Download or read book Evaluation of Harmonic Risk in Offshore Wind Farms written by Markel Zubiaga and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of Harmonic Risk in Offshore Wind Farms.
Download or read book Harmonics in Offshore Wind Power Plants written by Jakob Bærholm Glasdam and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-26 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reports on cutting-edge findings regarding harmonic stability assessment for offshore wind power plants (OWPPs). It presents a timely investigation of the harmonic stability interaction between OWPPs on the one hand, and associated control systems in the wind turbines and other power electronic devices in the transmission system on the other. The book particularly focuses on voltage-sourced converter high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) and static compensator (STATCOM) systems. From a practical perspective, the book reports on appropriate models for power electronic devices. It describes how the frequency domain evaluation approach can be assessed by comparing results obtained with the Nyquist stability criterion against the more detailed electromagnetic transient based model realized in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. The book also provides a concise yet complete overview of large OWPPs that incorporate power electronic devices on a broad scale, and highlights selected challenges and opportunities in the context of real-world applications.
Download or read book Harmonic Interactions in HVAC connected Offshore Windfarms written by Lara Depla and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The connection of new Offshore Wind Power Plants (OWPP) in the existing Dutch transmission system gives rise to many technical challenges. For example, it is expected that harmonic issues will occur more frequently when the number of large offshore wind farms increases. Cases have already been reported in which resonances were triggered in HVDC- or HVAC-connected OWPPs and the wind farms had to be taken out of operation. Recently developed offshore wind farms contain wind turbines which are connected to the system with a full-scale back-to-back Voltage Source Converter, which is responsible for inserting harmonics into the system. The onshore grid is also responsible for injecting harmonics. Since the wind turbine converter is an active element, where the control loops actively determine its electrical behaviour, it interacts with other converters and with the background harmonics inserted from the network. The initial harmonic emissions and the harmonic interactions can lead to an excitation of a resonance frequency. The cables, transformers, capacitor banks and filters are responsible for shifting the resonance frequencies. Especially a long HV export cable can strongly alter the resonance frequencies of the system. To analyze the impact of connecting an increasing amount of wind farms to the same Point of Connection on the harmonic emission levels, a Harmonic Impact Assessment was performed for three offshore wind farms in the Dutch North Sea. Since the wind turbine converters are active elements, its electrical behaviour can be captured with an equivalent impedance, or Norton Equivalent. This Norton Equivalent was utilized in the Harmonic Impact Assessment to include the active behaviour of the converter. When comparing this novel approach to the conventional methodology, the expected peaks in the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) are shifted. When an increasing amount of wind farms is connected, peaks in the THD shifted to lower frequencies. Then, depending on the specific profile of the background harmonics and the impedance profiles of the grid and the OWPP, this translates into the disappearance of appearance of an exceedance of the emission limits. The effect of connecting two wind farms to the same Point of Connection instead of a single wind farm on the harmonic stability, was assessed. Frequency sweeps of the two assessed wind farms made clear that the presence of an additional filter in a wind farm leads to a small shift in the series resonance points. When multiple wind farms are connected instead of solely one wind farm, series resonance frequencies are shifted to lower frequencies and less damping appears to be present in the system. Lastly, the postive-net damping criteria was applied to assess the stability of a system in which a varying number of wind farms is connected. Time-domain simulations in PSCAD were performed to varify the results. It can be concluded that a system becomes less damped, and therefore less stable, when an increasing amount of wind farms is connected. This effect arises since the various wind farms are placed in parallel and the total resistance of the wind farms becomes smaller than the sum of the resistances of each wind farm. Moreover, when less wind turbines are in operation, less damping is present in the system since the resistance of a single OWPP is then decreased.
