Download or read book Evaluation of GHG Emissions from Septic Systems written by Harold Leverenz and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emission rates of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from individual onsite septic systems used for the management of domestic wastewater were determined in this study. A static flux chamber method was used to determine the emission rates of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide gases from eight septic tanks and two soil dispersal systems. A technique developed for the measurement of gas flow and concentration at clean-out ports was used to determine the mass flow of gases moving through the household drainage and vent system. There was general agreement in the methane emission rates for the flux chamber and vent system methods. Several sources of variability in the emission rates were also identified. The septic tank was the primary source of methane, whereas the soil dispersal system was the principal source of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. Methane concentrations from the soil dispersal system were found to be near ambient concentrations, similarly negligible amounts of nitrous oxide were found in the septic tank. All emissions originating in the soil dispersal system were discharged through the building vent as a result of natural, wind-induced flow. The gaseous emission rate data were determined to be geometrically distributed. The geometric mean and standard deviation (sg) of the total atmospheric emission rates for methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide based on samples from the vent system were estimated to be 10.7 (sg = 1.65), 335 (sg = 2.13), and 0.20 (sg = 3.62) g/capita•d, respectively. The corresponding total anthropogenic CO2 equivalence (CO2e) of the GHG emissions to the atmosphere, is about 0.1 tonne CO2e/capita•yr.

Download or read book Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Septic Systems written by Harold L. Leverenz and published by Water Environment Research Foundation. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emission rates of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from individual onsite septic systems used for the management of domestic wastewater were determined in this study. A static flux chamber method was used to determine the emission rates of methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide gases from eight septic tanks and two soil dispersal systems. A technique developed for the measurement of gas flow and concentration at clean-out ports was used to determine the mass flow of gases moving through the household drainage and vent system. There was general agreement in the methane emission rates for the flux chamber and vent system methods. Several sources of variability in the emission rates were also identified. The septic tank was the primary source of methane, whereas the soil dispersal system was the principal source of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. Methane concentrations from the soil dispersal system were found to be near ambient concentrations, similarly negligible amounts of nitrous oxide were found in the septic tank. All emissions originating in the soil dispersal system were discharged through the building vent as a result of natural, wind-induced flow. The gaseous emission rate data were determined to be geometrically distributed. The geometric mean and standard deviation (sg) of the total atmospheric emission rates for methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide based on samples from the vent system were estimated to be 10.7 (sg = 1.65), 335 (sg = 2.13), and 0.20 (sg = 3.62) g/capita d, respectively. The corresponding total anthropogenic CO2 equivalence (CO2e) of the GHG emissions to the atmosphere, is about 0.1 tonne CO2e/capita yr.

Download or read book Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Septic Systems written by Libia Rocio Diaz and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Non CO2 Greenhouse Gases Scientific Understanding Control and Implementation written by J. van Ham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-03-31 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the climate change discussion, non-CO2 greenhouse gases (NCGGs) received official political recognition for the first time in 1997, when agreement was reached on the Kyoto Protocol. As a result methane, nitrous oxide, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 now provide attractive options for detailing the national targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions meant to control climate change. This book is the second volume in this area and addresses three main topics. Firstly, it documents progress with respect to our knowledge of the sources and sinks of NCGGs. Information on this subject is essential in order to reduce the uncertainties in national emissions inventories which serve as the reference values for commitments of countries in the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, this volume deals with the control options for the NCGGs and contains a wealth of information in this area. Emerging technologies here provide business opportunities, in particular in connection with the flexible mechanisms for mitigation projects in developing countries which have been agreed in Kyoto. Thirdly, the book treats the policy implementation of mitigation options for greenhouse gas emissions. Tools for control policies, both on the national and international level, and for different sectors of industry are discussed. National integrated approaches, including the ones from the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Netherlands Ministry of Environment which both sponsored the conference, provide guidance for defining the most effective greenhouse gases mitigation plans in different situations. This volume is being published in support of the IPCC Process and will serve as a reference for IPCC's Third Assessment Report.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants written by Xinmin Zhan and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The wide adoption of wastewater treatment processes and use of novel technologies for improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removals from wastewater have been introduced to meet stringent discharge standards. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are one of major contributors to the increase in the global GHG emissions and therefore it is necessary to carry out intensive studies on quantification, assessment and characterization of GHG emissions in wastewater treatment plants, on the life cycle assessment from GHG emission prospective, and on the GHG mitigation strategies. Greenhouse Gas Emission and Mitigation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants summarizes the recent development in studies of greenhouse gas emissions (N2O, CH4 and CO2) in MWWTPs. It also summarizes the development in life cycle assessment on GHG emissions in consideration of the energy usage in MWWTPs. The strategies in mitigating GHG emissions are discussed and the book provides an overview for researchers, students, water professionals and policy makers on GHG emission and mitigation in MWWTPS and industrial wastewater treatment processes. The book is a valuable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the water, climate, and energy areas of research. It is also a useful reference source for water professionals, government policy makers, and research institutes.

