols might be enhanced by desorption from surfaces and repartitioning from gas phase. To explore this phenomenon, three types of particles, including non-volatile ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) aerosol, incense aerosol (which might be partly semi-volatile), and SOA derived from ozone + d-limonene reactions (the majority of which are SVOCs), were characterized and compared in terms of their effective removal by a portable air cleaner. For this comparison, the metric of the Clean Air Delivery Rate, CADR (m3/h), was used, which is the volumetric flow of pollutant-free air produced by an air cleaner. Results demonstrated that the lowest effective CADR was for SOA, followed by the incense, and then the ammonium sulfate particles, indicating a repar-titioning processes reduced the filter efficiency. Then a model based on the principles of desorp-tion and repartition process was developed, to quantify the reduced CADR as a function of par-ticle concentration and distribution, in terms of parameter ATSP, which is the ratio of particle surface area to mass. Finally, the influence of the above two parameters on amount of CADR reduction was discussed. Using some details gleaned from the above two experimental studies, a thermodynamic equilibrium model was developed using the volatile basis set (VBS), to predict indoor organic aerosol concentrations and behavior. The model outcomes are the total organic mass indoors (gas + condensed phase), and the fraction of it that partitions to the aerosol phase, including that existing as SOA formed by ozone + d-limonene reactions. With this model, the total OA concentration was simulated at key locations in an indoor environment, such as in the occupied space and different positions in a building mechanical system. The impacts of different condi-tions were compared, including commercial against residential buildings, surface against gas reactions, and winter against summer, within a Monte Carlo framework. Indoor OA concentra-tion indoors were higher when reactions were involved, and gas phase reactions had much more influence on SOA than surface reactions. Finally, the result dataset was used to evaluate the influence of key factors on the indoor OA concentrations, using multiple linear regression sen-sitivity methods. The most important factor that enhanced indoor particles was d-limonene emission rate with average SRC of 0.73, while the negative related factors were filtration effi-ciency with SRC of -0.33 for commercial and surface deposition rate with SRC of -0.22 for resi-dential buildings. Beyond the three SOA studies discussed above, humidifiers used indoors might be strong PM emitters. So, as a supplementary piece, this work also investigated the influence of three humidifier types (ultrasonic, evaporative, and steam humidifiers), and water type used (tap water, de-ionized (DI) water or distilled water), on indoor aerosol number/mass concentra-tions by performing 16 experiments. Particle size distribution during emission periods and size-resolved emission rates were explored to compare the emission ability of humidifiers. Two lung deposition models were also applied to simulate the deposition percentage of particles breathed in on three lung regions (HA, TB, and AL), and total percentage on varying age groups. Results showed that two year-old group was most vulnerable, with number deposition fractions of 0.36, compared with 0.25 for adults. Furthermore, roughly 70% of the total emitted particles pene-trates into the AL region of the lung.
Download or read book Recent Advances in Aerosol Research written by C. N. Davies and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Advances in Aerosol Research: A Bibliographical Review presents a bibliographic review of advances in aerosol research covering the period from the beginning of 1957 to the end of 1962. Topics covered include chemical reactions, combustion, coagulation and diffusion, and adhesion of particles. References on filtration, evaporation and condensation, nucleation and growth, and laminar flow and impingement are also included. This volume is comprised of 19 chapters and begins by citing research on acoustic, ultrasonic, and shock wave effects, along with adhesion of particles, chemical reactions, combustion, coagulation and diffusion, and filtration. The following chapters deal with evaporation and condensation, nucleation and growth, laminar flow and impingement, generators, photophoresis, and the optics of aerosols. Other chapters focus on radioactivity, sampling instruments, sedimentation and fluid resistance, thermophoresis, and diffusiophoresis. The last chapter highlights turbulent flow and deposition of aerosols. This monograph will be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in aerosols.
Download or read book Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry written by David R. Schryer and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1982 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 26. In the past few years it has become increasingly clear that heterogeneous, or multiphase, processes play an important role in the atmosphere. Unfortunately the literature on the subject, although now fairly extensive, is still rather dispersed. Furthermore, much of the expertise regarding heterogeneous processes lies in fields not directly related to atmospheric science. Therefore, it seemed desirable to bring together for an exchange of ideas, information, and methodologies the various atmospheric scientists who are actively studying heterogeneous processes as well as other researchers studying similar processes in the context of other fields.
Download or read book Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry written by Milton Kerker and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry is a collection of papers presented at the American Chemical Society Kendall Award Symposium honoring Professor Milton Kerker, held in Los Angeles, California, on March 28-April 2, 1971. Contributors focus on the physical chemistry of aerosols and their relationship to atmospheric chemistry. Topics covered range from the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols to the kinetics of growth of an aerosol in a flow reactor. The formation and chemical reactions of atmospheric particles are also discussed. This book is comprised of 30 chapters and begins with an overview of some of the optical and dynamical properties of aerosols, along with the preparation of submicron aerosols by condensation. The discussion then turns to the formation and properties of neutral ultrafine particles and small ions conditioned by gaseous impurities of the air; preparation of ultrafine metal oxide particles in a hydrogen-oxygen flame; production of aerosols by X-rays; and condensational growth of atmospheric aerosols. A comparison of synthetic and smog aerosols is also presented. The final section is devoted to the Los Angeles (Pasadena) Smog Project—its genesis, objectives, and scope—and provides a detailed description of the Minnesota Aerosol Analyzing System used in the project. This monograph will be a useful resource for chemists as well as students and researchers interested in aerosol and atmospheric chemistry.
