Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol Gasoline Fuels Phase 3 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assessed differences in headspace flammability for summertime gasolines and new high-ethanol content fuel blends. The results apply to vehicle fuel tanks and underground storage tanks. Ambient temperature and fuel formulation effects on headspace vapor flammability of ethanol/gasoline blends were evaluated. Depending on the degree of tank filling, fuel type, and ambient temperature, fuel vapors in a tank can be flammable or non-flammable. Pure gasoline vapors in tanks generally are too rich to be flammable unless ambient temperatures are extremely low. High percentages of ethanol blended with gasoline can be less volatile than pure gasoline and can produce flammable headspace vapors at common ambient temperatures. The study supports refinements of fuel ethanol volatility specifications and shows potential consequences of using noncompliant fuels. E85 is flammable at low temperatures; denatured ethanol is flammable at warmer temperatures. If both are stored at the same location, one or both of the tanks' headspace vapors will be flammable over a wide range of ambient temperatures. This is relevant to allowing consumers to splash -blend ethanol and gasoline at fueling stations. Fuels compliant with ASTM volatility specifications are relatively safe, but the E85 samples tested indicate that some ethanol fuels may produce flammable vapors.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol gasoline Fuels written by David P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study assessed differences in headspace flammability for summertime gasolines and new high-ethanol content fuel blends. The results apply to vehicle fuel tanks and underground storage tanks. Ambient temperature and fuel formulation effects on headspace vapor flammability of ethanol/gasoline blends were evaluated. Depending on the degree of tank filling, fuel type, and ambient temperature, fuel vapors in a tank can be flammable or non-flammable. Pure gasoline vapors in tanks generally are too rich to be flammable unless ambient temperatures are extremely low. High percentages of ethanol blended with gasoline can be less volatile than pure gasoline and can produce flammable headspace vapors at common ambient temperatures. The study supports refinements of fuel ethanol volatility specifications and shows potential consequences of using noncompliant fuels. E85 is flammable at low temperatures; denatured ethanol is flammable at warmer temperatures. If both are stored at the same location, one or both of the tanks' headspace vapors will be flammable over a wide range of ambient temperatures. This is relevant to allowing consumers to splash-blend ethanol and gasoline at fueling stations. Fuels compliant with ASTM volatility specifications are relatively safe, but the E85 samples tested indicate that some ethanol fuels may produce flammable vapors.
Download or read book An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol gasoline Fuels written by D. P. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental study measured the flammability of fuel vapors at low ambient temperatures and developed a mathematical model to predict the temperatures at which flammable vapors were likely to form. Results indicate that some currently available ethanol fuels are likely to produce flammable vapors within the ambient temperature range under Class 3 conditions. Results also indicate that mid-level ethanol blends (E20 and E30) are unlikely to significantly increase the risk of producing flammable vapors over that of the base gasoline used for the blends.
Download or read book An Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from High Ethanol Content Fuels written by D. Gardiner and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental and modeling study was done to determine the flammability of fuel tank headspace vapors as a function of ambient temperature for seven E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) fuel blends, two types of gasoline, and denatured ethanol at a low tank fill level. Samples in small, closed chambers were tested simultaneously in a cold chamber to determine flammability and pressure rise when ignited by a strong electric spark. Gasoline and E85 fuels were flammable below a critical temperature; above it, the vapor was too rich to burn. Denatured ethanol was flammable at room temperature and colder, down to a critical temperature; below it, the vapor was too lean to burn. The flammability limit temperature of the E85 and gasoline fuels related to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), but DVPE did not reliably rank the low-temperature flammability hazards of fuel tank headspace vapors when conventional gasolines were compared with alcohol blends.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from High Ethanol Content Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study determined the flammability of fuel tank headspace vapors as a function of ambient temperature for seven E85 fuel blends, two types of gasoline, and denatured ethanol at a low tank fill level.
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study to measure the flammability of gasoline/ethanol fuel vapors at low ambient temperatures and develop a mathematical model to predict temperatures at which flammable vapors were likely to form.
