Download or read book Evaluating Situation Awareness in Army Command and Control Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work reported was completed as part of an overall objective to develop a comprehensive framework for evaluating complex command and control systems, with particular emphasis on defining situation awareness as it applies to military command and control systems, and developing a concept for measuring situation awareness in army environments and prototyping evaluation methods. Definitions of situation awareness are reviewed and factors influencing situation awareness are discussed. A brief summary of patterns in past research and recent trends in assessing situation awareness, based on a literature search, is presented. The final section describes where and how situation awareness could be measured within an army context, using a combat team as an example, and following typical army exercise set-up and procedures. A general description of how army exercises are conducted is followed by a more detailed discussion of the use of Janus simulation software for combat team training and its potential application for situation awareness research and evaluation of command and control systems. Appendices include a literature review, a report on data collection efforts during the Royal Dagger exercise as they relate to situation awareness, results of observations at several exercises using Janus, and a slide presentation on situation awareness.
Download or read book Tactical Display for Soldiers written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-01-17 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the human factors issues associated with the development, testing, and implementation of helmet-mounted display technology in the 21st Century Land Warrior System. Because the framework of analysis is soldier performance with the system in the full range of environments and missions, the book discusses both the military context and the characteristics of the infantry soldiers who will use the system. The major issues covered include the positive and negative effects of such a display on the local and global situation awareness of the individual soldier, an analysis of the visual and psychomotor factors associated with each design feature, design considerations for auditory displays, and physical sources of stress and the implications of the display for affecting the soldier's workload. The book proposes an innovative approach to research and testing based on a three-stage strategy that begins in the laboratory, moves to controlled field studies, and culminates in operational testing.
Download or read book Constructible Assessment for Situation Awareness in a Distributed C2 Environment written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A method for assessing situation awareness (SA) in field command and control exercises is described in this paper. This method is an adaptation of the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) by M.R. Endsley (1995) that takes into account specific constraints for use in a field exercise, such as minimizing the level of intrusiveness. Endsley's model of SA separates SA into three levels: Level 1, perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space; Level 2, the comprehension of their meaning and integration of multiple pieces of information; and Level 3, the projection of the elements' future status and ability to forecast future situation dynamics. This constructible assessment for SA (CASA) requires that military subject matter experts observe exercise events, construct specific and relevant questions to probe the situational knowledge of the exercise participants, and decide upon the suitable timings for administration of these questions. CASA was tested in a division-level army C2 exercise. An objective of the exercise was to investigate issues related to distributed command teams using situation awareness as one of the measures. Having applied CASA in this exercise, the strengths and limitations of CASA were identified. To analyze the findings, several methods of computing situation awareness of teams were utilized. It was found that CASA yielded results consistent with expectations stemming from exercise roles and events. Further validation and refinement of CASA would improve its utility and efficacy as a tool to measure objective SA in a field exercise. Twenty-three briefing charts summarize the presentation.
Download or read book Improving C2 and Situational Awareness for Operations in and Through the Information Environment written by Christopher Paul and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-13 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every military activity has informational aspects, but the information environment (IE) is not well integrated into military planning, doctrine, or processes. Better understanding of the IE will improve command and control and situational awareness.
Download or read book Human Performance Situation Awareness and Automation written by Dennis A. Vincenzi and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2005-01-06 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2000, the Conference on Automation joined forces with a partner group on situation awareness (SA). The rising complexity of systems demands that one can be aware of a large range of environmental and task-based stimulation in order to match what is done with what has to be done. Thus, SA and automation-based interaction fall naturally together and this conference is the second embodiment of this union. Moving into the 21st century, further diversification of the applications of automation will continue--for example, the revolution in genetic technology. Given the broad nature of this form of human-machine interaction, it is vital to apply past lessons to map a future for the symbiotic relationship between humans and the artifacts they create. It is as part of this ongoing endeavor that the present volume is offered.
Download or read book Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior written by Panel on Modeling Human Behavior and Command Decision Making: Representations for Military Simulations and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-08-14 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.
