Download or read book Experience dependent Modification of Excitatory and Inhibitory Plasticity Mechanisms in Visual Cortex written by R. Brett Beston and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity written by Melanie A. Woodin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-02 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.

Download or read book The Auditory Cortex written by Jeffery A. Winer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Ocular Dominance Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Mouse Visual Cortex written by Lena A. Khibnik and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a classic example of bidirectional experience-dependent plasticity in the primary visual cortex. This form of plasticity is most robust during early postnatal development (termed the "critical period"), when monocular deprivation (MD) leads to a rapid weakening of responses evoked through the deprived eye followed by a delayed strengthening of non-deprived eye inputs. It has been proposed that these bidirectional changes occur as a three-stage process: first, degradation of patterned visual input weakens deprived-eye responses via homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD); this is accompanied by a shift in the plasticity modification threshold (0m) that determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, such that synaptic strengthening is favored over synaptic weakening; finally, weak open-eye responses are strengthened via the mechanisms of homosynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP). Despite the growing evidence supporting this model of experience-dependent synaptic modification, the exact molecular and synaptic mechanisms that are responsible for these processes remain controversial. In my thesis work, I address three questions. First, I attempt to parse the relative contribution of excitatory and inhibitory processes to expression of the OD shift in order to understand how deprived-eye depression is expressed in the cortex. To address this, I first induce a shift in OD with 3 days of MD and then use several pharmacological methods to shut off cortical inhibitory synaptic transmission. I demonstrate that rapid deprived-eye depression is strongly expressed at excitatory thalamocortical synapses without any influences of polysynaptic intracortical inhibition. In the second part of my work, I try to resolve the nature/identity of the molecular mechanism that underlies the regulation of [theta]m. Using a transgenic mouse model, I find that a reduction in the NR2A/B subunit ratio of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor during MD alters the qualities of OD plasticity by impairing weakening of deprived-eye inputs and enhancing strengthening of open-eye inputs. These findings suggest that NMDAR subunit composition may specify the value and the rate of adjustment of synaptic 0m, which in turn determines the bidirectional cortical response to MD. The final portion of my thesis addresses the factors that limit OD plasticity beyond the critical period. I test the hypothesis that the developmental increase in intracortical GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission is a fundamental restricting factor for adult cortical plasticity and demonstrate that parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking basket cells are specifically implicated in the absence of juvenile-like deprived-eye depression in adult mice.

Download or read book Excitatory Inhibitory Balance written by Takao K. Hensch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new perspective on brain function depends upon an understanding of the interaction and integration of excitation and inhibition. A recent surge in research activity focused on inhibitory interneurons now makes a more balanced view possible. Technological advances such as improved imaging methods, visualized patch-clamp recording, multiplex single-cell PCR, and gene-targeted deletion or knock-in mice are some of the novel tools featured in this book. This book will provide an integrated view of neuron function, operating in a balanced regime of excitation and inhibition. It is a timely contribution emphasizing how this balance is established, maintained, and modified from the molecular to system levels. The broad spectrum of topics from molecular to cellular and system/computational neuroscience will appeal to a wide audience of advanced graduate students, post-docs, and faculty. Moreover, this book this book features active young researchers from around the world, who are currently educating the brain scientists of tomorrow.