Download or read book Energy Transmission and Grid Integration of AC Offshore Wind Farms written by Markel Zubiaga and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-03-21 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the key issues of the offshore wind farm's energy transmission and grid integration infrastructure. But, for this purpose, there are not evaluated all the electric configurations. In the present book is deeply evaluated a representative case. This representative case is built starting from three generic characteristics of an offshore wind farm: the rated power, the distance to shore and the average wind speed of the location. Thus, after a brief description of concepts related to wind power and several subsea cable modeling options, an offshore wind farm is modeled and its parameters defined to use as a base case. Upon this base case, several analyses of the key aspects of the connection infrastructure are performed. The first aspect to analyze is the management of the reactive power flowing through the submarine cable. Then, the undesired harmonic amplifications in the offshore wind farms due to the resonances and after this, transient over-voltage problems in the electric infrastructure are characterized. Finally, an offshore wind farm connection infrastructure is proposed in order to achieve the grid code requirements for a specific system operator, but not as a close solution, as a result of a methodology based on analyses and simulations to define the most suitable layout depending on the size and location of each offshore wind farm.
Download or read book Structural Integrity of Offshore Wind Turbines Oversight of Design Fabrication and Installation written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Offshore Wind Energy Turbine Structural and Operating Safety and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2011-09-02 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) is responsible for the orderly, safe, and environmentally responsible development of offshore renewable energy on the outer continental shelf (OCS). The Committee on Offshore Wind Energy Turbine Structural and Operating Safety that authored this report was tasked with reviewing BOEMRE's proposed approach to overseeing the design of offshore wind turbines for structural integrity. The committee was asked to review the applicability and adequacy of standards and practices that could be used for the design, fabrication and installation of offshore wind turbines. It was also asked to review the role of third-party certified verification agents (CVAs) and the expertise and qualifications needed to carry out the role of a CVA. The committee's findings are presented in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Offshore Wind Technology and Status; (3) Standards and Practices; (4) A Risk-Informed Approach to Performance Assurance; (5) Role of Third-Party Oversight and Certified Verification Agents; (6) Qualifications Needed by Certified Verification Agents; and (7) Summary of Key Findings and Recommendations."--Pub. desc.
Download or read book Worker Health and Safety on Offshore Wind Farms written by National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee on Offshore Wind Farm Worker Safety and published by Transportation Research Board National Research. This book was released on 2013 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB Special Report 310: Worker Health and Safety on Offshore Wind Farms examines the hazards and risks to workers on offshore wind farms on the outer continental shelf as compared with the hazards and risks to workers on offshore oil and gas operations. The report explores gaps and overlaps in jurisdictional authority for worker health and safety on offshore wind farms and evaluates the adequacy of--and recommends enhancements to--the existing safety management system (SMS) requirement published in 30 CFR 585.810. The study committee recommends that the U.S. Department of the Interior's Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) adopt a full SMS rule for workers on offshore wind farms at a level of detail that includes the baseline elements identified in this report. An enhanced SMS rule should require the use of human factors engineering elements in the design process and should encompass all activities that the lessee and its contractors undertake. In collaboration with other regulatory agencies and industry stakeholders, BOEM should clearly define roles and responsibilities and indicate which standards could apply for all phases of wind farm development, regardless of jurisdiction. Also, with the help of stakeholders, BOEM should support the development of guidelines and recommended practices that could be used as guidance documents or adopted by referen"-
Download or read book Evaluation of the Frequency Response of AC Transmission Based Offshore Wind Farms written by Markel Zubiaga and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guidance on the Assessment of the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluation of the Frequency Response of AC Transmission Based Offshore Wind Farms written by Markel Zubiaga and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evaluation of the Frequency Response of AC Transmission Based Offshore Wind Farms.
