Download or read book Examining the Role of Cognitive Ability and Individual Thinking Dispositions in Moral Judgment written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current study examined the relation between individual cognitive ability (SAT total score), thinking dispositions (Stanovich's (2008) Master Rationality Motive, Cacioppo et al.'s (1984) Need for Cognition, Stanovich & West's (1997) Actively Open-minded Thinking scales), and moral judgment. The relation between these individual differences and moral judgment was examined across multiple contexts. First, the expression of myside bias was examined within a medical ethics scenario in which a limited number of organs must be allocated between two groups of people with differential transplant survival rates. Second, the role of individual differences was examined in moral reasoning across differential presentation of moral dilemma scenarios. The findings of the current study suggest that individual difference variables such as cognitive ability and thinking dispositions do not relate to moral judgment in the same manner across both experimental scenarios. Further investigation and replication is needed in order to draw definitive conclusions regarding the relation between individual cognitive ability, thinking dispositions, and moral judgment.

Download or read book Cognitive Sophistication and the Development of Judgment and Decision Making written by Maggie E. Toplak and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-10-27 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognitive Sophistication and the Development of Judgment and Decision-Making reviews the existing literature on the development of reasoning, judgment and decision-making, with a primary focus on measures from the heuristics and biases tradition. The book presents a model based on cognitive sophistication to examine the development of judgment and decision-making, including age related differences in developmental samples, associations with intellectual abilities and executive functions, and associations with dispositional tendencies that support judgment and decision-making. Additional sections cover the empirical findings of a longitudinal study conducted over seven years that tie together the discussed aspects related to cognitive sophistication. This book will provide a much-needed description of the theoretical and conceptual issues, a review of empirical findings, and an integrative summary of the implications for developmental models of reasoning, judgment and decision-making. Explores whether individual heuristics and biases are associated Reviews individual differences in cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions Examines reasoning from the lens of cognitive sophistication Discusses the implications for models, including dual process models Tests and elaborates using empirical findings from a longitudinal study

Download or read book Assessing 21st Century Skills written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-16 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The routine jobs of yesterday are being replaced by technology and/or shipped off-shore. In their place, job categories that require knowledge management, abstract reasoning, and personal services seem to be growing. The modern workplace requires workers to have broad cognitive and affective skills. Often referred to as "21st century skills," these skills include being able to solve complex problems, to think critically about tasks, to effectively communicate with people from a variety of different cultures and using a variety of different techniques, to work in collaboration with others, to adapt to rapidly changing environments and conditions for performing tasks, to effectively manage one's work, and to acquire new skills and information on one's own. The National Research Council (NRC) has convened two prior workshops on the topic of 21st century skills. The first, held in 2007, was designed to examine research on the skills required for the 21st century workplace and the extent to which they are meaningfully different from earlier eras and require corresponding changes in educational experiences. The second workshop, held in 2009, was designed to explore demand for these types of skills, consider intersections between science education reform goals and 21st century skills, examine models of high-quality science instruction that may develop the skills, and consider science teacher readiness for 21st century skills. The third workshop was intended to delve more deeply into the topic of assessment. The goal for this workshop was to capitalize on the prior efforts and explore strategies for assessing the five skills identified earlier. The Committee on the Assessment of 21st Century Skills was asked to organize a workshop that reviewed the assessments and related research for each of the five skills identified at the previous workshops, with special attention to recent developments in technology-enabled assessment of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In designing the workshop, the committee collapsed the five skills into three broad clusters as shown below: Cognitive skills: nonroutine problem solving, critical thinking, systems thinking Interpersonal skills: complex communication, social skills, team-work, cultural sensitivity, dealing with diversity Intrapersonal skills: self-management, time management, self-development, self-regulation, adaptability, executive functioning Assessing 21st Century Skills provides an integrated summary of the presentations and discussions from both parts of the third workshop.

Download or read book The Thinking Mind written by Niall Galbraith and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of thinking has undergone a revolution in recent years, opening itself up to new perspectives and applications. The traditional focus on laboratory-based thinking has transformed as theoretical work is now being applied to new contexts and real-world issues. This volume presents a state-of-the-art survey of human thinking in everyday life, based around, and in tribute to, one of the field’s most eminent figures: Ken Manktelow. In this collection of cutting-edge research, Manktelow’s collaborators and colleagues review a wide range of important and developing areas of inquiry. This book explores modern perspectives on a variety of traditional and contemporary topics, including Wason’s reasoning tasks, logic, meta-reasoning, and the effect of environment and context on reasoning. The Thinking Mind offers a unique combination of breadth, depth, theoretical exploration and real-world applications, making it an indispensable resource for researchers and students of human thinking.

