Download or read book Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Emissions of HFC 134a from Non professional Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Safety Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression Systems written by Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Standard applies to refrigerant vapor compression systems that provide cooling and/or heating for passenger cars, light trucks and commercial vehicles (on and off road) that use automotive type mobile air conditioning [MAC] systems. Large trucks, buses and other vehicles that do not use typical automotive a/c systems or use refrigerants not listed in this document are not covered by this standard. This standard covers any vehicle with a MAC system using a belt or electric motor driven compressor.This document provides standards for design, assembly, test and service of MAC systems to minimize environmental, health and safety impacts. Also included are cautionary statements for the service industry to alert technicians to the inadvisability and possible health or safety effects associated with venting refrigerant during service. It is not intended to restrict the use, or further development, of other types of refrigeration systems for mobile air conditioning applications. This document may be amended or additional safety standards created should other systems become practical. This document addresses only HFC-134a (R-134a), carbon dioxide (R-744), and HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf) refrigerants. To prevent system contamination all refrigerants used in mobile air conditioning vapor compression systems require unique service fittings and service equipment. The unique service fittings are intended to eliminate the potential for system refrigerant cross-contamination during service activity.CFC-12 (R-12) is no longer in use in new MAC systems. The service fitting description is maintained as a reference for older vehicles still in use. When retrofitting an R-12 system to use R-134a or when removing R-12 (vehicle disposal) use service equipment designed for R-12 and certified to meet the requirements of SAE J1990 (R-12 recovery and recycle equipment).HFC-152a is an A2 flammable refrigerant as classified by ASHRAE 34 and should be used only with a secondary loop application. However, until MAC systems are developed to use R-152a (HFC-152a), no SAE Standards for system design, service equipment or service procedures have been established. The R-152a service fittings described within this Standard were established as part of the industries evaluation of replacement refrigerants and are maintained for future design guidance and to prevent potential refrigerant cross contamination. This document covers refrigerant system design and safety related requirements for refrigerants used in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems and is being revised to comprehend R-1234yf. The current wording of 4.1.1 prohibits refrigerants that are rated less than A2L which would exclude R-152a. Later in the document, J639 defines the fittings for R-152a. The intent of this revision is to insure safe mobile air conditioning systems by forcing proper risk assessments and appropriate design solutions while correcting this conflict with regards to R152a.

Download or read book Comparison of Global Warming Impacts of Automobile Air conditioning Concepts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global warming impacts of conventional vapor compression automobile air conditioning using HFC-134a are compared with the potential impacts of four alternative concepts. Comparisons are made on the basis of total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) which accounts for the effects of refrigerant emissions, energy use to provide comfort cooling, and fuel consumed to transport the weight of the air conditioning system. Under the most favorable assumptions on efficiency and weight, transcritical compression using CO2 as the refrigerant and adsorption cooling with water and zeolite beds could reduce TEWI by up to 18%rlative to HFC-134a compression air conditioning. Other assumptions on weight and efficiency lead to significant increases in TEWI relative to HFC-134a, and it is impossible to determine which set of assumptios is valid from existing data, Neither Stirling cycle or thermoelectric cooling will reduce TEWI relative to EFC-134a. Brief comments are also made concerning technical barriers that must be overcome for succesful development of the new technologies.

Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Programs for the Reduction of Cholorfluorocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems Technical analysis and appendices written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Programs for the Reduction of Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems Technical analysis and appendices written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Safety and Design Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression Systems written by Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Standard applies to refrigerant vapor compression systems that provide cooling and/or heating for passenger cars, light trucks, and commercial vehicles (on and off road) that use automotive type mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems. Large trucks, buses, and other vehicles that do not use typical automotive A/C systems or use refrigerants not listed in this document are not covered by this standard. This standard covers vehicles with MAC systems using belt driven compressors and electric motor driven compressors.This document provides industry-recognized standards for the design, assembly, and test of MAC systems, including necessary service equipment, and is intended to cover all phases of the lifetime of MAC systems to minimize environmental, health, and safety impacts. The standards listed in this document cover the currently accepted industry guidelines and procedures. The standards can be used as requirements for regulatory authorities to meet minimum environmental, health, and safety requirements. Also included are cautionary statements for the service industry to alert technicians to the inadvisability and possible health or safety effects associated with venting refrigerant during service. It is not intended to restrict the use, or further development of, other types of refrigerants or refrigeration systems for MAC applications. This document may be amended, or additional safety standards created, should other refrigerants or refrigeration systems become practical. This document addresses only HFC-134a (R-134a), carbon dioxide (R-744), HFO-1234yf (R-1234yf), and HFC-152a (R-152a) refrigerants. For R-152a refrigerants, this standard will only apply to secondary loop systems. To prevent system contamination, all refrigerants used in MAC vapor compression systems require unique service fittings and service equipment. The unique service fittings are intended to significantly reduce the potential for refrigerant cross-contamination during service activities.CFC-12 (R-12) is no longer in use in new MAC systems. The service fitting description is maintained as a reference for older vehicles still in use. When retrofitting an R-12 system to use R-134a or when removing R-12 (during vehicle disposal), use service equipment designed for R-12 and certified to meet the requirements of SAE J1990 (R-12 recovery and recycle equipment). This document covers refrigerant system design and safety related requirements for refrigerants used in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems and is being updated for the addition of a secondary loop R-152a system and general improvements for example and clarity. The intent of this standard is to ensure safe MAC systems by forcing proper risk assessments and appropriate design solutions.

