Download or read book Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms Classic Reprint written by R. E. Snodgrass and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-15 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms Any study of evolution necessarily involves theories, but if we stopped short with known facts our phylogenetic trees would wither at the roots. Particularly when we attempt to reconstruct events that took place in remote Precambrian times we can have recourse only to our imagination. Where connecting links between modern animals cannot be known, we must invent them; at least, if evolution is true, we can feel sure that connecting links really did exist. Imagination, of course, must be controlled by reasoning from the known to the unknown, but unfortunately our brains do not all reason in the same way and often produce very different concepts from the same set of facts. Yet some ideas Should be more plausible than others. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPOD MECHANISMS written by R. E. SNODGRASS and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms written by Robert E. Snodgrass and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms written by Robert Evans Snodgrass and published by . This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms written by Robert E. Snodgrass and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolution of Arthropod Mechanisms by R E Snodgrass written by Robert Evans Snodgrass and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Mechanism of Evolution in Leptinotarsa Classic Reprint written by William Lawrence Tower and published by . This book was released on 2015-08-05 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Mechanism of Evolution in Leptinotarsa The data and conclusions presented in part in this volume are the product of a project in which it was attempted to attack the "evolution problem" in one set of organisms from a number of different aspects. Evolution in organisms must be conceived of as the product of the interaction of internal and external factors, operating in strict mechanistic manner, as in non-vital phenomena, so that the central problem was the determination and proof of the mechanism of action of these two groups of factors whose operations are productive of evolutionary changes. Experimental analysis of the problems, prosecuted with rigor and thoroughness, has been held to be the only means of progress. Before this ideal could be applied much preliminary clearing of the ground had to be done, and to this I gave the necessary attention in a report published under the title "An Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa." The results of the project have been the development of a mechanistic conception of evolution based upon the interplay of genetic and environic factors and the demonstration that the methods of evolution are heterogeneous, even in one group of organisms. The basis of all methods of change is found to be directly the product of the nature of the genetic factors of composition and their capacity for diverse modes of reaction, especially with factors of the environic complex. Purpose, utility, and kindred concepts have found no support, every change appearing as the chance mechanistic product of the reacting agents; while the product of the reaction either was able or not able to operate under the conditions of origination, so that survival is decided at once and not after long and faltering trials. The project as organized consists of three parts, each necessary to the success of the others and to the hope of arriving at a knowledge of the mechanism of evolution that is not based upon plausibility and the arrangement of isolated facts upon the fabric of preconceived theory. The first stage (reported upon in the publication referred to) must deal with the discovery and testing of some limited set of organisms in nature that are possible subjects for study and especially for the experimental portions of the investigation. Further, it is necessary to become fully acquainted with the organisms in nature and to make preliminary tests to discover whether it is possible to produce permanent changes in the material and the probable success, if any, that might be expected from an experimental attack upon this portion of the problem. The second portion, given a successful outcome of the first, must comprise a rigorous experimental investigation of the factors of evolution and an attempt to create new attributes and qualities not existing in nature in the materials, and to discover the relation of these to old characters and their interaction when brought into combination or into competition with existing characters. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Evolution and Adaptation of Terrestrial Arthropods written by John L. Cloudsley-Thompson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended as a textbook for 3rd year undergraduate students, as well as postgraduate students. It comprises a review of the current opinion regarding the evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods, beginning with the paleontological, embryological, morphological and physiological evidence. The implication of size is then considered in relation to life on land. A discussion of insect phylogeny and the origin of flight is followed by an account of evolutionary trends in reproduction. Further chapters cover adaptations to extreme environments, dispersal and migration, defensive mechanisms and, finally, present arguments for the success of the terrestrial arthropods in general.

Download or read book Arthropod Biology and Evolution written by Alessandro Minelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than two thirds of all living organisms described to date belong to the phylum Arthropoda. But their diversity, as measured in terms of species number, is also accompanied by an amazing disparity in terms of body form, developmental processes, and adaptations to every inhabitable place on Earth, from the deepest marine abysses to the earth surface and the air. The Arthropoda also include one of the most fashionable and extensively studied of all model organisms, the fruit-fly, whose name is not only linked forever to Mendelian and population genetics, but has more recently come back to centre stage as one of the most important and more extensively investigated models in developmental genetics. This approach has completely changed our appreciation of some of the most characteristic traits of arthropods as are the origin and evolution of segments, their regional and individual specialization, and the origin and evolution of the appendages. At approximately the same time as developmental genetics was eventually turning into the major agent in the birth of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo), molecular phylogenetics was challenging the traditional views on arthropod phylogeny, including the relationships among the four major groups: insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates. In the meantime, palaeontology was revealing an amazing number of extinct forms that on the one side have contributed to a radical revisitation of arthropod phylogeny, but on the other have provided evidence of a previously unexpected disparity of arthropod and arthropod-like forms that often challenge a clear-cut delimitation of the phylum.

Download or read book Mandibular Mechanisms and the Evolution of Arthropods written by Sidnie Milana Manton and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Mechanism of Life Classic Reprint written by Stephane Leduc and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-09-17 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Mechanism of Life He has entitled his book The Mechanism of Life, since however little we may know of the origin of life. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Economic and Ecological Significance of Arthropods in Diversified Ecosystems written by Akshay Kumar Chakravarthy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-20 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arthropods are invertebrates that constitute over 90% of the animal kingdom, and their bio-ecology is closely linked with global functioning and survival. Arthropods play an important role in maintaining the health of ecosystems, provide livelihoods and nutrition to human communities, and are important indicators of environmental change. Yet the population trends of several arthropods species show them to be in decline. Arthropods constitute a dominant group with 1.2 million species influencing earth’s biodiversity. Among arthropods, insects are predominant, with ca. 1 million species and having evolved some 350 million years ago. Arthropods are closely associated with living and non-living entities alike, making the ecosystem services they provide crucially important. In order to be effective, plans for the conservation of arthropods and ecosystems should include a mixture of strategies like protecting key habitats and genomic studies to formulate relevant policies for in situ and ex situ conservation. This two-volume book focuses on capturing the essentials of arthropod inventories, biology, and conservation. Further, it seeks to identify the mechanisms by which arthropod populations can be sustained in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and by means of which certain problematic species be managed without producing harmful environmental side-effects. This edited compilation includes chapters contributed by over 80 biologists on a wide range of topics embracing the diversity, distribution, utility and conservation of arthropods and select groups of insect taxa. More importantly, it describes in detail the mechanisms of sustaining arthropod ecosystems, services and populations. It addresses the contribution of modern biological tools such as molecular and genetic techniques regulating gene expression, as well as conventional, indigenous practices in arthropod conservation. The contributors reiterate the importance of documenting and understanding the biology of arthropods from a holistic perspective before addressing conservation issues at large. This book offers a valuable resource for all zoologists, entomologists, ecologists, conservation biologists, policy makers, teachers and students interested in the conservation of biological resources.

Download or read book Evolution of Arthroped Mechanisms written by R. E. Snodgrass and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Arthropoda written by Sidnie Milana Manton and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1977 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book American Insects Classic Reprint written by Vernon L. Kellogg and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2019-01-23 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from American Insects IF man were not the dominant anirnal in the world, this would be the Age of Insects. Outnumbering in kinds the members of all other groups of animals combined, and showing a wealth of individuals and a degree of prolificness excelled only'by the fishes among larger animals, and among smaller animals by the Protozoa, the insects have an indisputable claim on the attention of students of natural history by sheer force of numbers. But their claim to our interest rests on securer ground. Their immediate and important relation to man as enemies of his crops, and, as we have come to know only to-day, as it were, as a grim menace to his own' health and life this capacity of insects to destroy annually hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of grains and fruits and vegetables, and to be solely responsible for the dissemination of some of the most serious diseases that make man to suffer and die, forces our attention whether we will or not. Finally, the amazing variety and specialization of habit and appearance, the extraor dinary adaptations and shifts for a living which insects show, make a claim on the attention of all who harbor the smallest trace of that scientific curiosity which leads men to observe and ponder the ways and seeming of Nature. Some of the most attractive and important problems which modern biological study is attacking, such as the significance of color and pattern, the reality of mechanism and automatism in the action and behavior of animals as contrasted with intelligent and discriminating performances, the statistical and experimental study of variation and heredity, and other sub jects of present-day biological investigation, are finding their most available material and data among the insects. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book The Evolution of Arthropodan Locomotory Mechanisms written by Sidnie Milana Manton and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions written by Václav Větvička and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: References.- Animals at the cell-aggregate body organization.- Porifera.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Conclusions.- References.- Diblastic animals.- Coelenterata.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- The immune phenomena characteristics.- Conclusions.- References.- Protostomes.- Annelida.- The evolutionary significance of metamery and the coelom.- The cells.- The origin.- Humoral immunity.- Adaptive humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Phagocytosis.- Cytotoxic reactions.- Transplantation reaction.- Adaptive cellular defense reactions.- Conclusions.- References.- Arthropoda.- References.- Chelicerata.- The cells and structures engaged in the immune reactions.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- References.- Crustacea.- Hemopoitic structures.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- References.- Insecta.- Blood cells.- Hemopoietic structures and their possible relevance to immunity.- Humoral immunity.- Inducible antibacterial peptides.- Cellular immunology.- Phagocytosis.- Encapsulation.- Transplantation immunity.- References.- Mollusca.- The hemopoietic tissues and organs.- The gastropods.- The bivalves.- The cephalopods.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Conclusions.- References.- Deuterostomes.- Echinodermata.- The coelomic derivatives of echinoderms and their possible role in immunity.- The immune significance of coelomic tubular and perivisceral systems.- The water vascular, hemal and perihemal systems.- Perivisceral coelom.- Other structures engaged in the immunity.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Regeneration.- Conclusions.- References.- Chordates/Urochordata.- The anatomical features of ascidians in regard to their possible immune significance.- The immune significance of the pharyngeal region.- Other structures engaged in the immunity.- The lymph nodules.- Body wall.- The neural gland.- Humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Conclusions.- References.- Chordates/Vertebrates/Agnatha.- Origin.- The immunocompetent tissues and organs.- The possible thymus equivalent lymphoid structures of pharyngeal region.- The gut-associated lymphoid structures considered to be equivalent to the spleen.- Lymphoid tissues with the poietic capability supposed to be equivalent to bone marrow.- Other lymphohemopoietic tissues.- Humoral immunity.- Specific humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- References.- Chordates/Vertebrates/Chondrichthyes.- Origins.- The immunocompetent tissues and organs of chondrichthyans.- The thymus.- The spleen.- The gut-associated lymphoid tissue.- The immunocompetent tissues and organs of chondrichthyans comparable to the bone marrow.- The Leydig's organ.- Epigonal organs.- The lymphomyeloid structures of cranial region.- The kidney.- Development of lymphohemopoiesis in elasmobranchs.- Humoral immunity.- Specific humoral immunity.- Cellular immunity.- Specific cellular immunity.- Conclusions.- References.- Chordates/Vertebrates /Osteichthyes.- Origins.- The immunocompetent tissues and organs of osteichthyans.- The thymus.- The spleen.- The gut-associated lymphoid tissue.- The immunocompetent tissues and organs of osteichthyans comparable to the bone marrow.- The kidney.- Other structures.- Cells.- B Lymphocytes.- T Lymphocytes.- MHC Antigens.- Nonspecific humoral immunity.- Specific humoral immunity.- Nonspecific cellular immunity.- Cytokines.- Transplantation.- Cytotoxicity.- Cellular cooperation.- Conclusions.- References.- General conclusions.- References.