Download or read book International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning written by Linden J. Ball and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is an authoritative reference work providing a balanced overview of current scholarship spanning the full breadth of the rapidly developing and expanding field of thinking and reasoning. It contains 35 chapters written by leading international researchers, covering foundational issues as well as state-of-the-art developments in thinking and reasoning research. Topics covered range across all sub-areas of thinking and reasoning, including deduction, induction, abduction, judgment, decision making, argumentation, problem solving, expertise, creativity and rationality. The contributors engage with cutting-edge debates such as the status of dual-process theories of thinking, the role of unconscious, intuitive, emotional and metacognitive processes in thinking, and the importance of probabilistic conceptualisations of thinking and reasoning. Authors also examine the importance of neuroscientific findings in informing theoretical developments, and explore the situated nature of thinking and reasoning across a range of real-world contexts such as mathematics, medicine and science. The Handbook provides a clear sense of the way in which contemporary ideas are challenging traditional viewpoints as "new paradigm of the psychology of reasoning" emerges. This paradigm-shifting research is paving the way toward a richer and more inclusive understanding of thinking and reasoning, where important new questions drive a forward-looking research agenda. It is essential reading for both established researchers in the field of thinking and reasoning as well as advanced students wishing to learn more about both the historical foundations and latest developments in this rapidly growing field.

Download or read book Thinking in Moral Terms written by Sigrún Svavarsdóttir and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2001 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work examines the nature of moral judgements. In the course of developing an account of moral judgements, the author discusses issues such as: moral motivation, the nature of desire, the justification of commitments, the relation between morality and rationality, the difference between moral and scientific inquiry, and the nature of properties, of concepts, and of normativity. The author argues-non-cognitivists who construe moral judgements as mere expressions of sentiments-that moral thought employs concepts which figure into the content of both cognitive and conative states of mind. She argues that this view is not a cause for any metaphysical worries about moral properties, and rejects the idea that the difference in the distinctive action-guiding role of moral judgements is to be understood in terms of the metaphysical nature of the facts which render them true. She also rejects the widespread idea that the distinctive action-guiding role of moral judgements amounts to their being intrinsically motivating, and argues that moral judgements motivate in collaboration with a desire which employs moral concepts in representing the desired state of affairs. Against some moral naturalists, the author argues that it is not a condition on the acceptance of a moral theory that its concepts have some explanatory function, and that this marks the crucial difference between the concepts unique to moral thought and those characteristic of scientific (or proto-scientific) thought). She suggests that this reflects a difference in the aims of moral and scientific inquiry. Appreciation of the distinctive aim of moral practice is required for the mastery of moral concepts and this is why moraljudgements are invariably understood as action-guiding, even if they are not in all cases motivating.

Download or read book Adapting Human Thinking and Moral Reasoning in Contemporary Society written by Yama, Hiroshi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2019-11-22 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies on human thinking have focused on how humans solve a problem and have discussed how human thinking can be rational. A juxtaposition between psychology and sociology allows for a unique perspective of the influence on human thought and morality on society. Adapting Human Thinking and Moral Reasoning in Contemporary Society is an in-depth critical resource that provides comprehensive research on thinking and morality and its influence on societal norms as well as how people adapt themselves to the novel circumstances and phenomena that characterize the contemporary world, including low birthrate, the reduction of violence, and globalization. Furthermore, cultural differences are considered with research targeted towards problems specific to a culture. Featuring a wide range of topics such as logic education, cognition, and knowledge management systems, this book is ideal for academicians, sociologists, researchers, social scientists, psychologists, and students.

