Download or read book Experimental and Numerical Studies of Solvent Non Equilibrium Dissolution and Exsolution Behavior in a Heavy Oil System written by Hongyang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most important mechanisms of foamy oil is the solvents' non-equilibrium dissolution and exsolution behavior. Therefore, the real-time capturing of these dynamic properties is crucial in analyzing how foamy oil evolves under non-equilibrium state. In this research, various of solvent dissolution and exsolution tests were conducted in real-time visualization systems for direct quantifications of foamy oil behavior. Test conditions include visualization in both bulk phase and porous media. For bulk phase, visualization tests were realized in a high-pressure Hele-Shaw-like visual cell, and for porous media, a high-pressure etched glass micromodel was used. Tested solvent-heavy oil systems include CO2-heavy oil and CO2-C3H8-heavy-oil system. For the purpose of formulating an equilibrium PVT properties package to compare with non-equilibrium state, two-phase flash and live oil liquid-phase properties were measured by differential liberation tests. CO2 dissolution and exsolution behavior have been tested in the visual cell. Pressure decay curves and oil swelling factor curves were achieved prior to numerically determine CO2 intra-phase diffusion coefficient in oil phase. After diffusion stage, pressure depletion tests were conducted. It was found that foamy oil stability increased with higher initial GOR, higher pressure depletion rate, higher pressure drawdown level and longer solvent-heavy oil contact time from foamy oil volumetric curves. Constant Composition Expansion (CCE) tests with different pressure depletion rates have been conducted for CO2-C3H8-heavy oil system in a closed system in the visual cell. Physical parameters such as phase volume ratio, solvent exsolution sequence and deviated vapor-liquid-equilibrium (VLE) K value, etc., have been achieved experimentally to show the solvent non-equilibrium exsolution behavior. Single bubble exsolution and dissolution behavior tests have generated a bubble- mass-with-pressure/time relationship and have successfully guided the simulation study. Solvent diffusion and post-diffusion depletion tests conducted in micromodel have shown that the residual oil distribution and gravity would affect solvent solubility. Two types of static CCE tests as well as foamy oil continuous convective flowing (CCF) tests have been conducted to investigate foamy oil stability under static and convective conditions, and the vapor phase volume ratio indicated a higher foamy oil stability under convective conditions. Solvent flooding and post-flooding depletion tests have been carried out to study how efficient a cyclic solvent injection process could boost up the recovery factor. The qualitative phenomenon such as solvent viscous fingering was directly visualized. Numerical simulations have been conducted to quantify and validate the experiments. CO2 diffusion coefficients in oil phase and its kinetic exsolution rates were determined by history matching pressure decay curves and transient foamy oil volume curves. Identical foamy oil stability was found both experimentally and numerically. Dynamic adjustment of VLE K value and kinetic reaction model were applied to simulate CO2-C3H8 mixture solvent exsolution behavior in the visual cell. Non-equilibrium K values were achieved. Experimental single bubble exsolution behavior was incorporated into simulation and achieved successful history matching. SCCE and CCF tests were simulated by kinetic reactions and it was found that the optimized reaction frequency factors indicated a higher foamy oil stability under convective conditions. Pressure decay tests in micromodel system have been simulated, and the solvent effective diffusion coefficient in porous media have been achieved as well as the solvent non-equilibrium dissolution kinetic reaction frequency factors, which was in accordance with the dissolution rate of the single bubble tests.
