Download or read book Experiential Neural and Cognitive Influences on Decision Making in Rats written by Lauren Kathleen Graham and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All animals have specific mechanisms in place to guide the numerous decisions they face daily. The act of deciding among possible behaviors is a process that involves learning about the relationships between actions and consequences, remembering past outcomes, and evaluating the current internal and external environment to inform an animal of its needs and available choices. The field of neuroeconomics has developed from a joint interest in how the brain guides this decision process that is shared by its parent fields of economics and neuroscience. Other fields provide critical insights into this topic: computer science contributes mathematical models of behavior, and psychology contributes analyses of the behavior itself, particularly in terms of an animal's underlying motivations and cognitive tools. The studies presented in this dissertation explore decision making in rats from both psychological and neuroscientific perspectives. The first study addresses whether and how an unrelated stressful experience affects reward-motivated behavior in a simple value-based foraging task. Rats who experienced an acute, uncontrollable stressful event were subsequently impaired in their ability to optimally update their behavior in response to changing rewards. The next study revealed that optimal performance on a similar value-based decision task does not require the independent contribution of several subregions of the prefrontal cortex. The final study dissociated particular measures of decision making from performance on other types of tasks, and found that an animal's individual preference for risky rewards was related to its behavioral sensitivity to rewards.
Download or read book Neuroeconomics written by Paul W. Glimcher and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-08-13 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years since it first published, Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain has become the standard reference and textbook in the burgeoning field of neuroeconomics. The second edition, a nearly complete revision of this landmark book, will set a new standard. This new edition features five sections designed to serve as both classroom-friendly introductions to each of the major subareas in neuroeconomics, and as advanced synopses of all that has been accomplished in the last two decades in this rapidly expanding academic discipline. The first of these sections provides useful introductions to the disciplines of microeconomics, the psychology of judgment and decision, computational neuroscience, and anthropology for scholars and students seeking interdisciplinary breadth. The second section provides an overview of how human and animal preferences are represented in the mammalian nervous systems. Chapters on risk, time preferences, social preferences, emotion, pharmacology, and common neural currencies—each written by leading experts—lay out the foundations of neuroeconomic thought. The third section contains both overview and in-depth chapters on the fundamentals of reinforcement learning, value learning, and value representation. The fourth section, “The Neural Mechanisms for Choice, integrates what is known about the decision-making architecture into state-of-the-art models of how we make choices. The final section embeds these mechanisms in a larger social context, showing how these mechanisms function during social decision-making in both humans and animals. The book provides a historically rich exposition in each of its chapters and emphasizes both the accomplishments and the controversies in the field. A clear explanatory style and a single expository voice characterize all chapters, making core issues in economics, psychology, and neuroscience accessible to scholars from all disciplines. The volume is essential reading for anyone interested in neuroeconomics in particular or decision making in general. Editors and contributing authors are among the acknowledged experts and founders in the field, making this the authoritative reference for neuroeconomics Suitable as an advanced undergraduate or graduate textbook as well as a thorough reference for active researchers Introductory chapters on economics, psychology, neuroscience, and anthropology provide students and scholars from any discipline with the keys to understanding this interdisciplinary field Detailed chapters on subjects that include reinforcement learning, risk, inter-temporal choice, drift-diffusion models, game theory, and prospect theory make this an invaluable reference Published in association with the Society for Neuroeconomics—www.neuroeconomics.org Full-color presentation throughout with numerous carefully selected illustrations to highlight key concepts
Download or read book Goal Directed Decision Making written by Richard W. Morris and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Goal-Directed Decision Making: Computations and Neural Circuits examines the role of goal-directed choice. It begins with an examination of the computations performed by associated circuits, but then moves on to in-depth examinations on how goal-directed learning interacts with other forms of choice and response selection. This is the only book that embraces the multidisciplinary nature of this area of decision-making, integrating our knowledge of goal-directed decision-making from basic, computational, clinical, and ethology research into a single resource that is invaluable for neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists alike. The book presents discussions on the broader field of decision-making and how it has expanded to incorporate ideas related to flexible behaviors, such as cognitive control, economic choice, and Bayesian inference, as well as the influences that motivation, context and cues have on behavior and decision-making. Details the neural circuits functionally involved in goal-directed decision-making and the computations these circuits perform Discusses changes in goal-directed decision-making spurred by development and disorders, and within real-world applications, including social contexts and addiction Synthesizes neuroscience, psychology and computer science research to offer a unique perspective on the central and emerging issues in goal-directed decision-making
