Download or read book Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Guide written by Rafay Baloch and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Requiring no prior hacking experience, Ethical Hacking and Penetration Testing Guide supplies a complete introduction to the steps required to complete a penetration test, or ethical hack, from beginning to end. You will learn how to properly utilize and interpret the results of modern-day hacking tools, which are required to complete a penetration test. The book covers a wide range of tools, including Backtrack Linux, Google reconnaissance, MetaGooFil, dig, Nmap, Nessus, Metasploit, Fast Track Autopwn, Netcat, and Hacker Defender rootkit. Supplying a simple and clean explanation of how to effectively utilize these tools, it details a four-step methodology for conducting an effective penetration test or hack.Providing an accessible introduction to penetration testing and hacking, the book supplies you with a fundamental understanding of offensive security. After completing the book you will be prepared to take on in-depth and advanced topics in hacking and penetration testing. The book walks you through each of the steps and tools in a structured, orderly manner allowing you to understand how the output from each tool can be fully utilized in the subsequent phases of the penetration test. This process will allow you to clearly see how the various tools and phases relate to each other. An ideal resource for those who want to learn about ethical hacking but dont know where to start, this book will help take your hacking skills to the next level. The topics described in this book comply with international standards and with what is being taught in international certifications.

Download or read book The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing written by Patrick Engebretson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-06-24 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Basics of Hacking and Penetration Testing, Second Edition, serves as an introduction to the steps required to complete a penetration test or perform an ethical hack from beginning to end. The book teaches students how to properly utilize and interpret the results of the modern-day hacking tools required to complete a penetration test. It provides a simple and clean explanation of how to effectively utilize these tools, along with a four-step methodology for conducting a penetration test or hack, thus equipping students with the know-how required to jump start their careers and gain a better understanding of offensive security. Each chapter contains hands-on examples and exercises that are designed to teach learners how to interpret results and utilize those results in later phases. Tool coverage includes: Backtrack Linux, Google reconnaissance, MetaGooFil, dig, Nmap, Nessus, Metasploit, Fast Track Autopwn, Netcat, and Hacker Defender rootkit. This is complemented by PowerPoint slides for use in class. This book is an ideal resource for security consultants, beginning InfoSec professionals, and students. Each chapter contains hands-on examples and exercises that are designed to teach you how to interpret the results and utilize those results in later phases Written by an author who works in the field as a Penetration Tester and who teaches Offensive Security, Penetration Testing, and Ethical Hacking, and Exploitation classes at Dakota State University Utilizes the Kali Linux distribution and focuses on the seminal tools required to complete a penetration test

Download or read book Penetration Testing written by Georgia Weidman and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2014-06-14 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Penetration testers simulate cyber attacks to find security weaknesses in networks, operating systems, and applications. Information security experts worldwide use penetration techniques to evaluate enterprise defenses. In Penetration Testing, security expert, researcher, and trainer Georgia Weidman introduces you to the core skills and techniques that every pentester needs. Using a virtual machine–based lab that includes Kali Linux and vulnerable operating systems, you’ll run through a series of practical lessons with tools like Wireshark, Nmap, and Burp Suite. As you follow along with the labs and launch attacks, you’ll experience the key stages of an actual assessment—including information gathering, finding exploitable vulnerabilities, gaining access to systems, post exploitation, and more. Learn how to: –Crack passwords and wireless network keys with brute-forcing and wordlists –Test web applications for vulnerabilities –Use the Metasploit Framework to launch exploits and write your own Metasploit modules –Automate social-engineering attacks –Bypass antivirus software –Turn access to one machine into total control of the enterprise in the post exploitation phase You’ll even explore writing your own exploits. Then it’s on to mobile hacking—Weidman’s particular area of research—with her tool, the Smartphone Pentest Framework. With its collection of hands-on lessons that cover key tools and strategies, Penetration Testing is the introduction that every aspiring hacker needs.