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Phase Behaviour and Mass Transfer of Alkane Solvents s CO2 Heavy Oil Systems Under Reservoir Conditions written by Yu Shi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During primary heavy oil recovery, a unique phenomenon has been found to be closely associated with an unexpected high recovery factor, a remarkably low gas-oil ratio, and a higher-than-expected well production rate due mainly to the foamy nature of viscous oil containing gas bubbles. Even for secondary and tertiary recovery techniques, it is possible to artificially induce foamy oil flow in heavy oil reservoirs by dissolution with injected gases (e.g., CO2 and alkane solvents), which is characterized by time-dependent (i.e., nonequilibrium) phase behaviour. The entrained gas bubbles in the heavy oil are considered as the main mechanism accounting for such distinct phase behaviour. Therefore, it is of fundamental and practical importance to quantify the nonequilibrium phase behaviour and mass transfer of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions. A novel and pragmatic technique has been firstly developed and validated to accurately quantify the preferential diffusion of each component in alkane solvent(s)- assisted recovery processes with consideration of natural convection induced by the heated and diluted heavy oil. The Peng-Robinson equation of state, heat transfer equation, and diffusion-convection equation are coupled to describe both mass and heat transfer for the aforementioned systems. The individual diffusion coefficient between each component of a gas mixture and liquid phase is respectively determined once either the deviation between the experimentally measured and theoretically calculated mole fraction of CO2/solvents or the deviation between the experimentally measured dynamic swelling factors and the theoretically calculated ones has been minimized. ii A robust and pragmatic technique has also been developed to quantify nonequilibrium phase behaviour of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems at a constant volume expansion rate and a constant pressure decline rate, respectively. Experimentally, constant-composition expansion (CCE) tests have been conducted for alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems with a PVT setup, during which not only pressure and volume are simultaneously monitored and measured, but also gas samples were respectively collected at the beginning and the end of experiments to perform compositional analysis. Theoretically, mathematical formulations have been developed to quantify the amount of the evolved gas as a function of time, while mathematical models for compressibility and density of the oleic phase mixed with the entrained gas (i.e., foamy oil) are respectively formulated. In addition to a mechanistic model for quantifying a single gas bubble growth, a novel and pragmatic technique has been proposed and validated to quantify dynamic volume of foamy oil for the aforementioned systems under nonequilibrium conditions by taking preferential mass transfer of each component in a gas mixture into account. The individual diffusion coefficient of each gas component with consideration of natural convection is found to be larger than that obtained with conventional methods. An increase in either volume expansion rate or pressure decline rate would increase the critical supersaturation pressure, whereas a high temperature leads to a low critical supersaturation pressure. When pressure is below the pseudo-bubblepoint pressure, density and compressibility of foamy oil are found to sharply decrease and increase at the pseudo-bubblepoint pressure, respectively. Also, pseudo-bubblepoint pressure and rate of gas exsolution is found to be two mechanisms dominating the volume-growth rate of the evolved gas, which is directly proportional to supersaturation pressure, pressure decline rate, and concentration of each gas component under nonequilibrium conditions.
Download or read book Quantification of Nonequilibrium Phase Behaviour of Alkane Solvents CO2 alkaline Water heavy Oil Systems Under Reservoir Conditions written by Zulong Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the primary stage, the in-situ generated foamy oil has been found to be responsible for an unexpected high recovery factor, a remarkably low gas-oil ratio (GOR), and a higher-than-expected well production rate. Such a phenomenon can also be artificially induced by injecting alkane solvents (e.g., methane and propane) or CO2 to a heavy oil reservoir; however, the gas exsolution of foamy oil is not yet well understood due mainly to the complicated physical processes. On the other hand, the associated emulsifications resulted from the in-situ generated surfactant(s) during alkaline flooding in a heavy oil reservoir lead to an increase in oil recovery, though no theoretical models have been made available to quantify such physical phenomena at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Physically, both gas exsolution and emulsification are closely associated with the nonequilibrium phase behaviour. Therefore, it is of fundamental and pragmatic importance to accurately quantify the nonequilibrium phase behaviour of the alkane solvent(s)-CO2/alkaline water-heavy oil systems under reservoir conditions. A novel and pragmatic technique has been developed and validated to quantify gas exsolution of alkane solvent(s)-CO2-heavy oil systems under nonequilibrium conditions. Experimentally, constant composition expansion (CCE) tests of alkane solvent(s)-CO2- heavy oil systems are conducted with a visualized PVT cell. Theoretically, a mathematical model which integrates the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS), Fick's second law, and nonequilibrium boundary conditions has been developed. It is found that the rising of experiment temperature and pressure has negative effects on diffusion coefficient during gas exsolution processes. At a higher temperature, a larger CO2 diffusion coefficient is observed, whereas, for alkane solvents (i.e., CH4 and C3H8), a lower diffusion coefficient is attained. Also, experimental and theoretical techniques have been developed to quantify the emulsion behaviour of alkaline water-heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Experimentally, oil in water (O/W) emulsions with different settling times were prepared in order to track the continuous water content distribution along time. Theoretically, two groups of population balance equations (PBEs) were applied to quantify the phase behaviour during the emulsion destabilization. By applying the emulsion inversion point (EIP) as the boundary condition, the newly developed model is able to reproduce the dynamic water content distribution in the dual-emulsion systems. Due to the corresponding changes of oil viscosity and interfacial tension (IFT), either an increase in temperature or a decrease in pressure leads to a smaller EIP and higher coalescence efficiency. As a weak alkali, Na2CO3 facilitates the stabilization of the emulsion and inhibits the influence of higher temperatures, while NaOH solution-heavy oil systems achieve emulsion inversion more easily.