Download or read book Engage Your Hippocampus written by Cynthia Diane Fast and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we decide what to do when faced with an ambiguous situation with only partial information available? Considerable evidence suggests that we apply inferential reasoning strategies that draw on our past experiences to generate predictions about the new circumstance. Importantly, the ability to make decisions when faced with uncertainty declines disproportionately with age, particularly among clinical populations suffering from cognitive decline, such as in Alzheimer's disease. However the causes of these deficits remain poorly understood and effective treatment methods have yet to be identified. In this thesis, a series of experiments were conducted to develop a non-human model of decision-making under ambiguity. Chapter 1 serves as a review of relevant empirical work establishing that non-human animals are capable of learning about events that are physically absent from a situation. Chapter 2 demonstrated that rats discriminate between the ambiguous and explicit absence of a relevant event. Importantly, the ability to respond sensitively to the ambiguous event was dependent on the type of task the rats had prior to the test. Rats that had learned a complex discrimination responded differently when a cue was ambiguously absent compared to when it was explicitly absent during test, while rats that had learned a simpler discrimination did not. Chapter 3 examined the necessary and sufficient features of cue experience that contribute to this behavioral sensitivity to ambiguous situations and suggested that elements of solution strategy engaged during these experiences determine the approach to ambiguity. Chapter 4 utilized the rat model of decision-making under ambiguity established in Chapters 2 and 3 to examine the underlying neural mechanisms mediating this ability. The hippocampus and, to a lesser extent, the prefrontal cortex were found to be critically involved. Specifically, cholinergic modulation within the hippocampus was necessary for rats to utilize inferential reasoning-like strategies in the ambiguous situation. This finding parallels the discovery that cholinergic function and the hippocampus undergo significant atrophy in aging populations, especially among Alzheimer's patients. Additionally, it was discovered that different patterns of neural activity within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were engaged when rats utilized this reasoning strategy under ambiguity compared to rats that did not experience an ambiguous test situation or rats that failed to exercise reasoning when faced with ambiguity. The ability to retrieve an image (representation) of the ambiguous event was determined to be critically important for inferential reasoning abilities in Chapter 5. Collectively, the results suggest that experience with ambiguous cues (that signal two competing outcomes) facilitates the use of imagery and guides decision-making in novel and ambiguous situations. This thesis has the potential to inform learning theories and the development of behavioral and pharmacological interventions to enhance these abilities or prevent them from erosion in humans.
Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control written by Tobias Egner and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 629 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering basic theory, new research, and intersections with adjacent fields, this is the first comprehensive reference work on cognitive control – our ability to use internal goals to guide thought and behavior. Draws together expert perspectives from a range of disciplines, including cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and neurology Covers behavioral phenomena of cognitive control, neuroanatomical and computational models of frontal lobe function, and the interface between cognitive control and other mental processes Explores the ways in which cognitive control research can inform and enhance our understanding of brain development and neurological and psychiatric conditions
Download or read book Aging and Decision Making written by Thomas M. Hess and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decisions large and small play a fundamental role in shaping life course trajectories of health and well-being: decisions draw upon an individual's capacity for self-regulation and self-control, their ability to keep long-term goals in mind, and their willingness to place appropriate value on their future well-being. Aging and Decision Making addresses the specific cognitive and affective processes that account for age-related changes in decision making, targeting interventions to compensate for vulnerabilities and leverage strengths in the aging individual. This book focuses on four dominant approaches that characterize the current state of decision-making science and aging - neuroscience, behavioral mechanisms, competence models, and applied perspectives. Underscoring that choice is a ubiquitous component of everyday functioning, Aging and Decision Making examines the implications of how we invest our limited social, temporal, psychological, financial, and physical resources, and lays essential groundwork for the design of decision supportive interventions for adaptive aging that take into account individual capacities and context variables. Divided into four dominant approaches that characterize the current state of decision-making science and aging neuroscience Explores the impact of aging on the linkages between cortical structures/functions and the behavioral indices of decision-making Examines the themes associated with behavioral approaches that attempt integrations of methods, models, and theories of general decision-making with those derived from the study of aging Details the changes in underlying competencies in later life and the two prevailing themes that have emerged—one, the general individual differences perspective, and two, a more clinical focus
Download or read book Research Awards Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Orbitofrontal Cortex written by David H. Zald and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006-10-12 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Orbitofronal Cortex plays a critical role in emotion, smell, and personality. This is the definitive volume on a brain region hitherto neglected in the neurosciences literature. It brings together world leaders in neuroscience to provide a comprehensive, integrative account of this region--one that will be the standard source for years to come.