Download or read book Characterization of Gas aerosol Interaction Kinetics Using Morphology Dependent Stimulated Raman Scattering Final Technical Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A research program on the influence of aerosol surface structure on the kinetics of gas-aerosol interactions is proposed. The experiments involve measuring changes in gas phase chemical reaction rates as a function of exposure to a specific aerosol. Aerosols with differing surface properties will be generated by changing the composition and/or temperature of the material making up the aerosol. Kinetic data generated can be used directly in atmospheric modelling calculations. The surface structure of the aerosol will be measured, both before and after reaction, using morphology-dependent enhancement of simulated Raman scattering (MDSRS). Information about the detailed dynamics of gas-aerosol interactions can be obtained by correlating the change in the reaction rate with change in surface structure and by monitoring the change in aerosol surface structure during the course of the reaction. Studies will focus on the condensation and oxidation of sulfur species (sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide) on water aerosols.
Download or read book Aerosols in Atmospheric Chemistry written by Yue Zhang and published by American Chemical Society. This book was released on 2022-04-01 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The uncertainties in the aerosol effects on radiative forcing limit our knowledge of climate change, presenting us with an important research challenge. Aerosols in Atmospheric Chemistry introduces basic concepts about the characterization, formation, and impacts of ambient aerosol particles as an introduction to graduate students new to the field. Each chapter also provides an up-to-date synopsis of the latest knowledge of aerosol particles in atmospheric chemistry.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aerosols and the Lung written by Stewart W. Clarke and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-11 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols and the Lung covers all aspects of aerosols and the lung, including the use of aerosol in clinical medicine. This volume was developed from the editors' longstanding interest in lung defenses coupled with the radioaerosol technique of assessing their efficiency. This book is organized into 11 chapters. The coverage of these chapters include the physical properties of aerosol required to evaluate their inhalation into the lung, production of aerosol that is suitable for inhalation, determination of aerosol deposition in the lungs and the assessment of lung clearance. This book also highlights the importance of radioaerosols in estimating airway calibre, in detecting airway disease and in ventilation imaging. This book will be of interest to medical students and professionals, particularly those dealing with studies of the human lungs and aerosols.
Download or read book Characterization of Gas aerosol Interaction Kinetics Using Morphology Dependent Stimulated Raman Scattering written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A research program on the influence of aerosol surface structure on the kinetics of gas-aerosol interactions is proposed. The experiments involve measuring changes in gas phase chemical reaction rates as a function of exposure to a specific aerosol. Aerosols with differing surface properties will be generated by changing the composition and/or temperature of the material making up the aerosol. Kinetic data generated can be used directly in atmospheric modelling calculations. The surface structure of the aerosol will be measured, both before and after reaction, using morphology-dependent enhancement of simulated Raman scattering (MDSRS). Information about the detailed dynamics of gas-aerosol interactions can be obtained by correlating the change in the reaction rate with change in surface structure and by monitoring the change in aerosol surface structure during the course of the reaction. Studies will focus on the condensation and oxidation of sulfur species (sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfide) on water aerosols.
Download or read book Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere written by Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-11-17 with total page 993 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is the most comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of one of the hottest areas of chemical research. The treatment of fundamental kinetics and photochemistry will be highly useful to chemistry students and their instructors at the graduate level, as well as postdoctoral fellows entering this new, exciting, and well-funded field with a Ph.D. in a related discipline (e.g., analytical, organic, or physical chemistry, chemical physics, etc.). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere provides postgraduate researchers and teachers with a uniquely detailed, comprehensive, and authoritative resource. The text bridges the "gap" between the fundamental chemistry of the earth's atmosphere and "real world" examples of its application to the development of sound scientific risk assessments and associated risk management control strategies for both tropospheric and stratospheric pollutants. Serves as a graduate textbook and "must have" reference for all atmospheric scientists Provides more than 5000 references to the literature through the end of 1998 Presents tables of new actinic flux data for the troposphere and stratospher (0-40km) Summarizes kinetic and photochemical date for the troposphere and stratosphere Features problems at the end of most chapters to enhance the book's use in teaching Includes applications of the OZIPR box model with comprehensive chemistry for student use
Download or read book Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry written by John Roger Barker and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1995 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric chemistry is central to understanding global changes ? ozone depletion, appearance of the polar ozone holes, and compositional changes which worsen the greenhouse effect. Because of its importance, work is progressing on many fronts.This volume emphasizes the troposhere and stratosphere and has chapters on gas phase, condensed phase, and heterogeneous chemistry. Present progress is emphasized, and important future directions are also described.This book fills a need not satisfied by any others and will be popular for some years to come. It informs students and newcomers to the field of the many facets of atmospheric chemistry and can be used as a text for advanced students. It is also a valuable desk reference summarizing activities by quite a number of the most active research groups.Chapter 18 by Kolb et al. on heterogeneous chemistry is especially noteworthy because it represents a unique joint effort by several groups working on a very timely subject; they describe a conceptual framework and establish conventions which will be standard in future papers on this subject.