Download or read book Fire Safety Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapours written by Canada. Transport Canada. Surface. Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Wing Tank Flammability written by Dhaval D. Dadia and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation into the fire safety of a wing fuel tank has been performed to aid in the effort to eliminate or reduce the possibility of a wing fuel tank explosion in a commercial aircraft. A computational model is built to predict the generation of flammable mixtures in the ullage of wing fuel tanks. The model predicts the flammability evolution within the tank based on in-flight conditions of a wing fuel tank. The model is validated through supporting experiments performed in an altitude chamber, the wind tunnel facility as well as data obtained from flight tests. The results from the experiments are compared to the computational results. Computational results from the altitude chamber follow the general trend of the experimental results, but produce them at a different flash point. This is due to the replenishment of species with lower flash point at the surface of the fuel which emulates the flash point of the entire fuel to be lower. Experimental results for the aluminum wing tests from the wind tunnel experiments are in good agreement with the computational results as well. A simpler model is developed from a program that calculates fuel air ratio within the ullage of fuel tanks in order to reduce the required number of inputs to the model. This model is applied to the data sets for the experiments performed in the altitude chamber and wind tunnel. For the tests conducted in the altitude chamber, the correlation estimates the hydrocarbon concentrations extremely well during ascent and descent. During the on-ground condition the estimation is good, but not as accurate as the ascent or descent conditions. For the tests conducted in the wind tunnel, the computational values follow the general trend of the experimental values, but the computational values estimates the total hydrocarbon concentration approximately 10% lower than the experimental value consistently. Flammability studies are also performed in order to track the effects of temperature, pressure, and oxygen concentration on the upper and lower flammability limits. For the temperature and pressure profiles considered in this work, it is found that the temperature and pressure effects on the flammability limits are minimal. In contrast, the oxygen concentration has a significant effect on the flammability limits of the vapor; the flammable region narrows with a decrease in oxygen concentration.
Download or read book A Review of the Flammability Hazard of Jet A Fuel Vapor in Civil Transport Aircraft Fuel Tanks written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Automobile Fuel Tanks written by Lois Flynn and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 1686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sections 1-2. Keyword Index.--Section 3. Personal author index.--Section 4. Corporate author index.-- Section 5. Contract/grant number index, NTIS order/report number index 1-E.--Section 6. NTIS order/report number index F-Z.
Download or read book An Experimental Study of the Rich Flammability Limits of Some Gaseous Fuels and Their Mixtures in Air microform written by T. K. H. (Tai Kwong Henricus) Cheng and published by National Library of Canada. This book was released on 1986 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Flammability of Commercial Transport Airplane Wing Fuel Tanks written by William M. Cavage and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Fire Safety Team of the Airport and Aircraft Safety Research and Development Division performed tests at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) William J. Hughes Technical Center using the environmental chamber and the air induction facility (wind tunnel) to examine individual effects that contribute to commercial transport wing fuel tank flammability. Additionally, previously acquired wing tank flammability measurements taken during flight tests were compared with the results from the FAA Fuel Air Ratio Calculator in an effort to see if the calculations agreed with existing flight test data. The results of the scale fuel tank testing in the environmental chamber showed that (1) fuel height in the tank had little or no effect on the flammability, (2) increasing the amount of heat on the top surface and a higher ambient temperature caused increased flammability, and (3) lower fuel flash point increased flammability greatly. Wind tunnel tests conducted with a section of a Boeing 727 wing tank showed that, under dynamic airflow conditions, change in ullage temperature was the primary mechanism affecting ullage flammability, not fuel temperature, as observed in environmental chamber tests. Other wind tunnel tests showed that the angle of attack of the fuel tank played little role in reducing fuel tank flammability, but that a cross-venting condition of the fuel tank would lead to a very rapid decrease in hydrocarbon concentration. An input temperature algorithm could be used with the FAA Fuel Air Ratio Calculator to significantly improve predictions of wing tank ullage flammability, based on tests that showed in-flight changes of ullage flammability in a wing tank are driven largely by the ullage temperature. This is very different from what had been shown with a center wing fuel tank, in which fuel temperature continues to be the main driver of flammability even during flight."--Report documentation page.
Download or read book Flammability Characteristics of JP 8 Fuel Vapors Existing Within a Typical Aircraft Fuel Tank written by Steven M. Summer and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Study of Laminar Flame Speeds for Alkyl Aromatic Components Relevant to Diesel Fuels written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms of Smoke Reduction in the High Pressure Combustion of Emulsified Fuels Volume 3 Experimental Measurements and Computer Modeling of Evaporating Emulsified and Neat Fuel Sprays written by L. G. Dode and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements of drop-size distributions and vaporized fuel concentrations have been combined with a spray model in the comparative study of the evaporation of sprays of emulsified and non-emulsified and non-emulsified (neat) fuels at elevated temperatures and pressures. The fuel spray was generated by a pressure jet atomizer and was polydisperse; the air stream was approximately one-dimensional turbulent flow in a constant area duct. Diagnostic techniques have been adapted or developed which allow rapid measurements of overall drop-size distributions in the presence of evaporation in high-temperature high-pressure air, and also the fuel vapor concentration distribution within sprays. It was concluded that even in conditions of turbulence and high Reynolds number for drop motion relative to the air, some emulsified fuel drops apparently undergo microexplosions. Further, it was determined that the initial atomization quality depends on te air conditions, with better atomization at higher air densities. This implies that spray drop-size measurements performed at atmospheric conditions need to be corrected for air density and temperature effects to predict atomization quality for altitude relight or high-pressure combustion. A spray model has been developed which represents the spray being studied and provides data in a form comparable to the experimental diagnostics.