Download or read book Neither Animals Nor Decisions are Interchangeable written by Drew Schreiner and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decisions are not made in isolation. Rather, they rely on internal states, contextual, temporal, and historical information. This subjective experience is a powerful driver of behavior and the associated neural mechanisms. However, most neurobiological investigations of decision-making ignore the impact of subjective experience and instead focus on constraining tasks (cues, trials) to isolate specific variables (choice, accuracy). By ignoring subjective experience and averaging across subjects and decisions, we may be left with an incomplete or inaccurate picture of the brain-behavior relationship. In this dissertation, I took a dual-pronged approach using relatively unconstrained tasks to investigate how subjective experience affects both behavior and the brain, with a focus on rodent premotor cortex (M2), as prior work has suggested that M2 is poised to be sensitive to this information. Chapter 1 explored how individual variation during learning affected decisions about when to explore versus exploit. Results suggested that individual experience with a rule strengthened exploitation of that rule, with projections from orbital frontal cortex to M2 necessary for this experience-based exploitation. Chapter 2 investigated what aspects of subjective experience were used to guide a self-paced, self-generated behavior. Mice used diverse sources of information beyond just prior actions and reward, including the passage of time and information-checking to guide decision-making. M2 integrated these information sources to bias strategy-level decision-making, while its projections into dorsal medial striatum (M2-DMS) were specifically necessary to implement a recent experience-based strategy. Chapter 3 explored how premotor function and sensitivity to subjective experience were affected by psychiatric disease. Prior chronic alcohol impaired behavioral flexibility, and this was causally linked to the induction of hyperactivity of M2-DMS neurons, suggesting human premotor regions as novel therapeutic targets for alcohol use disorder. These studies show that diverse aspects of subjective experience powerfully drive behavior and its neural representation. They implicate premotor circuits in integrating subjective experience to drive flexible behavior, a role which may be disrupted in psychiatric disease. This suggests that attempts to ignore or factor out subjective experience may be misguided; whether we take account of it or not, it likely will affect the brain and behavior.
Download or read book Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment written by Edward D. Levin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-06-22 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The costs associated with a drug's clinical trials are so significant that it has become necessary to validate both its safety and efficacy in animal models prior to the continued study of the drug in humans. Featuring contributions from distinguished researchers in the field of cognitive therapy research, Animal Models of Cognitive Impairmen
Download or read book Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making written by Tomasz Zaleskiewicz and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the latest research from psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics evaluating how people make financial choices in real-life circumstances. The volume is divided into three sections investigating financial decision making at the level of the brain, the level of an individual decision maker, and the level of the society, concluding with a discussion of the implications for further research. Among the topics discussed: Neural and hormonal bases of financial decision making Personality, cognitive abilities, emotions, and financial decisions Aging and financial decision making Coping methods for making financial choices under uncertainty Stock market crashes and market bubbles Psychological perspectives on borrowing, paying taxes, gambling, and charitable giving Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making is a useful reference for researchers both in and outside of psychology, including decision-making experts, consumer psychologists, and behavioral economists.
Download or read book Research Grants Index written by National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Division of Research Grants and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Behavioral and neuroscientific analysis of economic decision making in animals written by Tobias Kalenscher and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experimental analysis of animal behavior has a rich tradition in psychology, behavioral ecology and many other scientific branches dedicated to the study of decision making. However, it has never enjoyed a similar popularity in economics. This has recently changed with the dawn of neuroeconomics – a discipline combining the analytic and experimental tools of psychology and economics with the technologies available in neuroscience to unravel the neurobiological mechanisms underlying economic behavior. Since many of the sophisticated neuroscientific techniques can only be used on animals, neuroeconomists have come up with a large and ever-growing repertoire of animal models to probe economic decision making. Besides the value of using animals as model systems to emulate human economic behavior, the discipline of animal economic decision making exists in its very own right: an abundance of animal species at various evolutionary stages show behavior that complies with many of the predictions of economic theory, whilst, at the same time demonstrating violations of optimal choice models that are reminiscent of similar anomalies found in human behavior. Hence, the analysis of animal choice does not only offer insights into the evolutionary origins of economic decision making, it also testifies that the analysis of animal behavior is a convenient, economical and sound way to test competing economic decision models in optimally controlled experimental environments, to probe their neural implementation and to yield common denominators in choice behavior. In short, economic theory provides more than just an alternative language to describe animal psychology: its combination with biology, psychology and neuroscience gives way to synergy effects that open up new venues for studying economic choice. In this special issue, we would like to gather the latest results from this cross-disciplinary topic, address the overlap and discrepancies in (the neurobiology of) economic decision making found between species and identify the challenges that lie ahead in translating results from species to species, and ultimately to humans. The exclusive focus on non-human animals makes this Research Topic unique and distinct from previous special issues which covered a broader range of matters and subjects in the neurobiological analysis of decision making.
