Download or read book Evaluation of the Performance of a Variable Geometry Low swirl Burner Operated on Simulated Renewable Fuels in a Boiler Environment written by Nathan James Kirksey and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis evaluates a variable blockage low-swirl injector operated on digester gas in a simulated boiler environment to understand how such a device can impact combustion performance as fuel composition varies. California, like many other states, is requiring a reduction in emissions from primary sources of electricity generation. As emission regulations become stricter, novel strategies for achieving the reductions required are required. The current energy policy in California specifically promotes the use of renewable and carbon neutral fuels such as digester gas. The future generations of burners must be fuel flexible in order to meet these emission laws while providing continual operation. To address this, a variable geometry low-swirl injector was developed and its emissions and stability performance assessed using a variety of diagnostics. It was found that a fiber optic probe, integrated into the injector head, was able to provide a reliable measure of emissions and stability. One key result from the optical probe is that the recorded radiation emitted by the reaction corresponding to the lean blow off limits of any composition of digester gas remains constant, implying it could serve as a robust stability sensor with minimal signal processing. Evaluating the role of the variable geometry found that (1) variable center blockage in a low-swirl injector has no effect on the lean blow off limits, (2) as the center blockage becomes less restrictive the NOx emissions will increase, and (3) incorporation of a quarl expansion rather than a sudden expansion increased the lean blow off limits and gave a 50% reduction in NOx emissions. Utilizing a low-swirl injector with high blockage in the central flow, high swirl number, can reduce the NOx emissions across the range of lean operating conditions.

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Combustion Characteristics and Performance of Low swirl Injectors with Natural Gas and Alternative Fuels at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures written by David Joseph Beerer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stationary power-generating gas turbines in the United States have historically been fueled with natural gas, but due to its increasing price and the need to reduce carbon emissions, interest in alternative fuels is increasing. In order to effectively operate engines with these fuels their combustion characteristics need be well understood, especially at elevated pressures and temperatures. In this dissertation, the performance of blends of natural gas / methane with hydrogen and carbon dioxide, to simulate syngas and biogas, are evaluated in a model low-swirl stabilized combustor inside an optically accessible high-pressure vessel. The flashback and lean blow out limits, along with pollutant emissions, flow field, and turbulent displacement flame speeds, are measured as a function of fuel composition, pressure, inlet temperature, firing temperature, and flow rate in the range from 1 to 8 atm, 294 to 600K, 1350 to 1950K, and 20 to 60 m/s, respectively. These properties are quantified as a function of the inlet parameters. The lean blow-out limits are independent of pressure and inlet temperature but are weakly dependent on velocity. NOX emissions for both fuels were found to be exponentially dependent upon firing temperature, but emissions for the high-hydrogen flames were consistently higher than those of natural gas flames. The flashback limits for a 90%/10% (by volume) hydrogen/methane mixture increase with velocity and inlet temperature, but decrease with pressure. Correspondingly, the flame position progresses toward the combustor nozzle with increasing pressure and flame temperature, but away with increasing inlet temperature and velocity. Flashback occurred when the leading edge of the flame entered the nozzle. Local displacement turbulent flame speeds scale linearly with the turbulent fluctuating velocities, u', at the leading edge of the flame. Turbulent flame speeds for high-hydrogen fuels are twice that of natural gas for the same inlet conditions. The results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of using low-swirl combustors as a means to achieve robust, fuel flexible, and low emissions gas turbines in the future. The correlations and design guides developed with the data from this work will aid engineers by providing insight into the performance and optimization of low-swirl stabilized combustors.

Download or read book Atomization and Sprays written by Arthur H. Lefebvre and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this long-time bestseller provides a framework for designing and understanding sprays for a wide array of engineering applications. The text contains correlations and design tools that can be easily understood and used in relating the design of atomizers to the resulting spray behavior. Written to be accessible to readers with a modest technical background, the emphasis is on application rather than in-depth theory. Numerous examples are provided to serve as starting points for using the information in the book. Overall, this is a thoroughly updated edition that still retains the practical focus and readability of the original work by Arthur Lefebvre.

Download or read book Burner Geometry Effects on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Variable Geometry Swirl Combustor written by Madhu Sudan Ramavajjala and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Indexes to Publications written by American Society of Mechanical Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ground Idle Performance Improvement of a Double annular Combustor by Using Simulated Variable Combustor Geometry written by Donald F. Schultz and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A test program was undertaken to determine if variable combustor geometry could be used to reduce exhaust emissions of a low-pressure-ratio jet engine operating at ground idle conditions. Three techniques for varying combustor geometry were simulated. Other techniques evaluated were radial fuel staging and the use of preheated fuel. When simulated variable combustor geometry was employed with radial fuel staging, combustion efficiency at a fuel-air ratio of 0.01 was increased from 77 to 95 percent, and exhaust emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were significantly reduced.

Download or read book Experimental and Predicted Performance for the Combustion of a Low Heating Value Gas in a Swirl Burner written by James G. Rice and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Burner Geometry Effects on Combustion and NOx Emission Characteristics of Variable Geometry Swirl Combustor written by A. Gupta and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Oxygen Enhanced Combustion written by Charles E. Baukal Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 779 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion technology has traditionally been dominated by air/fuel combustion. However, two developments have increased the significance of oxygen-enhanced combustion-new technologies that produce oxygen less expensively and the increased importance of environmental regulations. Advantages of oxygen-enhanced combustion include less pollutant emissi

Download or read book MILD Combustion Modelling Challenges Experimental Configurations and Diagnostic Tools written by Alessandro Parente and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Combustion Aerodynamics written by János Miklós Beér and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Society Records written by American Society of Mechanical Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 970 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of a Low Emissions Variable Geometry Small Gas Turbine Combustor written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results of an on-engine evaluation of an ultra-low NOx, natural gas-fired combustor for a 200 kW gas turbine are presented. The combustor evaluated used lean-premixed combustion to reduce NOx emissions and variable geometry to extend the range over which low emissions were obtained. Test results showed that ultra-low NOx emissions could be achieved from full load down to approximately 50% load through the combination of lean-premixed combustion and variable primary zone airflow.