Download or read book Total Environmental Warming Impact TEWI Calculations for Alternative Automative Air conditioning Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Montreal Protocol phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has required manufacturers to develop refrigeration and air-conditioning systems that use refrigerants that can not damage stratospheric ozone. Most refrigeration industries have adapted their designs to use hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) or hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants; new automobile air- conditioning systems use HFC-134a. These industries are now being affected by scientific investigations of greenhouse warming and questions about the effects of refrigerants on global warming. Automobile air-conditioning has three separate impacts on global warming; (1) the effects of refrigerant inadvertently released to the atmosphere from accidents, servicing, and leakage; (2) the efficiency of the cooling equipment (due to the emission of C02 from burning fuel to power the system); and (3) the emission of C02 from burning fuel to transport the system. The Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) is an index that should be used to compare the global warming effects of alternative air-conditioning systems because it includes these contributions from the refrigerant, cooling efficiency, and weight. This paper compares the TEWI of current air-conditioning systems using HFC-134a with that of transcritical vapor compression system using carbon dioxide and systems using flammable refrigerants with secondary heat transfer loops. Results are found to depend on both climate and projected efficiency of C02systems. Performance data on manufacturing prototype systems are needed to verify the potential reductions in TEWI. Extensive field testing is also required to determine the performance, reliability, and ''serviceability'' of each alternative to HFC-134a to establish whether the potential reduction of TEWI can be achieved in a viable consumer product.

Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Programs for the Reduction of Cholorfluorocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Consultant Report to the Committee on Motor Vehicle Emissions Commission on Sociotechnical Systems National Research Council on an Evaluation of Catalytic Converters for Control of Automobile Exhaust Pollutants written by and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Programs for the Reduction of Cholorfluorocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems Executive summary written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Review and Evaluation of Programs for the Reduction of Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning Systems Executive summary written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Air Conditioning and Climate Control Systems written by Steven Daly and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control Systems is a complete text and reference on the theoretical, practical and legislative aspects of vehicle climate control systems for automotive engineering students and service professionals. It provides the reader with a thorough up-to-date knowledge of current A/C systems, refrigerants and the new possible replacement systems like CO2, and includes unrivalled coverage of electronic and electrical control. Filling the gap in the automotive engineering and servicing market for students and those training on the job, this book will help both newcomers and those with more experience of air-conditioning systems maintenance engineering to keep up with the latest developments and legislation. Detailed coverage of European and US vehicle HVAC systems Thorough explanation of current and future systems including CO2 Meets relevant C&G, IMI, and HND vocational and professional qualifications IMI recommended reading material Includes practical cases studies and examples from design and manufacturing companies including Ford, Vauxhall, Toyota, VW, Visteon, Sanden and others, accompanied by over 300 detailed illustrations and photographs

Download or read book Consultant Report to the Committee on Motor Vehicle Emissions Commission on Sociotechnical Systems National Research Council on Emissions Control of Engine Systems written by and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1974 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy and Global Warming Impacts of Next Generation Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant developments have occurred in hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and the application of ammonia and hydrocarbons as refrigerant working fluids since the original TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) report in 1991. System operating and performance data on alternative refrigerants and refrigeration technologies justify and updated evaluation of these new alternative refrigerants and competing technologies in well-characterized applications. Analytical and experimental results are used to show quantitative comparisons between HFCS, HFC blends, hydrocarbons, and ammonia, used as refrigerants. An objective evaluation is presented for commercial and near commercial non-CFC refrigerants/blowing agents and alternative refrigeration technologies. This information is needed for objective and quantitative decisions on policies addressing greenhouse gas emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. The evaluation assesses the energy use and global warming impacts of refrigeration and air conditioning technologies that could be commercialized during the phase out of HCFCS. Quantitative comparison TEWI for two application areas are presented. Opportunities for significant reductions in TEWI are seen with currently known refrigerants through improved maintenance and servicing practices and improved product designs.

Download or read book Emissions of HFC 134a in Auto Dismantling and Recycling written by Emily Wimberger and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Standard of Purity for Recycled Hfc 134a R 134a for Use in Mobile Air Conditioning Systems written by Interior Climate Control Steering Committee and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Standard applies to HFC-134a refrigerant used to service motor vehicle passenger compartment air-conditioning systems designed or retrofitted to use HFC-134a. Hermetically sealed, refrigerated cargo systems are not covered by this document.

Download or read book Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps written by Fabio Polonara and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-02-11 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps (RACHP) have an important impact on the final energy uses of many sectors of modern society, such as residential, commercial, industrial, transport, and automotive. Moreover, RACHP also have an important environmental impact due to the working fluids that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which are being phased out according to the Montreal Protocol (1989). Last, but not least, high global working potential (GWP), working fluids (directly), and energy consumption (indirectly) are responsible for a non-negligible quota of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere, thus impacting climate change.