Download or read book Septic tank Systems written by John H. Timothy Winneberger and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1984 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book GHG Emissions and Energy Usage Assessment of Phosphorus Recovery from Municipal Wastewater Systems Utilizing Biochar Catalytic Oxidation reactive Filtration written by Chad E. Dunkel and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nutrient-Energy-Water Technology (NEW TechTM ) system is an emerging wastewater treatment process with the primary objective of addressing the food-energy-water nexus. The system uses biochar- catalytic oxidation- reactive filtration as the means of recovering phosphorus by adsorption onto biochar and producing clean reusable H2O from wastewater resources. Nutrient enriched biochar used as a soil amendment will sequester carbon from the atmosphere, while offsetting the demand for fertilizers produced through mining and industrial processing. Emissions and energy analysis includes a detailed analysis and benchmark of the energy required to operate the system, energy efficiency optimization opportunities, and an analysis of greenhouse gas emissions produced as a result of system operations in the treatment of post-secondary treatment municipal wastewater. Currently, the NEW TechTM system can achieve full operations utilizing approximately 6.3 kW of electricity and is capable of processing 1000 gallons of waste water for 0.68 dollars. Furthermore, the system has state-of-the-art removal of total phosphorus to 0.004 mg/L when treating secondary municipal waste water. Additionally, greenhouse gas analysis determined that the system electrical and material usage produces approximately 3.3 kg of CO2 per 1000 gallons of water processes. Energy and greenhouse gas emissions savings can be realized via the implementation of energy efficiency improvements to process equipment. Energy savings identified could lower energy usage costs to approximately $0.44 per 1000 gallons and reduce the global warming potential of the overall system to 2.69 kg of CO2 produced.

Download or read book Greenhouse Gas Emissions Evaluation Program for Typical Australian Regional Wastewater Treatment Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 20?? with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Decentralized Water Reclamation Engineering written by Robert L. Siegrist and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-26 with total page 992 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents technical information and materials concerning the engineering of decentralized infrastructure to achieve effective wastewater treatment while also minimizing resource consumption and providing a source of reclaimed water, nutrients and organic matter. The approaches, technologies and systems described are targeted for green building and sustainable infrastructure across the United States and similar industrialized nations, but they are also applicable to water and sanitation projects in developing regions around the world. Today, decentralized infrastructure can be used to sustainably serve houses, buildings and developments with water use and wastewater flows of 100 to 100,000 gal/d or more. The book provides in-depth engineering coverage of the subject in a narrative and slide format specifically designed for classroom lectures or facilitated self-study. Key topics are covered including: engineering to satisfy project goals and requirements including sustainability, contemporary water use and wastewater generation and methods to achieve water use efficiency and source separation, alternative methods of wastewater collection and conveyance, and treatment and reuse operations including tank-based (e.g., septic tanks, aerobic treatment units, porous media biofilters, membrane bioreactors), wetland-based (e.g., free water surface and vegetated subsurface bed wetlands), and land-based unit operations (e.g., subsurface soil infiltration, shallow drip dispersal). Approaches and technologies are also presented that can achieve nutrient reduction and resource recovery in some cases or pathogen destruction to enable a particular discharge or reuse plan. The book also describes requirements and methods for effective management of the process solids, sludges and residuals that can be generated by various approaches, technologies, and systems. The book contains over 300 figures and illustrations of technologies and systems and over 150 tables of design and performance data. There are also more than 200 questions and problems relevant to the topics covered including example problems that have solutions presented to illustrate engineering concepts and calculations.