Download or read book The Ethical Hack written by James S. Tiller and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-09-29 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the methodologies, framework, and "unwritten conventions" that ethical hacks should employ to provide the maximum value to organizations that want to harden their security. It goes beyond the technical aspects of penetration testing to address the processes and rules of engagement for successful tests. The text examines testing from a strategic perspective to show how testing ramifications affect an entire organization. Security practitioners can use this book to reduce their exposure and deliver better service, while organizations will learn how to align the information about tools, techniques, and vulnerabilities that they gather from testing with their business objectives.

Download or read book Learn Ethical Hacking from Scratch written by Zaid Sabih and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how to hack systems like black hat hackers and secure them like security experts Key Features Understand how computer systems work and their vulnerabilities Exploit weaknesses and hack into machines to test their security Learn how to secure systems from hackers Book Description This book starts with the basics of ethical hacking, how to practice hacking safely and legally, and how to install and interact with Kali Linux and the Linux terminal. You will explore network hacking, where you will see how to test the security of wired and wireless networks. You’ll also learn how to crack the password for any Wi-Fi network (whether it uses WEP, WPA, or WPA2) and spy on the connected devices. Moving on, you will discover how to gain access to remote computer systems using client-side and server-side attacks. You will also get the hang of post-exploitation techniques, including remotely controlling and interacting with the systems that you compromised. Towards the end of the book, you will be able to pick up web application hacking techniques. You'll see how to discover, exploit, and prevent a number of website vulnerabilities, such as XSS and SQL injections. The attacks covered are practical techniques that work against real systems and are purely for educational purposes. At the end of each section, you will learn how to detect, prevent, and secure systems from these attacks. What you will learn Understand ethical hacking and the different fields and types of hackers Set up a penetration testing lab to practice safe and legal hacking Explore Linux basics, commands, and how to interact with the terminal Access password-protected networks and spy on connected clients Use server and client-side attacks to hack and control remote computers Control a hacked system remotely and use it to hack other systems Discover, exploit, and prevent a number of web application vulnerabilities such as XSS and SQL injections Who this book is for Learning Ethical Hacking from Scratch is for anyone interested in learning how to hack and test the security of systems like professional hackers and security experts.

Download or read book Penetration Testing Azure for Ethical Hackers written by David Okeyode and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulate real-world attacks using tactics, techniques, and procedures that adversaries use during cloud breaches Key FeaturesUnderstand the different Azure attack techniques and methodologies used by hackersFind out how you can ensure end-to-end cybersecurity in the Azure ecosystemDiscover various tools and techniques to perform successful penetration tests on your Azure infrastructureBook Description “If you're looking for this book, you need it.” — 5* Amazon Review Curious about how safe Azure really is? Put your knowledge to work with this practical guide to penetration testing. This book offers a no-faff, hands-on approach to exploring Azure penetration testing methodologies, which will get up and running in no time with the help of real-world examples, scripts, and ready-to-use source code. As you learn about the Microsoft Azure platform and understand how hackers can attack resources hosted in the Azure cloud, you'll find out how to protect your environment by identifying vulnerabilities, along with extending your pentesting tools and capabilities. First, you'll be taken through the prerequisites for pentesting Azure and shown how to set up a pentesting lab. You'll then simulate attacks on Azure assets such as web applications and virtual machines from anonymous and authenticated perspectives. In the later chapters, you'll learn about the opportunities for privilege escalation in Azure tenants and ways in which an attacker can create persistent access to an environment. By the end of this book, you'll be able to leverage your ethical hacking skills to identify and implement different tools and techniques to perform successful penetration tests on your own Azure infrastructure. What you will learnIdentify how administrators misconfigure Azure services, leaving them open to exploitationUnderstand how to detect cloud infrastructure, service, and application misconfigurationsExplore processes and techniques for exploiting common Azure security issuesUse on-premises networks to pivot and escalate access within AzureDiagnose gaps and weaknesses in Azure security implementationsUnderstand how attackers can escalate privileges in Azure ADWho this book is for This book is for new and experienced infosec enthusiasts who want to learn how to simulate real-world Azure attacks using tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) that adversaries use in cloud breaches. Any technology professional working with the Azure platform (including Azure administrators, developers, and DevOps engineers) interested in learning how attackers exploit vulnerabilities in Azure hosted infrastructure, applications, and services will find this book useful.