Download or read book Experimental and Mathematical Studies of Cyclic Solvent Injection To Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery written by Zhongwei Du and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been suggested that Cyclic Solvent Injection (CSI) is a highly promising technique to recover heavy oil resources at which other recovery techniques are not economically or efficiently available. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experimental and mathematical studies on the CSI for effective heavy oil recovery purposes. Experimental and data regression studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of the wormhole on the CSI. Nine tests were completed using three sand-pack physical models with different dimensions. Experimental results suggest that the oil production can be divided into two phases: solvent chamber rising phase and solvent chamber spreading phase. The average production rate in the solvent chamber rising phase is proportional to the wormhole length, while the average production rate in the solvent chamber spreading phase does not change much with the wormhole length. In addition, a relation of the oil production rate to the drainage height is obtained by regression analysis and verified with a different experiment. It is suggested that for a rectangular model, the oil production rate in the chamber rising phase is proportional to h1.1667. Experimental study of effects of pressure decline rate on the CSI has been performed. Twelve tests with ten decline rates through linear and non-linear pressure-drawdown methods were conducted. Results of optimizing the pressure decline rate indicated that the pressure decline rate plays a primary role in the CSI by affecting solvent chamber growth, foamy oil flow performance in Phase 1, and pressure drop force in Phase 2. Different driving mechanisms in different phases lead to different optimum pressure decline rates. Comparison of two pressure-drawdown methods suggests that the main difference between the non-linear pressure-drawdown method and linear pressuredrawdown method is that the former cannot provide a continuous driving force for diluted oil as well as the latter. The effect of the intermittent driving force is much more significant in Phase 2. Therefore, production performance of tests of pressure-drawdown linearly was generally better than that of tests of pressure-drawdown non-linearly. A linear material balance equation of CSI has been proposed to obtain the recovery factor of diluted oil. It is successfully used to obtain the recovery factor of diluted oil of each cycle for a well-designed CSI test in a rectangular physical model (80×40×20 cm3). The relation of the solution-gas oil ratio and the diluted oil formation volume factor with pressure under non-equilibrium state are obtained through linear regression based the material balance equation. They are successfully verified through experimental data of a CSI test in a cylindrical model. Results indicate that the efficiency of oil dilution increases from 4.75% to 10.70% before the Cycle 10. Then it slightly varies from 10% to 16.25% till the Cycle 25. It is dramatically decreased 10.11% in the last five cycles. For first three cycles, the diluted oil recovery factor is up to 40% due to extended production time. Then it almost keeps around 32% till the Cycle 25. Three mixture solvent with the decline rate of 12.5 kPa/min ,5 kPa/min and 1 kPa/min have been conducted. Knowledge of production performance of mixture solvent CSI tests is obtained through the comparison of mixture solvent tests with different decline rate and the comparison between mixture and pure solvent tests. Pure solvent tests had larger recovery factor and average oil production per cycle than mixture solvent tests. The asphaltene precipitation and production time significantly impacted the recovery factor of diluted oil in mixture solvent tests.
