Download or read book Evaluating Methods for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Corn and Hard Red Winter Wheat written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Precision Nitrogen Management written by Stephen Edmond Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Winter Cereal Cover Crops and Nitrogen Management Practices for Increasing Farm Profit and Minimizing Nitrogen Losses in Corn soybean Agroecosystems written by Oladapo Adeyemi and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winter cereal cover crops (WCCCs) could provide extra profit by being harvested as forage or for biofuel purposes, could benefit soil, and the following cash crops, and are considered an effective practice in reducing the nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching especially in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) fields. The extend at which WCCCs and their residue management (e.g. harvesting vs. terminating at different times) improve farm profit, influence the following cash crop, especially corn is less studied. Also, literature is scant on the residue management effects on NO3-N leaching potential and its tradeoff with soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions especially in Alfisols with claypans. Two trials (chapter 1-2) were conducted to evaluate the time of harvest of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or winter cereal rye (WCR; Secale cereale L.) to determine the best time of harvest for maximizing profit through improving biomass production at high quality. In chapter 1, a five site-yr trial was conducted in Colorado (CO) and Illinois (IL) to evaluate the effect of harvest date on WCR forage yield, quality, and its economic performance. From March to April, WCR dry matter (DM) yield increased exponentially in CO and linearly in IL. The DM yield at DOY 112-116 in CO was 6.9, 5.0, and 5.2 Mg ha-1 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively compared to 4.7 and 2.7 Mg ha-1 in IL in 2019 and 2020. Delayed harvesting increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations and decreased crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and relative feed quality (RFQ). Yield-quality trade-off showed that forage yield increased rapidly but forage quality declined after DOY 105-108. Economic analysis, including cost of nutrient removal and 10% corn yield penalty following WCR production revealed harvesting WCR biomass as forage was economically feasible in four out of five site-yrs at hay price over 132 $ Mg-1. Eliminating corn yield penalty indicated profitability in four site-yrs at hay price of ≥110 $ Mg-1 and removing nutrient removal costs made all site-yrs profitable at hay price of ≥110 $ Mg-1. It was concluded that harvesting WCR biomass can be a profitable and effective strategy for sustainable intensification that can offer environmental stewardship and economic benefit. In chapter 2, a four-year trial was conducted in the 2017-2018, 2018-2029, 2019-2020, and 2020- 2021 growing seasons to evaluate the effect of harvesting time (late-March to mid-May considering the growth stage) on winter wheat biomass yield, quality, and farm profit in single season corn vs. wheat-corn rotation. A delay in harvest of wheat resulted in increased DM biomass and lower CP and RFQ. The RFQ that was suitable for dairy production occurred at GDD of 1849 in which the DM biomass was 6.2 Mg ha-1 leading to $1526.46 ha-1 income. The RFQ for heifer production was 126 at 2013 GDD in which the DM biomass was 6.8 Mg ha-1 leading to $1290.85 ha-1 income. These results suggested that wheat-corn rotation could provide extra income while covering the soil year-round. A series of trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of cover crop (CC) and nitrogen (N) management on (i) corn growth, (ii) grain yield and yield components, (iii) the economic optimum N rate (EONR) for corn and farm profit, (iv) N removal, and balances, (v) N use metrics, (vi) soil NO3-N and ammonium-N (NH4-N), along with (vii) N2O emissions and factors associated with it. In chapter 3, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and four replicates to study winter wheat cover crop management practices on corn growth, production, N requirement, soil N, and farm profit. The main plots were four CC treatments: no CC (control), early terminated wheat CC (four weeks to corn planting; ET), late terminated wheat CC (just prior to corn planting; LT), and harvested wheat CC (residue removal; RR), and the subplots were six N fertilizer application rates (0-280 kg N ha-1 ) for 2018 and 2019 and seven N fertilizer application rates (0-336 kg N ha-1 ) for 2020 and 2021. Wheat cover crop management influenced corn grain yield where fallow was consistently high yielding while RR decreased corn grain yield drastically due to its negative effects on the corn plant population. All cover crop treatments