Download or read book Ethical Hacking written by Daniel G. Graham and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2021-09-21 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A hands-on guide to hacking computer systems from the ground up, from capturing traffic to crafting sneaky, successful trojans. A crash course in modern hacking techniques, Ethical Hacking is already being used to prepare the next generation of offensive security experts. In its many hands-on labs, you’ll explore crucial skills for any aspiring penetration tester, security researcher, or malware analyst. You’ll begin with the basics: capturing a victim’s network traffic with an ARP spoofing attack and then viewing it in Wireshark. From there, you’ll deploy reverse shells that let you remotely run commands on a victim’s computer, encrypt files by writing your own ransomware in Python, and fake emails like the ones used in phishing attacks. In advanced chapters, you’ll learn how to fuzz for new vulnerabilities, craft trojans and rootkits, exploit websites with SQL injection, and escalate your privileges to extract credentials, which you’ll use to traverse a private network. You’ll work with a wide range of professional penetration testing tools—and learn to write your own tools in Python—as you practice tasks like: • Deploying the Metasploit framework’s reverse shells and embedding them in innocent-seeming files • Capturing passwords in a corporate Windows network using Mimikatz • Scanning (almost) every device on the internet to find potential victims • Installing Linux rootkits that modify a victim’s operating system • Performing advanced Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks that execute sophisticated JavaScript payloads Along the way, you’ll gain a foundation in the relevant computing technologies. Discover how advanced fuzzers work behind the scenes, learn how internet traffic gets encrypted, explore the inner mechanisms of nation-state malware like Drovorub, and much more. Developed with feedback from cybersecurity students, Ethical Hacking addresses contemporary issues in the field not often covered in other books and will prepare you for a career in penetration testing. Most importantly, you’ll be able to think like an ethical hacker⁠: someone who can carefully analyze systems and creatively gain access to them.

Download or read book Linux Basics for Hackers written by OccupyTheWeb and published by No Starch Press. This book was released on 2018-12-04 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical, tutorial-style book uses the Kali Linux distribution to teach Linux basics with a focus on how hackers would use them. Topics include Linux command line basics, filesystems, networking, BASH basics, package management, logging, and the Linux kernel and drivers. If you're getting started along the exciting path of hacking, cybersecurity, and pentesting, Linux Basics for Hackers is an excellent first step. Using Kali Linux, an advanced penetration testing distribution of Linux, you'll learn the basics of using the Linux operating system and acquire the tools and techniques you'll need to take control of a Linux environment. First, you'll learn how to install Kali on a virtual machine and get an introduction to basic Linux concepts. Next, you'll tackle broader Linux topics like manipulating text, controlling file and directory permissions, and managing user environment variables. You'll then focus in on foundational hacking concepts like security and anonymity and learn scripting skills with bash and Python. Practical tutorials and exercises throughout will reinforce and test your skills as you learn how to: - Cover your tracks by changing your network information and manipulating the rsyslog logging utility - Write a tool to scan for network connections, and connect and listen to wireless networks - Keep your internet activity stealthy using Tor, proxy servers, VPNs, and encrypted email - Write a bash script to scan open ports for potential targets - Use and abuse services like MySQL, Apache web server, and OpenSSH - Build your own hacking tools, such as a remote video spy camera and a password cracker Hacking is complex, and there is no single way in. Why not start at the beginning with Linux Basics for Hackers?