Download or read book Solvation Ionic and Complex Formation Reactions in Non aqueous Solvents written by Kálmán Burger and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Phase Behaviour of Solvent s Water Heavy Oil Systems at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures Based on Isenthalpic Flash written by Desheng Huang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hybrid steam-solvent injection processes have been proved to be a promising technique for enhancing heavy oil recovery as they combine the advantages from both heat transfer of steam and mass transfer of solvent(s) to further reduce the viscosity of heavy oil. Multiphase isenthalpic flash calculation is required in compositional simulations of the aforementioned processes, which involve vapour, oleic, and aqueous three-phases since water is inevitably associated with steam injection processes. As such, it is of fundamental and pragmatic importance to accurately quantify the phase behaviour of solvent(s)/water/heavy oil systems at high pressures and elevated temperatures by use of isenthalpic flash algorithms. A modified correlation and a new enthalpy determination algorithm have been developed to more accurately predict ideal gas heat capacities and enthalpies for normal alkanes/alkenes and hydrocarbon fractions, respectively. By assuming that only the presence of water and solvents with high solubilities in water is considered in the aqueous phase, a robust and pragmatic water-associated isenthalpic flash (WAIF) model has been developed to perform multiphase isenthalpic flash calculations for solvent(s)/water/heavy oil mixtures at high pressures and elevated temperatures. The new isenthalpic flash model developed in this work can handle multiphase equilibria flash calculations at high pressures and elevated temperatures. Subsequently, phase boundaries of C3H8/CO2/water/heavy oil mixtures in both the pressure-temperature (P-T) and enthalpy-temperature (H-T) phase diagrams have been determined, respectively. Experimentally, the phase boundary pressures are determined for three C3H8/CO2/water/heavy oil mixtures by using a conventional pressurevolume- temperature (PVT) setup in the P-T phase diagram. Theoretically, the previously developed WAIF model and the new isenthalpic determination algorithm together with the new alpha functions for water and non-water components are applied as the thermodynamic model to reproduce the multiphase boundaries of the aforementioned systems. The water-associated model is able to provide a good prediction of the experimental measurement in terms of phase boundaries and phase compositions. In addition, a new algorithm is developed to determine vapour/liquid/ liquid (VL1L2) phase boundaries of alkane solvent(s)/CO2/heavy oil mixtures. A new thermodynamic model based on the modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) together with the Huron-Vidal mixing rule is developed to experimentally and theoretically quantify the phase behaviour of dimethyl ether (DME)/water/heavy oil mixtures which include polar components. The new model is capable of accurately reproducing the experimentally measured multiphase P-T and H-T boundaries, phase volumes, and swelling factors, while it can also be used to determine DME partition coefficients and DME solubility.
Download or read book Quantification of Phase Behaviour and Physical Properties of Solvents Heavy Oil Bitumen Water Systems at High Pressures and Elevated Temperatures written by Zehua Chen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the excess heat loss of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) processes and low oil production rate of solvent-based processes, the expanding solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) process has been considered as a promising technique for enhancing heavy oil/bitumen recovery. The main ES-SAGD mechanisms include the heat transferred and dissolution of solvents into the heavy oil/bitumen to swell it and reduce its viscosity, which is closely related to the phase behaviour of solvents-heavy oil/bitumen-water systems. Thus, it is of fundamental and practical importance to accurately quantify the phase behaviour and physical properties of the aforementioned systems. A pragmatic technique has been developed to optimize the reduced temperature for acentric factor for the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) and Soave-Redlich- Kwong equation of state (SRK-EOS) by minimizing the deviation between the measured and calculated vapour pressures. The reduced temperature has its optimum value of 0.59 for the two EOSs, while 0.60 is recommended for practical use. The mutual solubility for n-alkanes/n-alkylbenzenes-water pairs is correlated using the PR-EOS together with the two newly modified alpha functions. The binary interaction parameters (BIPs) for both aqueous phase and liquid hydrocarbon phase are generalized as functions of reduced temperatures and carbon numbers of hydrocarbons, reproducing the experimental measurements well. Then, the modified PR-EOS model is successfully applied to predict the multi-phase compositions and three-phase upper critical ending points (UCEPs) for n-alkane-CO2-water mixtures. A new correlation has been developed to calculate the redefined acentric factor for pseudocomponents (PCs), while new BIP correlations are proposed respectively for ii toluene-water pair and heavy oil/bitumen-water pairs. The BIP correlation for heavy oil/bitumen-water pairs is validated by the measured water solubility in other oils. The newly developed model is found to accurately predict the measured ALV/AL (A is the aqueous phase, L represents the oleic phase, and V denotes the vapour phase) and LV/L boundaries with an overall average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 4.5% and solvent solubility in the oleic phase with an overall AARD of 9.4%, respectively. Two