Download or read book Advancing Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbines on Monopiles written by David Wilkie and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book MARE WINT written by Wiesław Ostachowicz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a holistic, interdisciplinary overview of offshore wind energy, and is a must-read for advanced researchers. Topics, from the design and analysis of future turbines, to the decommissioning of wind farms, are covered. The scope of the work ranges from analytical, numerical and experimental advancements in structural and fluid mechanics, to novel developments in risk, safety & reliability engineering for offshore wind.The core objective of the current work is to make offshore wind energy more competitive, by improving the reliability, and operations and maintenance (O&M) strategies of wind turbines. The research was carried out under the auspices of the EU-funded project, MARE-WINT. The project provided a unique opportunity for a group of researchers to work closely together, undergo multidisciplinary doctoral training, and conduct research in the area of offshore wind energy generation. Contributions from expert, external authors are also included, and the complete work seeks to bridge the gap between research and a rapidly-evolving industry.
Download or read book Wind Farm written by Gastón Orlando Suvire and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last two decades, increase in electricity demand and environmental concern resulted in fast growth of power production from renewable sources. Wind power is one of the most efficient alternatives. Due to rapid development of wind turbine technology and increasing size of wind farms, wind power plays a significant part in the power production in some countries. However, fundamental differences exist between conventional thermal, hydro, and nuclear generation and wind power, such as different generation systems and the difficulty in controlling the primary movement of a wind turbine, due to the wind and its random fluctuations. These differences are reflected in the specific interaction of wind turbines with the power system. This book addresses a wide variety of issues regarding the integration of wind farms in power systems. The book contains 14 chapters divided into three parts. The first part outlines aspects related to the impact of the wind power generation on the electric system. In the second part, alternatives to mitigate problems of the wind farm integration are presented. Finally, the third part covers issues of modeling and simulation of wind power system.
Download or read book Noise and Vibrations in Offshore Wind Farms and Their Impact on Aquatic Species written by Rui He and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-25 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Conceptual Model of Offshore Wind Environmental Risk Evaluation System written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this report we describe the development of the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES), a risk-informed analytical process for estimating the environmental risks associated with the construction and operation of offshore wind energy generation projects. The development of ERES for offshore wind is closely allied to a concurrent process undertaken to examine environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy generation, although specific risk-relevant attributes will differ between the MHK and offshore wind domains. During FY10, a conceptual design of ERES for offshore wind will be developed. The offshore wind ERES mockup described in this report will provide a preview of the functionality of a fully developed risk evaluation system that will use risk assessment techniques to determine priority stressors on aquatic organisms and environments from specific technology aspects, identify key uncertainties underlying high-risk issues, compile a wide-range of data types in an innovative and flexible data organizing scheme, and inform planning and decision processes with a transparent and technically robust decision-support tool. A fully functional version of ERES for offshore wind will be developed in a subsequent phase of the project.
Download or read book Multi hazard Reliability Assessment of Offshore Wind Turbines written by Maryam Mardfekri Rastehkenari and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A probabilistic framework is developed to assess the structural reliability of offshore wind turbines. Probabilistic models are developed to predict the deformation, shear force and bending moment demands on the support structure of wind turbines. The proposed probabilistic models are developed starting from a commonly accepted deterministic model and by adding correction terms and model errors to capture respectively, the inherent bias and the uncertainty in developed models. A Bayesian approach is then used to assess the model parameters incorporating the information from virtual experiment data. The database of virtual experiments is generated using detailed three-dimensional finite element analyses of a suite of typical offshore wind turbines. The finite element analyses properly account for the nonlinear soil-structure interaction. Separate probabilistic demand models are developed for three operational/load conditions including: (1) operating under day-to-day wind and wave loading; (2) operating throughout earthquake in presence of day-to-day loads; and (3) parked under extreme wind speeds and earthquake ground motions. The proposed approach gives special attention to the treatment of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties in predicting the demands on the support structure of wind turbines. The developed demand models are then used to assess the reliability of the support structure of wind turbines based on the proposed damage states for typical wind turbines and their corresponding performance levels. A multi-hazard fragility surface of a given wind turbine support structure as well as the seismic and wind hazards at a specific site location are incorporated into a probabilistic framework to estimate the annual probability of failure of the support structure. Finally, a framework is proposed to investigate the performance of offshore wind turbines operating under day-to-day loads based on their availability for power production. To this end, probabilistic models are proposed to predict the mean and standard deviation of drift response of the tower. The results are used in a random vibration based framework to assess the fragility as the probability of exceeding certain drift thresholds given specific levels of wind speed. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148290