Download or read book Professional Penetration Testing written by Thomas Wilhelm and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-06-27 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professional Penetration Testing walks you through the entire process of setting up and running a pen test lab. Penetration testing—the act of testing a computer network to find security vulnerabilities before they are maliciously exploited—is a crucial component of information security in any organization. With this book, you will find out how to turn hacking skills into a professional career. Chapters cover planning, metrics, and methodologies; the details of running a pen test, including identifying and verifying vulnerabilities; and archiving, reporting and management practices. Author Thomas Wilhelm has delivered penetration testing training to countless security professionals, and now through the pages of this book you can benefit from his years of experience as a professional penetration tester and educator. After reading this book, you will be able to create a personal penetration test lab that can deal with real-world vulnerability scenarios. All disc-based content for this title is now available on the Web. Find out how to turn hacking and pen testing skills into a professional career Understand how to conduct controlled attacks on a network through real-world examples of vulnerable and exploitable servers Master project management skills necessary for running a formal penetration test and setting up a professional ethical hacking business Discover metrics and reporting methodologies that provide experience crucial to a professional penetration tester

Download or read book Penetration Testing For Dummies written by Robert Shimonski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Target, test, analyze, and report on security vulnerabilities with pen testing Pen Testing is necessary for companies looking to target, test, analyze, and patch the security vulnerabilities from hackers attempting to break into and compromise their organizations data. It takes a person with hacking skills to look for the weaknesses that make an organization susceptible to hacking. Pen Testing For Dummies aims to equip IT enthusiasts at various levels with the basic knowledge of pen testing. It is the go-to book for those who have some IT experience but desire more knowledge of how to gather intelligence on a target, learn the steps for mapping out a test, and discover best practices for analyzing, solving, and reporting on vulnerabilities. The different phases of a pen test from pre-engagement to completion Threat modeling and understanding risk When to apply vulnerability management vs penetration testing Ways to keep your pen testing skills sharp, relevant, and at the top of the game Get ready to gather intelligence, discover the steps for mapping out tests, and analyze and report results!

Download or read book Hack I T written by T. J. Klevinsky and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 2002 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CD-ROM contains: Freeware tools.

Download or read book Learning Kali Linux written by Ric Messier and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2018-07-17 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With more than 600 security tools in its arsenal, the Kali Linux distribution can be overwhelming. Experienced and aspiring security professionals alike may find it challenging to select the most appropriate tool for conducting a given test. This practical book covers Kali’s expansive security capabilities and helps you identify the tools you need to conduct a wide range of security tests and penetration tests. You’ll also explore the vulnerabilities that make those tests necessary. Author Ric Messier takes you through the foundations of Kali Linux and explains methods for conducting tests on networks, web applications, wireless security, password vulnerability, and more. You’ll discover different techniques for extending Kali tools and creating your own toolset. Learn tools for stress testing network stacks and applications Perform network reconnaissance to determine what’s available to attackers Execute penetration tests using automated exploit tools such as Metasploit Use cracking tools to see if passwords meet complexity requirements Test wireless capabilities by injecting frames and cracking passwords Assess web application vulnerabilities with automated or proxy-based tools Create advanced attack techniques by extending Kali tools or developing your own Use Kali Linux to generate reports once testing is complete

