Download or read book Examining the Influence of Semantic Knowledge on Episodic Memory written by Tida Kian and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory is a critical capacity for everyday life. Memory is not one process but consists of different systems (Robertson & Khler, 2007). Semantic memory is memory for general knowledge about the world and episodic memory is memory for a specific event from a particular time and place in the past (Tulving, 1972, 1983). Tulving (1972) referred to these systems as two separated but partially related memory systems. However, relatively little is known about how these two systems relate. Specifically, the influence of semantic memory on episodic memory is not fully understood. This study investigated the influence of semantic memory on memory for events (actions) and their spatial locations. The final sample for this study included 73 participants. Participants were divided into two groups that varied in the delay they experienced between the encoding phase and retrieval phase (immediate group, n=37; delay group, n=36). During the encoding phase, participants were presented with images of cartoon characters completing an action along with an image of a background scene (i.e., locations) that either matched the action (congruent trial), did not match the action (incongruent trial) or an action that could be performed in any location (neutral trial). During the retrieval phase, participants were presented with actions and asked whether the action was old or new (old/new recognition memory) and, if old, asked to choose the background image that went with that action (spatial location) among a group of distractors. Across delay, participants more accurately identified the locations for the congruent actions compared to the locations for the incongruent actions. Across conditions, participants in the immediate group more accurately identified the actions and spatial locations compared to the delay group. Further, different patterns for the types of errors participants made were observed. This study adds to our knowledge about the influence of semantic memory on episodic memory. Future studies can expand the research to different settings (e.g., naturalistic environments) and with more variable samples (e.g., different age groups).

Download or read book Relations in Memory written by Sarah J. Sipe and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The goal of the present study was to examine the development of semantic and episodic memory in middle childhood. Specifically, we sought to understand the relation between episodic and semantic memory by examining how an aspect of semantic memory--spatial semantic knowledge--may influence children's episodic memory for events and their spatial locations. Children ages 5, 6, and 7 participated in events in 6 exhibits representing locations in a model town in a local children's museum. Events were manipulated by the extent to which the event and the spatial location match. Event conditions included spatially congruent, incongruent, and independent. After a short delay, children were tested for their recognition of the events and the location in which the event occurred. In addition, a novel semantic interview task directly assessed knowledge of the locations represented in the museum exhibits. Most notably, we found older children to exhibit greater semantic knowledge of locations (as measured through the semantic interview task) and, in the experimental manipulation, we found children's semantic memory to influence their memory for the locations of events. Results implicate the nature of the relations of children's semantic and episodic memory as well as the utility of research conducted in naturalistic settings."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.

Download or read book Elements of Episodic Memory written by Endel Tulving and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1985-09-05 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elements of Episodic Memory is a classic text in the psychology literature. It had a significant influence on research in the area has been much sought after in recent years. Finally, it has now been made available again with this reissue, the text unchanged from the original.

Download or read book The Representation of Meaning in Memory PLE Memory written by Walter Kintsch and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-05-23 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1974, this volume presents empirical and theoretical investigations of the role of meaning in psychological processes. A theory is proposed for the representation of the meaning of texts, employing ordered lists of propositions. The author explores the adequacy of this representation, with respect to the demands made upon such formulations by logicians and linguists. A sufficiently large number of problems are encompassed by the propositional theory to justify its use in psychological research into memory and language comprehension. A number of different experiments are reported on a wide variety of topics, and these test central portions of this theory, and any that purports to deal with how humans represent meaning. Among the topics discussed are the role of lexical decomposition in comprehension and memory, propositions as the units of recall, and the effects of the number of propositions in a text base upon reading rate and recall. New problems are explored, such as inferential processes during reading, differences in levels of memory for text, and retrieval speed for textual information. On the other hand, a study of retrieval from semantic memory focusses on a problem of much current research. The final review chapter relates the present work to other current research in the area at the time.