Download or read book Structural Mechanisms of Experience dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rachel W. Schecter and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in the sensory experience of an animal shapes behavior through synaptic plasticity. Modification in the strength of synaptic drive can result from adjustments in the strength of existing synapses, creation of new synapses, or removal of existing ones and involves presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extra-synaptic mechanisms. Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity following brief periods of monocular deprivation (MD) is a classic example of experience-dependent change, which leads to a rapid weakening of cortical responsiveness to the deprived eye and a strengthening of responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Though there is clear anatomical reorganization following long periods of lid suture, only recently has brief periods (3 days) of MD has been shown to drive structural plasticity of thalamic input to binocular visual cortex. The exact molecular and synaptic mechanisms responsible for rapid OD shifts remain unclear. In my thesis work, I address the requirement of proper microglial functioning via the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in OD plasticity following 3 days of MD. I first identify increased lysosomal content in microglia within layer 4 (L4) of binocular visual cortex following MD, which suggests microglia participate in this structural rearrangement. As it is currently believed that a major axis of communication between neurons and microglia occurs via fractalkine and its specific receptor CX3CR1, I investigated OD plasticity within the CX3CR1 KO mouse. My experiments reveal increased lysosomal content, structural plasticity of thalamocortical synapses, and OD shifts measured with visually evoked potentials (VEPs) all occur normally in this mutant mouse as a result of 3 days of MD with only subtle differences when compared to WT mice. I conclude that, while microglia may have a role in the anatomical and functional experience-dependent cortical plasticity driven by brief lid suture, it does not require CX3CR1.

Download or read book Neural Plasticity and Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq

Download or read book Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus written by Helmut L. Haas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second time that I have had the honor of opening an interna tional symposium dedicated to the functions of the hippocampus here in Pecs. It was a pleasure to greet the participants in the hope that their valuable contributions will make this meeting a tradition in this town. As one of the hosts of the symposium, I had the sorrowful duty to remind you of the absence of a dear colleague, Professor Graham God dard. His tragic and untimely death represents the irreparable loss of both a friend and an excellent researcher. This symposium is dedicated to his memory. If I compare the topics of the lectures of this symposium with those of the previous one, a striking difference becomes apparent. A dominating tendency of the previous symposium was to attempt to define hippocam pal function or to offer data relevant to supporting or rejecting existing theoretical positions. No such tendency is reflected in the titles of the present symposium, in which most of the contributions deal with hip pocampal phenomena at the most elementary level. Electrical, biochemi cal, biophysical, and pharmacological events at the synaptic, membrane, or intracellular level are analyzed without raising the question of what kind of integral functions these elementary phenomena are a part of.

Download or read book Visual Cortical Plasticity written by Eitan S. Kaplan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The roles played by cortical inhibitory neurons in experience-dependent plasticity and learning are not well understood. Here we evaluate the participation of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic neurons in two forms of experience-dependent modification of primary visual cortex (V1) in adult mice: ocular dominance (OD) plasticity resulting from monocular deprivation and stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP) resulting from supplemental visual experience. These two forms of plasticity are triggered by different events but lead to a similar increase in visual cortical response. Both also require the NMDA class of glutamate receptor (NMDAR). However, we find that PV+ inhibitory neurons in V1 play a critical role in the expression of SRP and its behavioral correlate of familiarity recognition, but not in the expression of OD plasticity. Furthermore, NMDARs expressed within PV+ cells play a critical role in SRP, but not in the induction or expression of adult OD plasticity. We also explore the use of visual cortical plasticity paradigms to better understand the function of proteins implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. We find that NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) and deprived-eye depression in layer 4 of V1 require metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling during postnatal development. Additionally, schizophrenia-associated protein neurogranin overexpression in V1 disrupts juvenile ocular dominance plasticity. Finally, we evaluate SRP in two models of ASDs associated with excitatory/ inhibitory imbalance: Rett syndrome (RTT) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Surprisingly, mouse models of RTT and TSC exhibit abnormal SRP phenotypes, but in opposite directions.

Download or read book Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity From Synaptic Circuit Assembly to Neurological Disorders written by Lorenzo A. Cingolani and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-08 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme

Download or read book Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders written by Joseph I. Tracy and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.

Download or read book The Neuroscience of Adolescence written by Adriana Galván and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an award-winning developmental neuroscientist, this is a comprehensive and cutting-edge account of the latest research on the adolescent brain.