Download or read book Python for Offensive PenTest written by Hussam Khrais and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-04-26 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your one-stop guide to using Python, creating your own hacking tools, and making the most out of resources available for this programming language Key Features Comprehensive information on building a web application penetration testing framework using Python Master web application penetration testing using the multi-paradigm programming language Python Detect vulnerabilities in a system or application by writing your own Python scripts Book Description Python is an easy-to-learn and cross-platform programming language that has unlimited third-party libraries. Plenty of open source hacking tools are written in Python, which can be easily integrated within your script. This book is packed with step-by-step instructions and working examples to make you a skilled penetration tester. It is divided into clear bite-sized chunks, so you can learn at your own pace and focus on the areas of most interest to you. This book will teach you how to code a reverse shell and build an anonymous shell. You will also learn how to hack passwords and perform a privilege escalation on Windows with practical examples. You will set up your own virtual hacking environment in VirtualBox, which will help you run multiple operating systems for your testing environment. By the end of this book, you will have learned how to code your own scripts and mastered ethical hacking from scratch. What you will learn Code your own reverse shell (TCP and HTTP) Create your own anonymous shell by interacting with Twitter, Google Forms, and SourceForge Replicate Metasploit features and build an advanced shell Hack passwords using multiple techniques (API hooking, keyloggers, and clipboard hijacking) Exfiltrate data from your target Add encryption (AES, RSA, and XOR) to your shell to learn how cryptography is being abused by malware Discover privilege escalation on Windows with practical examples Countermeasures against most attacks Who this book is for This book is for ethical hackers; penetration testers; students preparing for OSCP, OSCE, GPEN, GXPN, and CEH; information security professionals; cybersecurity consultants; system and network security administrators; and programmers who are keen on learning all about penetration testing.

Download or read book Certified Ethical Hacker CEH Preparation Guide written by Ahmed Sheikh and published by Apress. This book was released on 2021-08-28 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Know the basic principles of ethical hacking. This book is designed to provide you with the knowledge, tactics, and tools needed to prepare for the Certified Ethical Hacker(CEH) exam—a qualification that tests the cybersecurity professional’s baseline knowledge of security threats, risks, and countermeasures through lectures and hands-on labs. You will review the organized certified hacking mechanism along with: stealthy network re-con; passive traffic detection; privilege escalation, vulnerability recognition, remote access, spoofing; impersonation, brute force threats, and cross-site scripting. The book covers policies for penetration testing and requirements for documentation. This book uses a unique “lesson” format with objectives and instruction to succinctly review each major topic, including: footprinting and reconnaissance and scanning networks, system hacking, sniffers and social engineering, session hijacking, Trojans and backdoor viruses and worms, hacking webservers, SQL injection, buffer overflow, evading IDS, firewalls, and honeypots, and much more. What You Will learn Understand the concepts associated with Footprinting Perform active and passive reconnaissance Identify enumeration countermeasures Be familiar with virus types, virus detection methods, and virus countermeasures Know the proper order of steps used to conduct a session hijacking attack Identify defensive strategies against SQL injection attacks Analyze internal and external network traffic using an intrusion detection system Who This Book Is For Security professionals looking to get this credential, including systems administrators, network administrators, security administrators, junior IT auditors/penetration testers, security specialists, security consultants, security engineers, and more

Download or read book Web Penetration Testing with Kali Linux written by Gilberto Najera-Gutierrez and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build your defense against web attacks with Kali Linux, including command injection flaws, crypto implementation layers, and web application security holes Key Features Know how to set up your lab with Kali Linux Discover the core concepts of web penetration testing Get the tools and techniques you need with Kali Linux Book Description Web Penetration Testing with Kali Linux - Third Edition shows you how to set up a lab, helps you understand the nature and mechanics of attacking websites, and explains classical attacks in great depth. This edition is heavily updated for the latest Kali Linux changes and the most recent attacks. Kali Linux shines when it comes to client-side attacks and fuzzing in particular. From the start of the book, you'll be given a thorough grounding in the concepts of hacking and penetration testing, and you'll see the tools used in Kali Linux that relate to web application hacking. You'll gain a deep understanding of classicalSQL, command-injection flaws, and the many ways to exploit these flaws. Web penetration testing also needs a general overview of client-side attacks, which is rounded out by a long discussion of scripting and input validation flaws. There is also an important chapter on cryptographic implementation flaws, where we discuss the most recent problems with cryptographic layers in the networking stack. The importance of these attacks cannot be overstated, and defending against them is relevant to most internet users and, of course, penetration testers. At the end of the book, you'll use an automated technique called fuzzing to identify flaws in a web application. Finally, you'll gain an understanding of web application vulnerabilities and the ways they can be exploited using the tools in Kali Linux. What you will learn Learn how to set up your lab with Kali Linux Understand the core concepts of web penetration testing Get to know the tools and techniques you need to use with Kali Linux Identify the difference between hacking a web application and network hacking Expose vulnerabilities present in web servers and their applications using server-side attacks Understand the different techniques used to identify the flavor of web applications See standard attacks such as exploiting cross-site request forgery and cross-site scripting flaws Get an overview of the art of client-side attacks Explore automated attacks such as fuzzing web applications Who this book is for Since this book sets out to cover a large number of tools and security fields, it can work as an introduction to practical security skills for beginners in security. In addition, web programmers and also system administrators would benefit from this rigorous introduction to web penetration testing. Basic system administration skills are necessary, and the ability to read code is a must.