Download or read book Retrieved Context and the Accumulation of Episodic Memories written by Lynn Jolene Lohnas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Structured Semantic Knowledge Mediates Variability in Episodic Memory written by Shao-Fang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis builds on previous empirical evidence and theoretical work to further investigate the variability in recognition memory behavior. Specifically, the global match-ing models provide mechanistic explanations of how similarities of memory representa-tions contribute to the memory signals that guide recognition memory decisions. In addi-tion, it is commonly believed that long-term semantic knowledge has an impact on the recognition memory related to that knowledge, and the relationship between semantic knowledge and recognition memory is mediated, in part, by interactions between the hip-pocampus (important for aspects of recognition memory) and distributed cortical regions (important for semantic knowledge). While this framework has garnered empirical and theoretical support, the detailed mechanisms underlying the influence of semantic knowledge on recognition memory remains unclear. My research explores how similarity among semantic knowledge influences the gradient of the memory signals that give rise to false and accurate recognition judgements. I ask 1) whether it is possible to systematical-ly modulate false and accurate recognition decisions with objective similarity measure-ments of semantic knowledge, and 2) what is the computation that translates similarity of semantic knowledge to recognition memory signals. I answer these questions with two experiments: Experiment 1 investigated how model-based semantic similarity measure-ments modulate false and accurate memory behavior by leveraging tools from computa-tional models (i.e., Natural Language Processing (NLP)) to systematically quantify se-mantic similarity of the stimuli. Building on the findings from Experiment 1, Experiment 2 used the model-based semantic similarity measurements to further examine the compu-tation that transforms semantic similarity to recognition memory signals. In Experiment 1, I used NLP-derived measurements of semantic similarity to generate word lists with varying degrees of semantic similarities as experimental stimuli. These word lists were used in a memory task to allow for precise control of the semantic similarities. The primary findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated that recognition memory behavior is modulated by semantic similarities. More specifically, NLP-derived semantic similarity predicted both false recognition memory to lures and accurate recog-nition memory to old words: false and accurate recognition judgments increased as a function of NLP-derived semantic similarity. The results from Experiment 1 highlight the fundamental role global similarity computations play in generating recognition memory signals. In addition, our demonstration of the relationship between semantic similarity structure and recognition memory is largely compatible with the findings reported in the literature. Building on the findings in Experiment 1, one outstanding question is how se-mantic similarities are transformed to memory strength. To answer this question, in Ex-periment 2, we expanded our present findings to investigate how the dynamic of within-list distribution of semantic similarity affected recognition memory behavior. In Experiment 2, building on the results from Experiment 1, I explored the nature of the transformation between semantic similarities and recognition memory signals. In-spired by computational models of recognition memory, there could be a linear or a non-linear transformation between semantic similarities and recognition memory strengths. To differentiate between these two possibilities, I examined how skewed and uniform distri-butions of semantic similarities affect recognition memory. The main findings from Ex-periment 2 showed that there was no significant difference between skewed and uniform distribution of semantic similarities on false and accurate recognition memory. The null results indicate that encountering a few semantically highly similar items (i.e., the skewed condition) is not enough to significantly increase false memory for similar lures beyond a linear similarity computation (i.e., the uniform condition). One possible explanation for our null findings is that the memory representations used in our study are defined only by the semantic features of the stimuli; however, the proposed memory representations in global matching models and the neural representations in the fMRI studies both consist of various features beyond the semantic features. Another possible explanation for the null findings is that the process of extracting word embeddings from word co-occurrences already encompasses nonlinear transformations of the semantic space. Building on our findings, a potential research direction is to further explore the computa-tion between NLP-derived semantic similarity and memory signals with more complex models.

Download or read book Elements of Episodic Memory written by Endel Tulving and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1983 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Charles Lee Emerson cannot take credit for authoring this great work HE SHALL BE CALLED. If you go to their website at: TheVillageCarpenter.info you can read about The Village Carpenter. God has opened his eyes to the lack in many churches. Many people today are simply "Playing Church." They are under a "Curse of Religious Spirits" or "Religiosity." Charles ministers in churches, in speaking engagements and in his writings to impart the end-time truth that "God is who He says He is!" And "God will do what He said He will do!" The purpose of this writing is to prove "WHO GOD IS."Charles has written many poems published on the World Wide Web. He lives in a home at Indian Lake, Lakeview, Ohio USA. He has two wonderful Sons and has gained two wonderful Daughters plus seven wonderful Grand Children. Amen. Hallelujah!

Download or read book Organization of Memory written by Endel Tulving and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Memory Amnesia and the Hippocampal System written by Neal J. Cohen and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 1182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sweeping synthesis, Neal J. Cohen and Howard Eichenbaum bring together converging findings from neuropsychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science that provide the critical clues and constraints for developing a more comprehensive understanding of memory. Specifically, they offer a cognitive neuroscience theory of memory that accounts for the nature of memory impairment exhibited in human amnesia and animal models of amnesia, that specifies the functional role played by the hippocampal system in memory, and that provides further understanding of the componential structure of memory.The authors' central thesis is that the hippocampal system mediates a capacity for declarative memory, the kind of memory that in humans supports conscious recollection and the explicit and flexible expression of memories. They argue that this capacity emerges from a representation of critical relations among items in memory, and that such a relational representation supports the ability to make inferences and generalizations from memory, and to manipulate and flexibly express memory in countless ways. In articulating such a description of the fundamental nature of declarative representation and of the mnemonic capabilities to which it gives rise, the authors' theory constitutes a major extension and elaboration of the earlier procedural-declarative account of memory.Support for this view is taken from a variety of experimental studies of amnesia in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Additional support is drawn from observations concerning the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the hippocampal system. The data taken from divergent literatures are shown to converge on the central theme of hippocampal involvement in declarative memory across species and across behavioral paradigms.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.

Download or read book Semantic influences on episodic memory written by Patric Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Remembering Reconsidered written by Ulric Neisser and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1988-06-24 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remembering Reconsidered, the new ecologically-oriented study of memory, makes contact with more traditional approaches. The problems considered by the authors include memory for randomly selected daily events, for folk ballads, for early childhood experiences, for thoughts, for events known secondhand, for knowledge acquired years before and subjected to "reminding" in the laboratory, and for a variety of stimuli presented with theoretical questions in mind. The theme unifying the contributions, which is developed by the editors in their separate introductory chapters, is concerned with the adaptive significance of memory in daily life together with careful analysis of the variables on which it depends.