Download or read book Urban Water Reuse Handbook written by Saeid Eslamian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 1153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the current literature, research, and relevant case studies, presented by a team of international experts, the Urban Water Reuse Handbook discusses the pros and cons of water reuse and explores new and alternative methods for obtaining a sustainable water supply. The book defines water reuse guidelines, describes the historical and curren

Download or read book Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This manual contains overview information on treatment technologies, installation practices, and past performance."--Introduction.

Download or read book Integrated Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Traditional Air Pollutants and Economics of Three Types of Landfills written by Reza Broun and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the decreasing rate of landfilled waste due to increases in reuse and recycling, landfilling remains an enormous part of the waste industry of the United States due to population and economic growth. In addition, certain wastes are not easily recycled due to their mixed composition (i.e. a cardboard carton with a plastic lining) or their contamination (i.e. diapers). The primary goal of this research is to develop a comprehensive framework that can help and fill designers chose the best type of landfill (conventional, bioreactor, or aerobic) for a given situation based on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, traditional air pollutants and costs (internal and external). This study focuses on estimation of life cycle costs (LCC), appraisal of life cycle inventory (LCI) of air emissions, and estimation of external costs arising from environmental damages during disposal of solid waste into landfills. The study fills several gaps in the existing literature:  Several life cycle inventories of air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions have been conducted to date for landfills outside the United States. Generally, the studies focus on direct emissions from landfills. Few studies include infrastructure construction or transportation of required material for construction in the analysis. Furthermore, these international studies do not necessarily apply to US conditions. Previous studies have reported useful methodologies for assessing the economic performance of landfills and implementing landfill gas-to energy (LFGtE) projects, but they have typically not considered the role of solid waste acceptance rate and the effect of cost amortization over the lifetime of landfill. In addition, a cost function for each phase of life cycle of landfill has not been provided in the context of the US. In many studies about landfill-biogas-to energy, landfill biogas collection efficiency has been assumed to be a single value rather than a temporally weighted collection efficiency depending on the stage of landfill operation. Additionally, the combination of internal combustion engines that convert biogas to electricity have been chosen arbitrarily, so that the effect of upper and lower bounds of required rate of biogas flow entering to run such engines were not taken into account. Specific objectives of the study are:1. To develop a landfill life cycle internal cost model for all types of landfills for raw materials acquisition, construction, operation, closure and post-closure phases of 3 types of landfills (conventional, bioreactor, and aerobic). 2. For the use/operation phase of landfill-gas-to-energy systems, including fugitive methane emissions escaping through landfill covers, to determine the quantities of GHG emissions, traditional air pollutants , potential electricity generation and internal costs from LFGtE implementation in conventional and bioreactor landfills and subsequent revenue from electricity sales within a 100-year time horizon. 3. To quantify greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions for all types of landfills from landfill raw materials acquisition, construction, operation and end of life. 4. To integrate environmental damage-based external costs from GHGs and air pollutants, and internal costs estimated by LCC, for the all types of landfills. To determine the LCC associated with different types of landfills, a Landfill Life Cycle Cost model (2L2C) was developed using LCC methodology and economic elements of pre-construction and construction, operation and end of life of phases of landfill to estimate costs within estimation range defined by Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE). The range of total annual life cycle cost of a conventional landfill was found to be $25 to $43 per ton of landfilled waste based on the type of landfill and waste acceptance rate. The operational phase was responsible for the majority of the costs (40 to 50%), largely from equipment costs and, particularly for conventional landfills, from leachate treatment costs. The construction phase contributed in the range of 30% to 50%, of which the excavation costs contribute around 25-35% of the construction costs. Finally, end-of-life activities were responsible for 13 to 20% of the total annual life cycle costs, owing mainly to the final cover costs and especially post closure care for conventional landfills. To determine the quantities of GHG emissions, traditional air pollutants and potential electricity generation from conventional and bioreactor landfills during operation phase of landfill-gas-to energy ( LFGtE) system, a model was developed to incorporate environmental factors such as biogas generation, impacts of various collection efficiencies, converting the methane portion of biogas to electricity, offsetting fossil fuel based-electricity by burning recovered methane,methane oxidation through the landfill soil cover and emission inventories of biogas control devices. The average electricity production for bioreactor landfill and conventional landfill was estimated to be 4993 and 3153 MWh per million ton of waste in place. In bioreactor landfills,the annual revenue ranged from $8.50 to $24.77 per ton of waste based on acceptance rate. Also, total GHG emission in the most realistic case ranged from 168 and 371 kg CO2e per 1 t of landfilled MSW. To quantify greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutant emissions from landfill raw materials acquisition, construction, operation and end of life, the sub-stages of the construction and operational and end of life stages (including LFGtE system) of MSW landfills were identified. Using the LCI method, GHG and traditional air pollutant emissions inventories were performed for a generic "national average" landfill. The analyses revealed that construction and operation phases make up about 75% of total CO2e emissions within the entire life cycle of landfill. Manufacturing of materials for construction phase and equipment use during operational phase account for the majority of emissions to the atmosphere. To integrate environmental damage-based external costs from GHGs and air pollutants, and internal costs estimated by LCC, for the 3 types of landfills, the contributions of the emissions to external costs and internal costs over the life cycle of landfills was combined. Direct emissions from the landfilling system represented the major contributor to overall GHG emissions, whereas emissions from LCI of the landfill were determined to be responsible for nearly 2%,which is extremely low. External system costs, for a landfill with a low waste acceptance rate, did not exceed $1.35 per ton of waste. This value never went below $0.77 per ton waste for anaerobic landfill. If average LFG collection efficiency were installed in bioreactor and conventional landfills, the aerobic landfill would have more sustainable performance in terms of GHG emissions and traditional air pollutants. In the case of high LFG collection efficiency considered for bioreactor and conventional landfills, the bioreactor landfill was recognized to have the lowest total cost including Internal and external costs compared to other types of landfills.