immobilized N as shown by lower corn grain yields at zero-N control compared to the fallow treatment. The EONR generally ranged from 151.4 kg ha-1 to 206.4 kg ha-1 in fallow, 192.8 kg ha-1 to 275.8 kg ha-1 in ET, 225 kg ha-1 to 325 kg ha-1 in LT, and 175.3 kg ha-1 to 257.5 kg ha-1 in RR. At the EONR, corn grain yields ranged from 12.2 Mg ha-1 to 13.7 Mg ha-1 in the fallow treatment, 9.7 Mg ha-1 to 13.0 Mg ha-1 in the ET, 9.51 Mg ha-1 to 13.3 Mg ha-1 in the LT, and 8.2 Mg ha-1 to 10.5 Mg ha-1 in the RR treatment. Adding N beyond EONR resulted in a drastic increase in end of season soil N which could be subject to leaching emphasizing targeting EONR is critical for avoiding high N leaching and that if N is applied at rates beyond EONR, then cover cropping becomes even a more critical practice to avoid N losses. In chapter 4 and 5, we evaluated whether splitting N fertilization along with the two (no-cover crop vs. early termination; ET) (chapter 4) or four above-mentioned cover crops treatments (chapter 5) could improve corn production and farm profit through improved N use efficiency (NUE). Therefore, for chapter 4, a two-yr field trail was implemented at the Agronomy Research Center in Carbondale, IL in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate whether split N application to corn changes N use efficiency (NUE) in no-cover crop vs. following an early terminated (ET) wheat cover crop. A four-replicated randomized completed block design with split plot arrangements were used. Main treatments were a no cover crop (control) vs. ET and subplots were five N timing applications to succeeding corn: (1) 168 kg N ha-1 at planting; (2) 56 kg N ha-1 at planting + 112 kg N ha-1 at sidedress; (3) 112 kg N ha-1 at planting + 56 kg N ha-1 at sidedress (4) 168 kg N ha-1 at sidedress, and (5) zero kg N ha-1 (control). Corn yield was higher in 2018 than 2019 reflecting more timely precipitation in that year. Grain yield declined by 12.6% following the wheat cover crop compared to no cover crop control indicating corn yield penalty when wheat was planted prior to corn. In 2018, a year with timely and sufficient rainfall, there were no differences among N application timing while in 2019, delaying the N addition improved NUE and corn grain yield due to excessive rainfall early in the season reflecting on N losses. Overall, our findings elucidate necessity of revisiting guidelines for current N management practices in Midwestern United States and incorporating cover crop component into MRTN prediction tool. For chapter 5, a four-year trial conducted with a split plot arrangement and four replicates. Main plots were four cover crop management [no cover crop control (fallow); ET, late termination (LT), and residue removal at late termination (RR) and five N fertilizer application timings (all at planting, most at planting + sidedress; half-half; less at planting and more at sidedress; and all sidedress). Our results indicated that RR resulted in corn population and grain yield reduction compared to other treatments. Fallow was consistently high-yielding and 112-56 N management during the first two years for fallow worked the best (10.1 Mg ha-1 ). In 2020 and 2021, both applying all N upfront or sidedressing yielded similar for fallow giving growers options with N timing. For both ET and LT, in all years, delaying the N addition to sidedress timing resulted in high yields (9.1 - 11.7 Mg ha-1 ). Some N addition upfront plus sidedressing the rest (56-168) resulted in the highest yield in ET in 2021 (11.6 Mg ha-1 ). For RR, split application of N (56-112 or 56-168) was consistently most productive in all years (8.7 Mg ha-1 ) suggesting that there is an advantage to sidedressing than upfront N application in cover crop systems. The high productive N management practices generally resulted in higher NUE (24.0 - 38.6 kg grain kg N-1 ) and lower N balance (20.6 - 50.2 kg ha-1 for 2018-2019, and 74 - 106.4 kg ha-1 for 2020-2021) which are critical to achieve not only for farm profit but also minimizing environmental footprints. Except for N0, N balance was positive in all treatments in all years indicating the inefficiency of fertilizer N that was corroborated by low NUE and PFP data. We concluded that to optimize corn production and reducing nutrient loss, split N addition or sidedressing N is most suitable especially in cover cropping systems. For chapter six, a four-times replicated randomized complete block design trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of winter wheat cover crop management practices (ET, LT, and RR) vs. a no-cover crop control (fallow) on corn grain yield, N removal and balances, soil N dynamics, soil volumetric water content (VWC) and temperature dynamics, N2O-N emissions, yield-scaled N2O-N emissions, and factors that drive N2O-N and corn grain yield in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons in a silt loam soil with