Download or read book Information Theory of Choice reaction Times written by Donald Richard John Laming and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Charney Nestler s Neurobiology of Mental Illness written by Dennis S. Charney and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 1025 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years following publication of the DSM-5(R), the field of psychiatry has seen vigorous debate between the DSM's more traditional, diagnosis-oriented approach and the NIMH's more biological, dimension-based RDoC (research domain criteria) approach. Charney & Nestler's Neurobiology of Mental Illness is an authoritative foundation for translating information from the laboratory to clinical treatment, and its fifth edition extends beyond this reference function to acknowledge and examine the controversies, different camps, and thoughts on the future of psychiatric diagnosis. In this wider context, this book provides information from numerous levels of analysis, including molecular biology and genetics, cellular physiology, neuroanatomy, neuropharmacology, epidemiology, and behavior. Sections and chapters are edited and authored by experts at the top of their fields. No other book distills the basic science and underpinnings of mental disorders-and highlights practical clinical significance-to the scope and breadth of this classic text. In this edition, Section 1, which reviews the methods used to examine the biological basis of mental illness in animal and cell models and in humans, has been expanded to reflect critically important technical advances in complex genetics (including powerful sequencing technologies and related bioinformatics), epigenetics, stem cell biology, optogenetics, neural circuit functioning, cognitive neuroscience, and brain imaging. This range of established and emerging methodologies offer groundbreaking advances in our ability to study the brain as well as unique opportunities for the translation of preclinical and clinical research into badly needed breakthroughs in our therapeutic toolkit. Sections 2 through 7 cover the neurobiology and genetics of major psychiatric disorders: psychoses (including bipolar disorder), mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, dementias, and disorders of childhood onset. Also covered within these sections is a summary of current therapeutic approaches for these illnesses as well as the ways in which research advances are now guiding the search for new treatments. Each of these parts has been augmented in several different areas as a reflection of research progress. The last section, Section 8, reconfigured in this new edition, now focuses on diagnostic schemes for mental illness. This includes an overview of the unique challenges that remain in diagnosing these disorders given our still limited knowledge of disease etiology and pathophysiology. The section then provides reviews of DSM-5(R), which forms the basis of psychiatric diagnosis in the United States for all clinical work, and of RDoC, which provides an alternative perspective on diagnosis in heavy use in the research community. Also included are chapters on future efforts toward precision and computational psychiatry, which promise to someday align diagnosis with underlying biological abnormalities.
Download or read book Impulsivity and Compulsivity written by John M. Oldham and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 1996 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, impulsive and compulsive behaviors have been categorized as fundamentally distinct. However, patients often exhibit both of these behaviors. This common comorbidity has sparked renewed interest in the factors contributing to the disorders in which these behaviors are prominent. Impulsivity and Compulsivity applies a provocative spectrum model to this psychopathology. The spectrum model is consistent with a dimensional model for psychopathology and considers the dynamic interaction of biopsychosocial forces in the development of impulsive and compulsive disorders. In this important work on impulsive/compulsive psychopathology, leading researchers and clinicians share their expertise on the phenomenological, biological, psychodynamic, and treatment aspects of these disorders. Differential diagnosis, comorbidity of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, and assessment by the seven-factor model of temperament and character are discussed. Chapters are also dedicated to the antianxiety function of impulsivity and compulsivity, defense mechanisms in impulsive disorders versus obsessive-compulsive disorders, and the unique aspects of psychotherapy with impulsive and compulsive patients. Clinical researchers and clinicians will be enlightened by this exceptional work. The information provided is supplemented with clinical vignettes, and the final chapter provides a synthetic summary that offers a unified, dynamic approach to impulsive and compulsive behavior.
Download or read book New Frontiers in Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Cognitive Affective and Neurobiological Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation written by Mathias Weymar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