new methods have been proposed to predict the density/swelling factor for solvents-heavy oil/bitumen/water mixtures, i.e., one is a new volume translation (VT) strategy for PR-EOS, while the other is the ideal mixing rule with effective density (IME) calculated using a newly developed tangent-line method. It is found that both of these two methods are accurate enough, while the IM-E is better than the VT PR-EOS. Experiments for C3H8/CO2-Lloydminster heavy oil/water systems have been performed in a temperature range of 328.7-432.3 K. A dynamic volume analysis method is proposed to simultaneously simulate the total volume and height of vapour/oleic phase interface, while a new framework incorporated with the modified PR-EOS can be used to accurately predict the solvent solubility, phase boundary, and phase density for the aforementioned systems. Also, six widely used mixing rules have been respectively evaluated, while water is incorporated using the ideal mixing rule. The order of the best ones in their accuracy is the volume-based power law > the weight-based power law > the weight-based Cragoe's mixing rule. The effective density rather than real density of dissolved gas should be used for all the volume-based mixing rules.
Download or read book The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.
Download or read book Chemical Equilibria in the Earth written by Wallace S. Broecker and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gas Transport in Porous Media written by Clifford K. Ho and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-07 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CLIFFORD K. HOAND STEPHEN W. WEBB Sandia National Laboratories, P. O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA Gas and vapor transport in porous media occur in a number of important applications includingdryingofindustrialandfoodproducts,oilandgasexploration,environm- tal remediation of contaminated sites, and carbon sequestration. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms and processes of gas and vapor transport in porous media allows models to be used to evaluate and optimize the performance and design of these systems. In this book, gas and vapor are distinguished by their available states at stan- ? dard temperature and pressure (20 C, 101 kPa). If the gas-phase constituent can also exist as a liquid phase at standard temperature and pressure (e. g. , water, ethanol, toluene, trichlorothylene), it is considered a vapor. If the gas-phase constituent is non-condensable at standard temperature and pressure (e. g. , oxygen, carbon di- ide, helium, hydrogen, propane), it is considered a gas. The distinction is important because different processes affect the transport and behavior of gases and vapors in porous media. For example, mechanisms specific to vapors include vapor-pressure lowering and enhanced vapor diffusion, which are caused by the presence of a g- phase constituent interacting with its liquid phase in an unsaturated porous media. In addition, the “heat-pipe” exploits isothermal latent heat exchange during evaporation and condensation to effectively transfer heat in designed and natural systems.
Download or read book Thermal Methods written by Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2023-04-18 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermal Methods, Volume Two, the latest release in the Enhanced Oil Recovery series, helps engineers focus on the latest developments in this fast-growing area. In the book, different techniques are described in addition to the latest technologies in data mining and hybrid processes. Supported field case studies are included to illustrate a bridge between research and practical applications, making it useful for both academics and practicing engineers. Structured to start with thermal concepts and steam flooding, the book's editors then advance to more complex content, guiding engineers into areas such as hybrid thermal methods and edgier technologies that bridge solar and nuclear energy. Supported by a full spectrum of contributors, this book gives petroleum engineers and researchers the latest research developments and field applications to drive innovation for the future of energy. Presents the latest understanding surrounding the updated research and practical applications specific to thermal enhanced oil recovery methods Provides an analysis of editors’ research on available technology, including hybrid thermal-solvent processes and dual pipe configurations Teaches about additional methods, such as data mining applications, and economic and environmental considerations
Download or read book Supported Catalysts and Their Applications written by David C Sherrington and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to improve both the efficiency and environmental acceptability of industrial processes is driving the development of heterogeneous catalysts across the chemical industry, including commodity, specialty and fine chemicals and in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Drawing on international research, Supported Catalysts and their Applications discusses aspects of the design, synthesis and application of solid supported reagents and catalysts, including supported reagents for multi-step organic synthesis; selectivity in oxidation catalysis; mesoporous molecular sieve catalysts; and the use of Zeolite Beta in organic reactions. In addition, the two discrete areas of heterogeneous catalysis (inorganic oxide materials and polymer-based catalysts) that were developing in parallel are now shown to be converging, which will be of great benefit to the whole field. Providing a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in this fast-moving field, this book will be welcomed by industrialists and researchers, particularly in the agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals industries.