Download or read book Cortical Function a View from the Thalamus written by V. A. Casagrande and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2005-10-17 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost all of the messages that are received by the cerebral cortex from the environment or from the body's internal receptors come through the thalamus and much current thought about perceptual processing is based on sensory pathways that relay in the thalamus. This volume focuses on three major areas: the role of thalamocortical communication in cognition and attention; the role of the thalamus in communication between cortical areas; the hypothesis that much or all of the information relayed by thalamus, even to classical, pure "sensory" areas of cortex, represents a corollary message being sent simultaneously to motor centers. It presents a broad overview of important recent advances in these areas. * Provides a look at brain structures involved in perception and action * Includes summaries by leading investigators in the field * Presents recent advances in our understanding of brain functions

Download or read book Development of the Visual System written by Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of the Visual System presents a selection of current studies that clearly illustrate principles of visual system development. These range from retinal development in fish and frogs to the effects of abnormal visual experience on the primary visual cortex of the cat. The book is unique in addressing four specific and fundamental aspects of development: cell lineage and cell fate, specificity and targeting of axons, specification of visual cortex, and correlates of the critical period. Encompassing technical advances in cellular and molecular biology and in video imaging and microscopy, contributions in each of these areas provide new information at the cellular and molecular levels to complement the now classic descriptions of visual development previously available at the level of neural systems.ContributorsKaren L. Allendoerfer, David M. Altshuler, Antonella Antonini, Seymour Benzer, Edward M. Callaway, Constance L. Cepko, Hollis T. Cline, Max S. Cynader, N. W. Daw, Scott E. Fraser, K. Fox, Eckhard Friauf, Anirvan Ghosh, R. W. Guillery, William A. Harris, Christine E. Holt, Lawrence C. Katz, Susan McConnell, Pamela A. Raymond, Thomas A. Reh, Carla J. Shatz, Michael P. Stryker, Claudia A. 0. Stuermer, Mriganka Sur, David L. Turner, T. N. Wiesel

Download or read book Mechanistic Relationships Between Development and Learning written by Thomas J. Carew and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-06-29 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the turn of the century, the pioneering neuroscientist Ramon y Cajal articulated the hypothesis that growth processes involved in the development of the central nervous system may persist into adulthood, where they might be retained to mediate the formation and maintenance of memory. Over the decades since Cajal s seminal suggestion, extensive experimental attention has been directed at elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying both neuronal development and learning and memory. Many exciting technical and conceptual advances have been made on each front. Thus, as we approach the end of this century, the field is now poised to assess the status of Cajal s provocative hypothesis directly. This volume reflects a highly interdisciplinary dialog among experts in the fields of development and learning and memory, who came together not only to assess the validity of the general hypotheses that development and learning might share mechanistic features, but also to identify issues, preparations, and paradigms that would allow for a rigorous evaluation of ways to advance the hypothesis, on the one hand, and determine its fundamental limitations, on the other. Towards this end, the volume is organized into four levels of analysis: behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular. At each level, neuroscientists from the general fields of development and learning engage in lively exchange of ideas which serve to highlight the similarities and differences of both the concepts and the experimental approaches used in their diverse fields. The result of this endeavor is a collection of seminal chapters and summary reports that provide a novel synthesis of important advances in two exciting areas of modern neuroscience. Goal of this Dahlem Workshop: to evaluate the validity of the general thesis that mechanisms utilized in the development of the nervous system are reutilized in the adult to mediate formation and maintenance of memory.

Download or read book The Hippocampus written by Ales Stuchlik and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-07-11 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hippocampus is an important brain region, a true central hub for memory of various kinds and other processes. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction, and schizophrenia are characterized by hippocampal alterations. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a site exhibiting adult neurogenesis. This book covers the topic of the hippocampus from various perspectives. It discusses adult neurogenesis, effect of enriched environments on hippocampal plasticity, and long-term potentiation-associated gene expression. The book also addresses multiscale representations of complex environments and strategies in the hippocampus-dependent spatial tasks. Finally, insight into the hippocampus as a link between negative affect and relapse to psychostimulants is provided. The book collects evidence of various hippocampal functions in healthy and disordered brain.