clay and fragipans. Our results indicated that corn grain yield decreased by both ET and RR as compared to the fallow and LT. Soil temperature was similar among all treatments, but soil VWC was higher in LT and ET than fallow and RR. The LT treatment always had lower soil NO3-N than the other treatments in both years. In 2021, the ET also had less soil nitrate-N than fallow and RR. Averaged over the two years, cumulative soil N2O-N was higher in LT (14.85 kg ha-1 ) and ET (12.85 kg ha-1 ) than RR (11.10 kg ha-1 ) and fallow (7.65 kg ha-1 ) indicating while these treatments are effective in reducing NO3-N leaching, they could increase soil N2O-N emissions. Principal component analysis indicated that higher N2O-N emissions in LT and ET was related to higher VWC suggesting at optimal N management scenarios, other factors than soil N drive N2O-N emissions. In this study, fallow had the least yield-scaled N2O-N emissions followed by RR. The yield-scaled emissions were similar between ET and LT. These results indicate the importance of evaluating N2O-N emissions in cereal cover crops prior to corn for informing best management practice for winter cereal cover crop adoption. Future studies should focus on manipulating cover crop management to capture residual N without creating microclimates with high VWC to avoid increase of N2O-N emissions. While a lot is known about CC effects on the following cash crop, less is known about rotational benefits of late terminated (planting green) wheat and nitrogen (N) management on the following WCR and soybean in rotation. Therefore, for chapter 7, a trial was conducted with a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design set up. The main plots were two cover crop treatments (a no cover crop control vs. LT) and the subplots were three N rates [0 (N0), 224 (N224), and 336 (N336) kg N ha-1 ). Each treatment was replicated four times and rye and soybean was planted in all of the plots in rotation. Our results indicated wheat, when terminated late, can uptake 50-80 kg N ha-1 and result in belowground:aboveground ratio of 0.18 in which belowground had much higher C:N than the aboveground biomass. The soil NO3-N was affected by wheat presence and often reduced due to wheat N uptake and also N immobilization negatively affecting the following corn especially at both N0 and N224. Nitrogen fertilization at 336 kg N ha-1 resulted in high end of season N, reduced NUE, increased N balance, and thus, potential for N loss especially in the fallow treatment. The end of season N was lower and NUE was higher in LT which was coincided with reduced rye N uptake in LT suggesting wheat effect lingers longer than just during the corn season and could potentially reduce N loss potential during the fallow period following corn harvest. Soybean yields were higher in LT than the fallow which could be due to (i) higher rye biomass in fallow or (ii) positive legacy effect of wheat in rotation. Improved soybean yields could offset some of the economic loss during the corn phase and push growers in the Midwestern USA to be willing to adopt cover cropping to minimize N loss while protecting soil and stay profitable. Our results from chapter 3-7, indicate a need to change in cover crop management strategy to make it more user friendly with lower costs. In general, in the Midwestern USA, growers are reluctant to plant WCR especially prior to corn due to N immobilization and establishment issues. Precision planting of WCR or --Skipping the corn row‖ (STCR) can minimize some issues associated with WCR ahead of corn while reducing cover crop seed costs. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of --STCR‖ vs. normal planting of WCR at full seeding rate (NP) on WCR biomass, nutrient uptake, and composition in three site-yrs (ARC2019, ARC2020, BRC2020). Our results indicated no differences in cover crop dry matter (DM) biomass production between the STCR (2.40 Mg ha-1 ) and NP (2.41 Mg ha-1 ) supported by similar normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and plant height for both treatments. Phosphorus, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) accumulation in aboveground biomass was only influenced by site-yr and both STCR and NP removed similar amount of P, K, Ca, and Mg indicating STCR could be as effective as NP in accumulating nutrients. Aboveground carbon (C) content (1086.26 kg h-1 average over the two treatments) was similar between the two treatments and only influenced by site-yr differences. Lignin, lignin:N, and C:N ratios were higher in STCR than NP in one out of three site-years (ARC2019) indicating greater chance of N immobilization when WCR was planted later than usual. Implementing STCR saved 8.4 $ ha-1 for growers and could incentivize growers to adopt this practice. Future research should evaluate corn response to STCR compared with NP and assess if soil quality declines by STCR practice over time.