Download or read book An Exploration of Moral Reasoning Development in College Freshmen and Its Relationship with Epistemological Beliefs and Need for Cognition written by Meghan M. Saculla and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The moral reasoning development of college freshmen was investigated over the course of a semester. Participants were tested at the beginning of the semester and at the end of the semester and were either in a course that required active engagement in critical thinking (e.g. perspective-taking, reflection) about social and political issues or in a course that did not provide such opportunities. Past literature supports a link between the aforementioned experiences and the promotion of moral judgment development (Rest, 1986; King & Mayhew, 2005; Schlaefli, Rest, & Thoma, 1985). In addition to moral reasoning development, the individual characteristics of epistemological beliefs and need for cognition were measured because an interaction between the environment and the individual may relate to the development of moral judgment (Rest & Narvaez, 1991; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991). Change in moral reasoning was not observed for either course type; it is possible that changes occurred outside of the confines of the semester, but the study was not designed to account for this possibility. Additionally, results indicated relationships between moral reasoning development and epistemological beliefs, as well as need for cognition. Implications of the present study relate to promoting moral judgment development in educational settings, including consideration of individual characteristics related to thinking dispositions and views about the nature of knowledge.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning written by Keith J. Holyoak and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available.

Download or read book Individual Differences in Intuitive Processing and Moral Judgment written by Sarah J. Ward and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST) is a broad theory of personality proposing a dual-process approach to information processing, involving an analytical-rational and an intuitive-experiential system. This paper integrates CEST into moral psychology to examine whether individual differences in reliance on intuitive processing (faith in intuition, or FI) and need for cognition (NC) affect moral judgments and behavior. Questionnaire data in Study 1 indicated that FI interacted with moral identity and private body consciousness to predict inclinations towards immoral behavior. Results from experimental studies indicate that after thinking about a moral transgression, people high in FI engaged in more compensatory behavior (Study 2), cheated less on an unsolvable IQ test (Study 3), and completed more tasks for charity donations (Study 4). Need for cognition was unrelated to these outcomes. Implications for further examining FI and NC within the context of moral judgments and behavior are discussed.

Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.

Download or read book The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education written by Paul Gibbs and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a moral rather than instrumental notion of university education whilst locating the university within society. It reflects a balancing of the instrumentalization of higher education as a mode of employment training and enhances the notion of the students’ well-being being at the core of the university mission. Compassion is examined in this volume as a weaving of diverse cultures and beliefs into a way of recognizing that diversity through a common good offers a way of preparing students and staff for a complex and anxious world. This book provides theoretical and practical discussions of compassion in higher education, it draws contributors from around the world and offers illustrations of compassion in action through a number of international cases studies..

Download or read book Rationality and Intelligence written by Jonathan Baron and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-07-07 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rationality and Intelligence develops and justifies a prescriptive theory of rational thinking in terms of utility theory and the theory of rational life plans. The prescriptive theory, buttressed by other assumptions, suggests that people generally think too little and in a way that is insufficiently critical of the initial possibilities that occur to them.

Download or read book Understanding and Overcoming Biases in Judgment and Decision Making With Real Life Consequences written by Yasmina Okan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

Download or read book Second International Research Handbook on Values Education and Student Wellbeing written by Terence Lovat and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-16 with total page 1175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection applies the principles underlying values education to addressing the many social and learning challenges that impinge on education today . Insights in the fields of social and emotional learning, student wellbeing, and, increasingly, educational neuroscience have demonstrated that values education represents an efficacious pedagogy with holistic effects on students across a range of measures, including social, emotional, and intellectual outcomes. With schools in the 21st century confronting issues such as gender identity, stemming radicalism, mental health, equity for disadvantaged groups, bullying, respect, and the meaning of consent, values education offers a way of teaching and learning that integrates and enhances student’s affective and cognitive functioning. The earlier edition of this book has become a standard reference for scholars and practitioners in the fields of values education, moral education, and character education. Its citation rates, reads and downloads have been consistently and enduringly high, as have those of its companion text, Values Pedagogy and Student Achievement. A decade on, the main purpose of the revised edition is to update and incorporate new research and practice relevant to values education. Recent insights in the fields of neuroscience and social and emotional learning and their implications for education and student wellbeing are more overt than they were when the first edition was being compiled. Additionally, advanced thinking in the field of epistemology, how humans come to know and therefore learn, has also sharpened, especially through the later writings of prominent scholars like Jurgen Habermas. The revised edition has preserved the essential spirit and thrust of the original edition while making space for some of these new insights about the potential of values education to establish optimal and harmonious learning and social environments for both students and teachers.

Download or read book Judgment and Decision Making Under Uncertainty Descriptive Normative and Prescriptive Perspectives written by David R. Mandel and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-09-26 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: