Download or read book Evaporation of Jet Fuels written by Charles E. Hack and published by . This book was released on 1999-09-01 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Determining the fate and transport of JP-8 jet fuel is a complex and important problem. As part of the startup procedures for jet engines, fuel is passed through aircraft engines before combustion is initiated. Because of the extremely low temperatures at northern tier Air Force bases, the unburned fuel does not evaporate readily and may come into contact with ground crew. To determine the amount and duration of contaminant contact, the evaporation of the emitted fuel must be modeled. The amount and composition of the fuel upon reaching the ground crew may be determined by droplet evaporation models that have already been developed. The evaporation of the fuel after adhering to the skin needs to be modeled. This knowledge of the fuel's fate may then be used to determine source terms for use in toxicological studies. This research involves the comparison of two existing droplet evaporation models and the calculation of the evaporation of a film of jet fuel from a surface. The existing models are compared in order to make recommendations on which model to use to predict the amount and composition of fuel reaching the ground crew. To make the surface evaporation problem amenable to modeling, simplifying assumptions are made. The fuel is assumed to be a uniformly distributed mixture of representative hydrocarbon groups. Due to the complexity of the mixture of aviation fuels, a mixture of the predominant species were chosen as representatives to approximate the physical behavior of the entire fuel mixture. The goal of this research is to determine the most appropriate model for predicting the amount and composition of jet fuel reaching the ground crew and to extend the more appropriate fuel droplet evaporation model to describe the evaporation of a film of fuel from a surface. A validation of the resultant model is then performed by comparing the calculations to experimental data.
Download or read book Dispersion of Jettisoned JP 4 Jet Fuel by Atmospheric Turbulence Evaporation and Varying Rates of Fall of Fuel Droplets written by Herman H. Lowell and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicologic Assessment of Jet Propulsion Fuel 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-02-14 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides a critical review of toxicologic, epidemiologic, and other relevant data on jet-propulsion fuel 8, a type of fuel in wide use by the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and an evaluation of the scientific basis of DOD's interim permissible exposure level of 350 mg/m3
Download or read book Free Fall and Evaporation of JP 4 Jet Fuel Droplets in a Quiet Atmosphere written by Herman H. Lowell and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Free Fall and Evaporation of JP 1 Jet Fuel Droplets in a Quiet Atmosphere written by Herman H. Lowell and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaporation and Groundfall of JP 4 Jet Fuel Jettisoned by USAF Aircraft written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental and modeling effort was undertaken to determine the physical fate of JP-4 jet fuel discharged from an aircraft in flight. A computer model was developed to simulate evaporation and free-fall of fuel droplets in the atmosphere. In order to apply this model to jettisoned fuel, an experimental study was performed to determine the droplet size distribution produced by the jettisoning process. This study featured in-flight sampling of the fuel plume from a KC-135 tanker aircraft. Sampling was also performed at ground level to determine whether the jettisoned fuel reached the ground in significant concentrations. For fuel jettisoning as low as 750 meters above the ground at temperatures around 11 C, no liquid fuel could be detected by ground observers and no significant hydrocarbon concentrations (greater than a few ppm C) were measured by the sampling.
Download or read book Inert Gas Scattering and Evaporation from Jet Fuel Surrogates Using Liquid Microjets written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vacuum-based investigations into the dynamics of gas-surface collisions for high vapor pressure liquids, including water and hydrocarbon fuels, are complicated by the dense vapor cloud that forms above the surface of the liquid. Earlier surface forming techniques, relying on a liquid-coated wheel, were limited to vapor pressures of 0.005 Torr. Narrow diameter liquid jets circumvent this limitation because their small surface area minimizes evaporation; the sparse vapor cloud surrounding the thin liquid jet, suppresses collisions between solvent vapor molecules and impinging or evaporating probe gas molecules. We use liquid microjets to investigate the interfacial behavior of surrogates of JP-8, a military grade jet fuel, under conditions that mimic the temperature of a gas turbine combustion chamber. Collisions between gases and liquids control the heating and vaporization of fuel droplets in jet engines. These dynamics can be investigated by gas-liquid scattering experiments. We explored collisions of oxygen and neon with dodecane (0.1 Torr vapor pressure) and compared them to collisions with a low vapor pressure liquid, squalane (10-8 Torr). The extent of energy transfer and thermalization are remarkably high and similar for the two hydrocarbon liquids. These studies suggest that hot gas molecules readily transfer their energy and heat and vaporize fuel droplets during the combustion process. We also used liquid microjets to explore the evaporation of inert gases from fuel and fuel surrogates. We find that most gas species evaporate with a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies (2RTliq) under collision-free conditions; they follow an evaporation pathway that involves momentary binding (trapping) at the surface before they desorb. However, two weakly binding atoms, helium and neon, evaporate with super-Maxwellian distributions. The measured average energies of evaporating helium atoms range from 14% more than 2RTliq for dodecane (a pure hydrocarbon liquid) to 70% more than 2RTliq for a 7.5 M LiBr/water solution. These experiments imply that He atoms evaporate ballistically, rapidly traversing the interfacial region at high energies whose magnitude are determined by the packing, bonding, and masses of interfacial solvent molecules. The evaporation of H2 was found to be sub-Maxwellian, as predicted from its light mass and moderate polarizability.
Download or read book Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-09-18 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The reduction of the fire hazard of fuel is critical to improving survivability in impact-survivable aircraft accidents. Despite current fire prevention and mitigation approaches, fuel flammability can overwhelm post-crash fire scenarios. The Workshop on Aviation Fuels with Improved Fire Safety was held November 19-20, 1996 to review the current state of development, technological needs, and promising technology for the future development of aviation fuels that are most resistant to ignition during a crash. This book contains a summary of workshop discussions and 11 presented papers in the areas of fuel and additive technologies, aircraft fuel system requirements, and the characterization of fuel fires.
Download or read book Research Test Facility for Evaporation and Combustion of Alternative Jet Fuels at High Air Temperatures written by J. E. Peters and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improved gas turbine combustion performance will require the effective utilization of alternative fuels and advanced combustor concepts. Further understanding of spray combustion processes including fuel evaporation and flame propagation is required. Research is underway which features a high pressure and temperature non-vititated air system to provide air at simulated gas turbine inlet conditions. A special fuel injection system was designed to produce monodisperse sprays for the purpose of evaporation and eventual combustion experiments in our newly developed test facility. This report represents a summary of the engineering activities during the first year (of a two year contract) which was focused on the construction of a combustion test facility in which the evaporation and burning rates of jet fuels can be measured as a function of inlet conditions and fuel properties. A large heat exchanger facility which supports this research can deliver continuously non-vitiated air at flowrates up to 1 kg/sec and 600 kPa at temperatures from 300 to 900K. Details of the evaporation/combustion test section are described. Also included are the design of the fuel injection system and test results of the injector showing monodisperse sprays with drop diameters of approx. 70 micrometers.
Download or read book Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products written by Salvatore J.. Rand and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2010 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Jet Fuels JP 4 and JP 7 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vaporization of JP 8 Jet Fuel in a Simulated Aircraft Fuel Tank Under Varying Ambient Conditions written by Robert Ian Ochs and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aviation Turbine Fuels 1977 written by Ella Mae Shelton and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book National Annual Survey of Aviation Gasoline and Aviation Jet Fuel written by O. C. Blade and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fuels for Jet Engines written by I͡A︡kov Borisovich Chertkov and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: Sort grading of jet fuels and requirements for their quality; Physical properties of jet fuels; Chemical composition of jet fuels; Change in quality of jet fuels during storage; Pumpability of jet fuels; Thermooxidizing stability and antiwear properties of jet fuels; Evaporation and combustion of jet fuels.
Download or read book Liquid Fuels as Jet Fuels and Propellants written by Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, it has been important for scientists and chemical industries to introduce and develop new liquid fuels as jet fuels and propellants for propulsion purposes. Different aspects should be considered for the selection of a good candidate such as combustion performance, desired physical properties, noncarcinogenic and less toxicity. New synthetic hydrocarbon fuels with favorable combustion performance and physical properties have been considered as desirable jet fuels. They can be used in aircrafts such as military jets because of their higher volumetric energy density. A liquid-propellant rocket uses liquid propellants for propulsion. Liquid propellants should have the desirable properties of high energy density per unit mass, high specific impulse, and short ignition delays. Hypergolic propellants as important classes of liquid propellants are characterized by spontaneous reaction upon fuel and oxidizer mixing and high energy yield. Moreover, they should be relatively ignitable and have a small ignition time delay. This book reviews some efforts that have been done to introduce new candidates to replace conventional hydrazine fuels because they are acutely toxic and suspected carcinogens, costly safety precautions and handling procedures are required. This book reviews the latest advances in liquid fuels, which may be used as jet fuels and liquid propellants. Important properties for assessment of a suitable liquid are demonstrated. This book can be used for graduate students in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. It may also be useful for scientists and researchers who work on the development of new liquid fuels with high performance as well as those that are noncarcinogenic or have less toxicity.
Download or read book Advances in Engineering Research and Application written by Kai-Uwe Sattler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-23 with total page 899 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings book features volumes gathered selected contributions from the International Conference on Engineering Research and Applications (ICERA 2020) organized at Thai Nguyen University of Technology on December 1–2, 2020. The conference focused on the original researches in a broad range of areas, such as Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Mechanics of Materials, Mechatronics and Micromechatronics, Automotive Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, and Information and Communication Technology. Therefore, the book provides the research community with authoritative reports on developments in the most exciting areas in these fields.