Download or read book Assessing Human Factors in Command and Control Workload and Situational Awareness Metrics written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of digitized command and control on commanders workload and situational awareness (SA) were experimentally investigated in a simulated battle group scenario. Military participants acted in pairs to lead the planning and execution of a land reconnaissance operation, controlling the deployment of various units and sensor assets to find and fix an enemy. The subjects performed two versions of the exercise: one in which all communications between the HQ and its battlefield units occurred using the standard voice radio net, and a second version in which most of the interactions were either augmented or replaced with digital technology such as data-link, text messaging and automatic location reporting. During the execution phase, the command teams responded to various measures of workload and SA, described in the paper. These data, backed up with subject debriefings, provided several key insights into the impact of digitization. For example, it appears that the automatic presentation of enemy positional data reduced the depth to which commanders mentally processed incoming sighting information, thus reducing their sense of confidence in understanding the enemy picture. The pros and cons of the measures used are discussed, along with lessons learned.
Download or read book Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement written by Mica R. Endsley and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-07-01 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of different approaches to the measurement of situation awareness in experimental and applied setting, this book directly tackles the problem of ensuring that system designs and training programs are effective at promoting situation awareness. It is the first book to provide a all-inclusive coverage of situation awareness and its measurement. Topics addressed provide a detailed analysis of the use of a wide variety of techniques for measuring situation awareness and situation assessment processes. It provides a rich resource for engineers and human factors psychologists involved in designing and evaluating systems in many domains.
Download or read book Toward a Methodology for Evaluating the Impact of Situation Awareness on Unit Effectiveness of Dismounted Infantrymen written by L. Blackwell and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States (US) Department of Defense initiated a program in 1997 called the Military Operations in Urban Terrain Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (MOUT ACTD). MOUT ACTD is a joint US Army-Marine Corps. program led by the US Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. The MOUT ACTD's charter is to seek technologies that satisfy 32 jointly derived requirements specific to operations in built up or urban areas. MOUT ACID evaluates these candidate technologies for military utility and transitions the successful candidates to acquisition programs for further development and fielding. One of the determinants of military utility that the MOUT ACTD program uses is situation awareness (SA) - specifically, the influence of SA on individual and force effectiveness as a result of the use of MOUT- related technologies. SA is defined here as the warrior's ability to quickly perceive and then discriminate between facets of the tactical environment, to accurately assess and reassess the where, when and why of that environment, to then know and understand the nature of the tactical situation and to extrapolate near term courses of action based on this understanding. This paper describes the process by which the MOUT ACID program developed and implemented a method for determining the impact of SA on individual and force effectiveness.
Download or read book Situation Awareness in a Virtual Environment written by Michael D. Matthews and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mission Awareness Rating Scale (MARS), a subjective situation awareness (SA) rating scale designed to assess SA content and SA workload, was tested in a series of virtual environment exercises. Sixteen enlisted soldiers, working in teams of four soldiers each, completed four urban combat missions in a virtual night environment designed to simulate the experience of working with night vision goggles - NVG (PVS-7Bs) and aiming lights. In each scenario, a different approach for simulating this NVG environment was used. After each scenario was completed, each soldier completed the MARS instrument. This yielded estimates of the SA level and workload involved in four dimensions of SA - perception, understanding, projection, and knowing what decision to make. The results indicated that MARS significantly and rebustly discriminated among the different approaches, and these SA estimates were congruent with general estimates of SA content and workload while operating at night in the real world, and with the soldier's subjective rankings of the four simulated NVG environments. While promising, MARS must be validated against objective SA measures, both in the virtual environment and in the field environment. However, MARS seems to hold premise as a relatively unobtrusive and effective SA measure.
Download or read book Improving Tactical Maneuver With Digital Situational Awareness written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the use of digital situational awareness to improve tactical maneuver functions of armored and mechanized company teams. The concept presented concludes that all maneuver functions realize a potential for improved execution by enhancing the operators ability to perceive, comprehend and predict future states of his environment by employing advanced command and control systems to create digital situational awareness. The Army is expending significant effort toward making qualitative improvements to the lethality, tempo and survivability of warfighting organizations as it develops the force for the 21st century. Central to this effort is an initiative to digitize the battlefield by applying advanced information technologies to the battle command systems of the combined arms team. This study explains how and why tactical maneuver is improved by digital situational awareness. This study examines current tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP), findings from Army Advanced Warfighting Experiments (AWE) and Situational Awareness Theory from Human Factors psychology to determine the nature of performance improvement. For the Army to realize the enhancements it is seeking, it must fully understand the effects that digital systems have upon small units executing tactical maneuver.