Download or read book The Neural Correlates of Personal Semantics written by Annick Tanguay and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term memory system for what is conscious and can be verbalized - declarative memory- is often separated into memory for general facts and memory for personal events (Squire, 2009; Tulving, 2002). Personal semantics share elements of both semantic memory (i.e., they are facts that can be known) and episodic memory (i.e., they are self-related and idiosyncratic; Renoult, Davidson, Palombo, Moscovitch, & Levine, 2012). According to the taxonomy of personal semantics (Renoult et al., 2012), they vary in proximity to either semantic or episodic memory. Towards one end of the continuum, memory for autobiographical facts such as jobs and names of friends were hypothesized to be closer to general facts. Towards the other end of the continuum, repeated events are summaries of the core elements of similar events that happened more than once (e.g., getting coffee at a coffee shop), and they were hypothesized to be closer to episodic memory (i.e., the recollection of a unique event). Self-knowledge involves self-reflection about one's own personality traits and preferences; it was thought to be the most distinct from semantic and episodic memory. However, little research had compared personal semantics to both semantic and episodic memory, or to one another, and these proposals needed to be tested experimentally. In this thesis, I compared the neural correlates of three types of personal semantics to semantic memory (study 1, 2, 3) and episodic memory (study 1, 2), and to one another (study 1) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; study 1) and event related potentials (ERPs; study 2, 3). Moreover, I examined whether temporal orientation modified the personal semantics' relationship to the typically atemporal semantic memory (study 2, 3) and to the typically past-oriented episodic memory (study 2). In study 1, general facts, autobiographical facts, repeated events, and unique events were compared using fMRI, in a follow-up to an ERP study (Renoult et al., 2016). In our analyses of the hippocampus (HPC) and posterior medial network (Ritchey, Libby, & Ranganath, 2015), general semantics and autobiographical facts were often not significantly different from one another (except for the left posterior HPC), and repeated events and unique events did not differ from one another in any comparison. I observed a small graded increase of brain activity from general facts to autobiographical facts to repeated events and unique events (with a significant linear trend) in the left posterior HPC. In contrast, no memory type differed in the anterior temporal network (Ritchey et al., 2015). In study 2 and 3, self-knowledge was operationalized as the knowledge of one's own traits, and could concern past (study 2), present (study 2, 3) and future selves (study 2, 3). A neural correlate of recollection, the Late Positive Component (LPC), had a larger mean amplitude for thinking about the self than others (study 2, 3), and thinking about a past and/or future self than the present self (on average for study 2, and significant for study 3). The amplitude of the LPC for thinking about the past and future selves did not differ from an episodic recognition memory task (or present self-knowledge; study 2). Further, the temporal orientation effect was smaller and not significant when we compared thinking about the present and the future traits of others (study 3). The operationalization of the "other" as a close friend or a group of people did not modify this result (study 3). Together, in addition to Renoult et al. (2016), these findings suggest that: the neural correlates of autobiographical facts, repeated events, and self-knowledge do not overlap perfectly with semantic or episodic memory. Moreover, the temporal orientation of the knowledge is one factor that can influence the proximity of the neural correlates of personal semantics to either semantic or episodic memory.

Download or read book Retrieval from Semantic Memory written by Wietske Vonk and published by Springer. This book was released on 1979 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Science written by Keith Frankish and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-19 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative, up-to-date survey of the state of the art in cognitive science, written for non-specialists.

Download or read book Thinking About Human Memory written by Michael S. Humphreys and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-11 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embedded in a historical context, this is a novel approach to memory involving goals, cues, information, opportunity to learn, and noise.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Computational and Mathematical Psychology written by Jerome R. Busemeyer and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Oxford Handbook offers a comprehensive and authoritative review of important developments in computational and mathematical psychology. With chapters written by leading scientists across a variety of subdisciplines, it examines the field's influence on related research areas such as cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, clinical psychology, and neuroscience. The Handbook emphasizes examples and applications of the latest research, and will appeal to readers possessing various levels of modeling experience. The Oxford Handbook of Computational and mathematical Psychology covers the key developments in elementary cognitive mechanisms (signal detection, information processing, reinforcement learning), basic cognitive skills (perceptual judgment, categorization, episodic memory), higher-level cognition (Bayesian cognition, decision making, semantic memory, shape perception), modeling tools (Bayesian estimation and other new model comparison methods), and emerging new directions in computation and mathematical psychology (neurocognitive modeling, applications to clinical psychology, quantum cognition). The Handbook would make an ideal graduate-level textbook for courses in computational and mathematical psychology. Readers ranging from advanced undergraduates to experienced faculty members and researchers in virtually any area of psychology--including cognitive science and related social and behavioral sciences such as consumer behavior and communication--will find the text useful.