Download or read book Evaluation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency NUE in Wheat written by Bahaddin Abdullah Faraj and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen fertilizers are a major input required for cereal crop production worldwide. The management of this resource is a significant challenge to most agricultural systems as it can have significant impacts on yield and the environment. The use of applied nitrogen fertilisers in cereals is poor, where only 30-40% is actually used by cereals and the remainder lost to the environment by surface runoff, soil denitrification and volatilization (Ehdaie et al., 2010; Butterbach-Bahl and Dannenmann 2011). Improving cereal nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is imperative to achieve yield and quality with less direct N inputs. In this study, experiments were conducted in 2010 to evaluate the effect of N fertilizer application (0, 50, 100, 150 kg urea/ha) on the growth and yield of wheat varieties at specific locations across South Australia while a small pilot glasshouse study was conducted at the Waite Campus, Adelaide University. The field experiments were designed as a randomised split-plot with three replications for each wheat cultivar and N treatment. Plant response to N treatment was measured through estimates of plant height, leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD meter), plant spike number, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, shoot biomass weight, grain N % and final grain protein content, harvest index (HI) and NUE. Restrictions in space and large growing pots limited the controlled glasshouse study to a technical study. The results found little variability between the three field sites in Grain %N in response to increasing N provision. There was a trend of increasing grain %N at both Mintaro and Pinnaroo, which was broadly in evidence across the individual lines. Grain yield was highest at Mintaro and was double of that achieved at both Pinnaroo and Tuckey. Whereas, in the glasshouse experimental results show that there was a strong response in grain %N to increasing N provision when plants were grown over the spring/summer season but not during the autumn/winter. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was found to be greater at low nitrogen treatment (N1) in all experiments and decreased roughly with increased N application. In general, the results indicated that wheat cultivars responded well to nitrogen application with the medium rate of application within experiments, while beyond this rate caused no significant improvements in plant growth and yield.

Download or read book Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Hard Red Winter Wheat written by Sonia Guadalupe Morales Osegueda and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Remote Sensing Application for Precision Agriculture written by Matthew McCabe and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-11 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precision agriculture is used to improve site-specific agricultural decision-making based on data collection and analysis, formulation of site-specific management recommendations, and implementation of management practices to correct for factors that can limit crop growth, yield, and quality. Various approaches for the remote sensing of soil fertility, water stress, diseases and infestations, and crop growth and condition have been developed and applied for precision agricultural purposes. With developments in remote sensing technologies, the spatial and spectral resolution and return frequencies available from both satellite and other remote collection platforms have improved to the point that the promise of precision agriculture can increasingly be realized. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in particular are providing newer and deeper insights, leveraging their high resolution, sensor-carrying flexibility and dynamic acquisition schedule. This range of remote sensing platforms has been used to estimate comprehensive information related to crop health and dynamics, providing rapid retrievals of leaf area index, canopy cover, chlorophyll, nitrogen, canopy/leaf water content, canopy/leaf temperature, biomass, and yield, amongst many other variables of interest. In combination, they allow for the expansion from local to regional scales and beyond. There has never been a greater opportunity for remote sensing data to enable precision agricultural insights that can be used to better monitor, manage and respond to in-field changes that might impact crop growth, health and yield.

Download or read book GIS Applications in Agriculture Volume Two written by David E. Clay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-02-16 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are entering a new era in production agronomics. Agricultural scientists the world over call for the development of techniques that simultaneously increase soil carbon storage and reduce agriculture's energy use. In response, site-specific or precision agriculture has become the focus and direction for the three motivating forces that are changi

Download or read book Stabilized Nitrogen Management for Soft Red Winter Wheat Production in Missouri written by Fanson Majani Kidwaro and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The utilization of nitrapyrin in nitrogen (N) management may be an important tool for increasing soft red winter wheat yields in Missouri. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Determine the duration of ammonium retention in the soil profile during fall and winter growth periods from anhydrous ammonia fertilizer treated with nitrapyrin(2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine); (2) Evaluate fall and split applications of anhydrous ammonia with or without nitrapyrin for soft red winter wheat in Missouri; and (3) Relate crop yield to NH$\sb4\sp{+}$/NO$\sb3\sp{-}$ soil ratios. Anhydrous ammonia was applied with and without nitrapyrin on a Mexico silt loam (fine montmorillonitic, udolic ochraqualf). Three days after application of anhydrous ammonia, soil samples were collected from the injection zone (IZ) and the surrounding profile up to 8 cm from the IZ. Higher levels of ammonium (NH$\sb4\sp{+}$) were retained in the soil profile in plots treated with nitrapyrin during both 1991-92 and 1992-93 sampling periods. Overall nitrate (NO$\sb3\sp{-}$) levels in the soil profile increased during the first three weeks of the study, but then decreased following wheat establishment and remained relatively low during both 1991-92 and 1992-93 sampling periods. There was a negative relationship between declining NH$\sb4\sp{+}$ levels and cumulative heat units in treatments with and without nitrapyrin during both growing periods. Nitrapyrin improved NH$\sb4\sp{+}$ retention in the soil profile during fall and winter sampling periods. There was no yield response to improved NH$\sb4\sp{+}$ retention by nitrapyrin across sites during the three year study. Yield components and harvest index (HI) were not influenced by split N treatments with or without nitrapyrin. Nitrapyrin did not increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), however, NUE increased with increasing spring N application. Lack of yield response to nitrapyrin clearly indicates that nitrapyrin is not an important tool to be incorporated into the N management for soft red winter wheat production in Missouri.