Download or read book Advanced Penetration Testing written by Wil Allsopp and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-27 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Build a better defense against motivated, organized, professional attacks Advanced Penetration Testing: Hacking the World's Most Secure Networks takes hacking far beyond Kali linux and Metasploit to provide a more complex attack simulation. Featuring techniques not taught in any certification prep or covered by common defensive scanners, this book integrates social engineering, programming, and vulnerability exploits into a multidisciplinary approach for targeting and compromising high security environments. From discovering and creating attack vectors, and moving unseen through a target enterprise, to establishing command and exfiltrating data—even from organizations without a direct Internet connection—this guide contains the crucial techniques that provide a more accurate picture of your system's defense. Custom coding examples use VBA, Windows Scripting Host, C, Java, JavaScript, Flash, and more, with coverage of standard library applications and the use of scanning tools to bypass common defensive measures. Typical penetration testing consists of low-level hackers attacking a system with a list of known vulnerabilities, and defenders preventing those hacks using an equally well-known list of defensive scans. The professional hackers and nation states on the forefront of today's threats operate at a much more complex level—and this book shows you how to defend your high security network. Use targeted social engineering pretexts to create the initial compromise Leave a command and control structure in place for long-term access Escalate privilege and breach networks, operating systems, and trust structures Infiltrate further using harvested credentials while expanding control Today's threats are organized, professionally-run, and very much for-profit. Financial institutions, health care organizations, law enforcement, government agencies, and other high-value targets need to harden their IT infrastructure and human capital against targeted advanced attacks from motivated professionals. Advanced Penetration Testing goes beyond Kali linux and Metasploit and to provide you advanced pen testing for high security networks.

Download or read book The Pentester BluePrint written by Phillip L. Wylie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: JUMPSTART YOUR NEW AND EXCITING CAREER AS A PENETRATION TESTER The Pentester BluePrint: Your Guide to Being a Pentester offers readers a chance to delve deeply into the world of the ethical, or "white-hat" hacker. Accomplished pentester and author Phillip L. Wylie and cybersecurity researcher Kim Crawley walk you through the basic and advanced topics necessary to understand how to make a career out of finding vulnerabilities in systems, networks, and applications. You'll learn about the role of a penetration tester, what a pentest involves, and the prerequisite knowledge you'll need to start the educational journey of becoming a pentester. Discover how to develop a plan by assessing your current skillset and finding a starting place to begin growing your knowledge and skills. Finally, find out how to become employed as a pentester by using social media, networking strategies, and community involvement. Perfect for IT workers and entry-level information security professionals, The Pentester BluePrint also belongs on the bookshelves of anyone seeking to transition to the exciting and in-demand field of penetration testing. Written in a highly approachable and accessible style, The Pentester BluePrint avoids unnecessarily technical lingo in favor of concrete advice and practical strategies to help you get your start in pentesting. This book will teach you: The foundations of pentesting, including basic IT skills like operating systems, networking, and security systems The development of hacking skills and a hacker mindset Where to find educational options, including college and university classes, security training providers, volunteer work, and self-study Which certifications and degrees are most useful for gaining employment as a pentester How to get experience in the pentesting field, including labs, CTFs, and bug bounties