Download or read book Improving Tactical Maneuver With Digital Situational Awareness written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the use of digital situational awareness to improve tactical maneuver functions of armored and mechanized company teams. The concept presented concludes that all maneuver functions realize a potential for improved execution by enhancing the operators ability to perceive, comprehend and predict future states of his environment by employing advanced command and control systems to create digital situational awareness. The Army is expending significant effort toward making qualitative improvements to the lethality, tempo and survivability of warfighting organizations as it develops the force for the 21st century. Central to this effort is an initiative to digitize the battlefield by applying advanced information technologies to the battle command systems of the combined arms team. This study explains how and why tactical maneuver is improved by digital situational awareness. This study examines current tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP), findings from Army Advanced Warfighting Experiments (AWE) and Situational Awareness Theory from Human Factors psychology to determine the nature of performance improvement. For the Army to realize the enhancements it is seeking, it must fully understand the effects that digital systems have upon small units executing tactical maneuver.
Download or read book Distributed Situation Awareness written by Paul M. Salmon and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-29 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an exhaustive review and evaluation of contemporary theoretical perspectives on SA and of a range of SA measurement approaches. A novel theory of DSA in complex sociotechnical systems is presented, followed by an original methodology for assessing SA and DSA in command and control environments. It contains several naturalistic case studies of command and control scenarios undertaken in numerous military domains, as well as one involving multiple high-consequence civilian domains.
Download or read book Prototype Automated Measures of Command and Staff Performance written by William T. Holden and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This research and development effort continues the work by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (AM), Armored Forces Research Unit, Future Battlefield Conditions Team. It focuses on the design and development of automated training and performance evaluation techniques. A primary context for these efforts is digital brigade and below training requirements and environments. For this project, AM's objective was to design, develop, and demonstrate 20 prototype automated measures to improve training and evaluation for brigade and below command and staff performance. The prototype automated measures developed were implemented during the Future Combat Command and Control (FCC2) Concept Experimentation Program experiment conducted by the Mounted Maneuver Battlespace Lab (MMBL) at Fort Knox, Kentucky. The AM's purpose for participating in this experiment was to support the MMBL and the Army's need to gain additional information on future staff evaluation requirements in a virtual simulation environment, and gather feedback for improvements to the prototype automated measures developed during this effort."--DTIC.
Download or read book Modelling and Analysis of Command and Control written by Symposium on Modelling and Analysis of Command and Control and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Human and Organizational Behavior written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-08-31 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulations are widely used in the military for training personnel, analyzing proposed equipment, and rehearsing missions, and these simulations need realistic models of human behavior. This book draws together a wide variety of theoretical and applied research in human behavior modeling that can be considered for use in those simulations. It covers behavior at the individual, unit, and command level. At the individual soldier level, the topics covered include attention, learning, memory, decisionmaking, perception, situation awareness, and planning. At the unit level, the focus is on command and control. The book provides short-, medium-, and long-term goals for research and development of more realistic models of human behavior.
Download or read book Realizing the Potential of C4I written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-06-17 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rapid progress in information and communications technologies is dramatically enhancing the strategic role of information, positioning effective exploitation of these technology advances as a critical success factor in military affairs. These technology advances are drivers and enablers for the "nervous system" of the militaryâ€"its command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence (C4I) systemsâ€"to more effectively use the "muscle" side of the military. Authored by a committee of experts drawn equally from the military and commercial sectors, Realizing the Potential of C4I identifies three major areas as fundamental challenges to the full Department of Defense (DOD) exploitation of C4I technologyâ€"information systems security, interoperability, and various aspects of DOD process and culture. The book details principles by which to assess DOD efforts in these areas over the long term and provides specific, more immediately actionable recommendations. Although DOD is the focus of this book, the principles and issues presented are also relevant to interoperability, architecture, and security challenges faced by government as a whole and by large, complex public and private enterprises across the economy.