Download or read book Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment written by Mu. Naushad and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-15 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment addresses in detail the required in-depth life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment. This is to meet the special demands placed upon wastewater treatment processes, due to both the limited quantity and often low quality of water supplies. Wastewater management clearly plays a central role in achieving future water security in a world where water stress is expected to increase. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with wastewater treatment and potential improvement options. This unique volume will focus on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Key Features: Focuses on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach Discusses unconventional water sources such as recycled wastewater, brackish groundwater and desalinated seawater Explains life cycle assessment in detail, which has become one of the reference methods used to assess the environmental performance of processes over their complete life cycle, from raw material extraction, infrastructure construction and operation to final dismantling Explores a technique (LCA) that is becoming increasingly popular amongst researchers in the water treatment field nowadays because of its holistic approach Based on the real life experiences, the subject of wastewater is presented in simple terms and made accessible to anyone willing to learn and experiment

Download or read book The California Nitrogen Assessment written by Thomas P. Tomich and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Collaborating Institutions: Agricultural Sustainability Institute at UC Davis, UC ANR Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, UC ANR Kearney Foundation of Soil Science, UC ANR Agricultural Issues Center, UC ANR California Institute for Water Resources, Water Science and Policy Center at UC Riverside."

Download or read book Environmental Evaluation Guidance written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Quantification and Modelling of Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Water Systems written by Liu Ye and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2022-04-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increased commitment from the international community to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors in accordance with the Paris Agreement, the water sector has never felt the pressure it is now under to transition to a low-carbon water management model. This requires reducing GHG emissions from grid-energy consumption (Scope 2 emissions), which is straightforward; however, it also requires reducing Scope 1 emissions, which include nitrous oxide and methane emissions, predominantly from wastewater handling and treatment. The pathways and factors leading to biological nitrous oxide and methane formation and emissions from wastewater are highly complex and site-specific. Good emission factors for estimating the Scope 1 emissions are lacking, water utilities have little experience in directly measuring these emissions, and the mathematical modelling of these emissions is challenging. Therefore, this book aims to help the water sector address the Scope 1 emissions by breaking down their pathways and influencing factors, and providing guidance on both the use of emission factors, and performing direct measurements of nitrous oxide and methane emissions from sewers and wastewater treatment plants. The book also dives into the mathematical modelling for predicting these emissions and provides guidance on the use of different mathematical models based upon your conditions, as well as an introduction to alternative modelling methods, including metabolic, data-driven, and AI methods. Finally, the book includes guidance on using the modelling tools for assessing different operating strategies and identifying promising mitigation actions. A must have book for anyone needing to understand, account for, and reduce water utility Scope 1 emissions.