Download or read book Fertilizer Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrogen Available to Winter Wheat as Influenced by Previous Crop in a Moist Xeric Environment written by Maqsood Hassan Qureshi and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rotating wheat with other crops is a common practice in the Willamette Valley of western Oregon. Depending upon previous crop and soil type, current N fertilizer recommendations for wheat in the Willamette Valley vary widely. Excessive fertilizer poses environmental risk, whereas lower N inputs than required by the crop represent economic losses to growers. Growers and their advisors face the challenge to minimize the environmental risk, and at the same time to maintain or increase economic returns. Questions are often raised concerning the efficient use of N fertilizer and accurately predicting the amount of N needed by wheat following different crops. The first study measured growth, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of winter wheat grown after either a legume or oat for three years. In all three growing seasons, winter wheat showed higher biomass, N uptake and NUE when grown after a legume than after oat. The contribution of legume was evident before the wheat was fertilized in spring, indicating that legume N had mineralized in fall or winter. Contribution of soil N to wheat suggested that fertilizer N can be reduced by 44 kg N ha−1 if a legume is grown previously. Nitrogen use efficiency estimated 50 to 70 days after N application by isotopic method (24 to 94%) was comparable with that estimated simply by difference (21 to 94%) at the same time. The second study predicted gross mineralization rates using analytical models. Comparable N mineralization was predicted by a model assuming remineralization and a model assuming no remineralization, suggesting that remineralization was negligible. In the spring, mineralization-immobilization turnover was at a lower pace than expected in both rotations. In two growing seasons, gross mineralization rates were higher where the previous crop was legume (0.37 to 0.74 kg−1 ha−1 day−1) as compared to where oat was grown previously (0.14 to 0.6 kg−1 ha−1 day). Negative net mineralization indicated that fertilizer N was immobilized in the oat-wheat rotation. The third study evaluated calibration and digestion techniques used to determine elemental concentration in grasses. Use of a dry ashed standard to calibrate the ICP spectrometer generated highly variable calibration curves and was not a viable calibration method. Good agreement was found between chemical and microwave digested standards. Dry ashing resulted in considerable S and Mn losses, whereas, perchloric acid digestion and microwave digestion showed similar results. Our study suggests that if routine analysis are to be performed for macro nutrients or involve trace level work, the best method is microwave digestion with chemical standard calibration of ICP spectrometer.

Download or read book I Production System Techniques to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat II Switchgrass Response to Harvest Frequency and Time and Rate of Applied Nitrogen written by Wade Everett Thomason and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Breeding for Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Soft Red Winter Wheat written by Katlyn L. Hitz and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Canadian Journal of Soil Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1957 with total page 732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Variable Rate Nitrogen and Seeding to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency written by Tabitha Therisa Brown and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence of haying-off in winter wheat was medium to high for drier landscape positions, particularly during low precipitation years and likely occurs in these landscapes most years. Treatment impacts on NUE varied by year and landscape but overall NUE decreased by 14 to 22 kg grain yield per kg N supply as N rate increased from 0 to 160 kg N ha-1 across three landscape positions and two site years (2011 and 2012). Target NUE and maximum anthesis biomass could be achieved with a 34 to 68% reduction in typical seeding rates. The NUE-based performance classification was helpful in identifying environmental or management conditions contributing to low or high NUE indicating potential to be used as an evaluation tool. This research also included a policy fellowship focused on N2O emission reductions and greenhouse gas offset credits that could be generated from adoption of variable rate N for wheat and concluded that offset credits alone would not provide enough incentive for adoption of variable rate N.

Download or read book Agricultural Research in Kansas written by Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exploring GxExM Synergies in World Wide Wheat Production and the Opportunities for International Collaboration written by Brian L. Beres and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-14 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.