Download or read book The Role of Halogens in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Geochemical Processes written by Daniel E. Harlov and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 1029 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book summarizes the knowledge and experiences concerning the role of halogens during various geochemical processes, such as diagenesis, ore-formation, magma evolution, metasomatism, mineralization, and metamorphism in the crust and mantle of the Earth. It comprises the role of halogens in other terrestrial worlds like volatile-rich asteroids, Mars, and the ice moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Review chapters outline and expand upon the basis of our current understanding regarding how halogens contribute to the geochemical/geophysical evolution and stability of terrestrial worlds overall.
Download or read book Geomorphological Fluid Mechanics written by N.J. Balmforth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-11 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geomorphology deals with some of the most striking patterns of nature. From mountain ranges and mid-ocean ridges to river networks and sand dunes, there is a whole family of forms, structures, and shapes that demand rationalization as well as mathematical description. In the various chapters of this volume, many of these patterns are explored and discussed, and attempts are made to both unravel the reasons for their very existence and to describe their dynamics in quantitative terms. Particular focus is placed on lava and mud flows, ice and snow dynamics, river and coastal morphodynamics and landscape formation. Combining a pedagogical approach with up-to-date reviews of forefront research, this volume will serve both postgraduate students and lecturers in search of advanced textbook material, and experienced researchers wishing to get acquainted with the various physical and mathematical approaches in a range of closely related research fields.
Download or read book Granite related Ore Deposits written by Alcides Nóbrega Sial and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2011 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together a collection of papers that summarize current ideas and recent progress in the study of granite-related mineralization systems. They provide a combination of field, experimental and theoretical studies. Papers are grouped according to the main granite-related ore systems: granite-pegmatite, skarn and greisen-veins, porphyry, orogenic gold, intrusion-related, epithermal and porphyry-related gold and base metal, iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), and special case studies. The studies provide a broad spread in terms of both space and time, highlighting granite-related ore deposits from Europe (Russia, Sweden, Croatia and Turkey), the Middle East (Iran), Asia (Japan and China) and South America (Brazil and Argentina) and spanning rocks from Palaeoproterozoic to Miocene in age.
Download or read book Groundwater Reactive Transport Models written by Gour-Tsyh (George) Yeh and published by . This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ground water reactive transport models are useful to assess and quantify contaminant precipitation, absorption and migration in subsurface media. Many ground water reactive transport models available today are characterized by varying complexities, strengths, and weaknesses. Selecting accurate, efficient models can be a challenging task. This book addresses the needs, issues and challenges relevant to selecting a ground water reactive transport model to evaluate natural attenuation and alternative remediation schemes. It should serve as a handy guide for water resource managers seeking to achieve economically feasible results.
Download or read book Geochemistry written by William M. White and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-22 with total page 1218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of geochemistry. The book first lays out the ‘geochemical toolbox’: the basic principles and techniques of modern geochemistry, beginning with a review of thermodynamics and kinetics as they apply to the Earth and its environs. These basic concepts are then applied to understanding processes in aqueous systems and the behavior of trace elements in magmatic systems. Subsequent chapters introduce radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and illustrate their application to such diverse topics as determining geologic time, ancient climates, and the diets of prehistoric peoples. The focus then broadens to the formation of the solar system, the Earth, and the elements themselves. Then the composition of the Earth itself becomes the topic, examining the composition of the core, the mantle, and the crust and exploring how this structure originated. A final chapter covers organic chemistry, including the origin of fossil fuels and the carbon cycle’s role in controlling Earth’s climate, both in the geologic past and the rapidly changing present. Geochemistry is essential reading for all earth science students, as well as for researchers and applied scientists who require an introduction to the essential theory of geochemistry, and a survey of its applications in the earth and environmental sciences. Additional resources can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/white/geochemistry