Download or read book Offshore Wind Energy Generation written by Olimpo Anaya-Lara and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The offshore wind sector’s trend towards larger turbines, bigger wind farm projects and greater distance to shore has a critical impact on grid connection requirements for offshore wind power plants. This important reference sets out the fundamentals and latest innovations in electrical systems and control strategies deployed in offshore electricity grids for wind power integration. Includes: All current and emerging technologies for offshore wind integration and trends in energy storage systems, fault limiters, superconducting cables and gas-insulated transformers Protection of offshore wind farms illustrating numerous system integration and protection challenges through case studies Modelling of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) and full-converter wind turbines structures together with an explanation of the smart grid concept in the context of wind farms Comprehensive material on power electronic equipment employed in wind turbines with emphasis on enabling technologies (HVDC, STATCOM) to facilitate the connection and compensation of large-scale onshore and offshore wind farms Worked examples and case studies to help understand the dynamic interaction between HVDC links and offshore wind generation Concise description of the voltage source converter topologies, control and operation for offshore wind farm applications Companion website containing simulation models of the cases discussed throughout Equipping electrical engineers for the engineering challenges in utility-scale offshore wind farms, this is an essential resource for power system and connection code designers and pratitioners dealing with integation of wind generation and the modelling and control of wind turbines. It will also provide high-level support to academic researchers and advanced students in power and renewable energy as well as technical and research staff in transmission and distribution system operators and in wind turbine and electrical equipment manufacturers.
Download or read book Probabilistic Hazard Analysis of Extreme Environmental Conditions for Offshore Wind Turbines written by Vahid Valamanesh and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of renewable energy sources is a critical global need, and offshore wind energy is a particularly promising source. The Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico of the US, with large wind resources and proximity to major population centers, are natural places for such development, but so far the US still does not have a single utility-scale offshore wind turbine (OWT) in its waters. Europe, in contrast, installed its first OWT more than 30 years ago and currently has several gigawatts of installed capacity. Although experience in Europe provides important insight for the US, the presence of hurricane risk in the US means that new methods must be developed for assessing financial risk and designing/certifying OWTs for the hurricane-prone US coastal environment. This study presents research results and plans to advance understanding of the hurricane risk posed to OWTs. The dissertation herein addresses two overarching themes. The first theme is structural modeling of OWTs. While performance-based structural modeling of infrastructure subjected to natural hazards is a well-established field, modeling of OWTs presents some interesting challenges since an OWT can be considered as both a machine and a structure. In particular, the structural characteristics of an OWT vary significantly depending on the operational condition of the turbine. One of these characteristics, aerodynamic damping, is examined in detail in this work, and a closed-form equation for estimating the magnitude of aerodynamic damping for use in structural analysis software is proposed. The second theme is probabilistic characterization of hurricane-induced offshore hazard relevant to design and risk evaluations of OWTs. The offshore environment is a fascinating example of a multi-hazard situation where the hazards of extreme hurricane-induced wind, wave height, and wave period (among other hazards) are correlated to varying degrees. In this dissertation, the estimation of multi-hazard conditions relevant to OWTs is investigated and two approaches, one based on a jointly distributed model of multiple offshore hazards and another, simpler approach, based on independent distributions of multiple offshore hazards, are proposed to combine offshore hazards more realistically at recurrence periods relevant to design and risk assessment. As part of this second theme, probabilistic equations are statistically formulated for predicting wind speed and wave height during hurricanes. The equations are termed wind and wave prediction equations (WWPEs) and are analogous to ground motion prediction equations in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. The equations are based on a statistical comparison between wind and wave measurements near the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines during hurricanes and two parametric models: Holland's model to estimate hurricane winds and Young's model to estimate hurricane waves.