Download or read book Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers written by V. Ganapathy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-10-10 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incorporates Worked-Out Real-World Problems Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers: For Process and Plant Engineers focuses on the thermal design and performance aspects of steam generators, HRSGs and fire tube, water tube waste heat boilers including air heaters, and condensing economizers. Over 120 real-life problems are fully worked out which will help plant engineers in evaluating new boilers or making modifications to existing boiler components without assistance from boiler suppliers. The book examines recent trends and developments in boiler design and technology and presents novel ideas for improving boiler efficiency and lowering gas pressure drop. It helps plant engineers understand and evaluate the performance of steam generators and waste heat boilers at any load. Learn How to Independently Evaluate the Thermal Performance of Boilers and Their Components This book begins with basic combustion and boiler efficiency calculations. It then moves on to estimation of furnace exit gas temperature (FEGT), furnace duty, view factors, heat flux, and boiler circulation calculations. It also describes trends in large steam generator designs such as multiple-module; elevated drum design types of boilers such as D, O, and A; and forced circulation steam generators. It illustrates various options to improve boiler efficiency and lower operating costs. The author addresses the importance of flue gas analysis, fire tube versus water tube boilers used in chemical plants, and refineries. In addition, he describes cogeneration systems; heat recovery in sulfur plants, hydrogen plants, and cement plants; and the effect of fouling factor on performance. The book also explains HRSG simulation process and illustrates calculations for complete performance evaluation of boilers and their components. Helps plant engineers make independent evaluations of thermal performance of boilers before purchasing them Provides numerous examples on boiler thermal performance calculations that help plant engineers develop programming codes with ease Follows the metric and SI system, and British units are shown in parentheses wherever possible Includes calculation procedures for the basic sizing and performance evaluation of a complete steam generator or waste heat boiler system and their components with appendices outlining simplified procedures for estimation of heat transfer coefficients Steam Generators and Waste Heat Boilers: For Process and Plant Engineers serves as a source book for plant engineers, consultants, and boiler designers.

Download or read book Developments in Combustion Technology written by Konstantinos Kyprianidis and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-10-05 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, exciting developments have taken place in the field of combustion technology. The present edited volume intends to cover recent developments and provide a broad perspective of the key challenges that characterize the field. The target audience for this book includes engineers involved in combustion system design, operational planning and maintenance. Manufacturers and combustion technology researchers will also benefit from the timely and accurate information provided in this work. The volume is organized into five main sections comprising 15 chapters overall: - Coal and Biofuel Combustion - Waste Combustion - Combustion and Biofuels in Reciprocating Engines - Chemical Looping and Catalysis - Fundamental and Emerging Topics in Combustion Technology

Download or read book Pollutant Emissions and Lean Blowoff Limits of Fuel Flexible Burners Operating on Gaseous Renewable and Fossil Fuels written by Andres Colorado and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides an experimental and numerical examination of pollutant emissions and stability of gaseous fueled reactions stabilized with two premixed-fuel-flexible and ultra-low NOx burner technologies. Both burners feature lean combustion technology to control the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The first fuel--flexible burner is the low-swirl burner (LSB), which features aerodynamic stabilization of the reactions with a divergent flow-field; the second burner is the surface stabilized combustion burner (SSCB), which features the stabilization of the reactions on surface patterns.For combustion applications the most commonly studied species are: NOx, carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). However these are not the only pollutants emitted when burning fossil fuels; other species such as nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) and formaldehyde (CH2O) can be directly emitted from the oxidation reactions. Yet the conditions that favor the emission of these pollutants are not completely understood and require further insight.The results of this dissertation close the gap existing regarding the relations between emission of pollutants species and stability when burning variable gaseous fuels. The results of this study are applicable to current issues such as: 1. Current combustion systems operating at low temperatures to control formation of NOx. 2. Increased use of alternative fuels such as hydrogen, synthetic gas and biogas. 3. Increasing recognition of the need/desire to operate combustion systems in a transient manner to follow load and to offset the intermittency of renewable power. 4. The recent advances in measurement methods allow us to quantify other pollutants, such as N 2O, NH3 and CH2O.Hence in this study, these pollutant species are assessed when burning natural gas (NG) and its binary mixtures with other gaseous fuels such as hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ethane (C 2H6) and propane (C3H8) at variable operation modes including: ignition; lean blowoff; and variable air to fuel ratio. Some remarkable results of this dissertation include: • At a fixed fire rate (117kW) the addition of hydrogen to NG raises the emission of NO x for the reactions stabilized with the LSB. Under the same conditions, the addition of H2 to NG will reduce the emission levels of the reactions stabilized with the SSCB. • It was found experimentally that nitrous oxide (N2O) is emitted during ignition and blowoff events. • Ammonia (NH3) is also emitted during ignition and blowoff events. • It was found experimentally that at high concentrations of hydrogen in NG (H2>70%), reactions aerodynamically stabilized with the LSB will emit significant amounts of N2O.