Download or read book Essays on Capital Gains Taxes and Housing written by Zachary William Richards and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of three essays regarding the effects of federal taxation of residential capital, with a focus on owner-occupied housing. Owner-occupied housing is granted a number of tax subsidies under the federal individual income tax code. Among them are the mortgage interest and property tax deductions and the tax exclusions on imputed rental income for the homeowner and capital gains from the sale of a primary residence. In the first essay, entitled ʺDoes the Exclusion of Capital Gains Taxes on Housing Promote Labor Mobility?", I examine the impact of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA97), which dramatically reduced effective tax rates on residential capital gains, on the likelihood of a homeowner undertaking a job-related relocation. The results indicate that homeowners with large accrued gains are more likely to move for job-related reasons after the passage of TRA97 than before, implying efficiency gains from a spatial reallocation of labor. In the second essay, "The Effects of EGTRRA and JGTRRA Expiration on the User Cost of Housing", I calculate last-dollar user costs for owner-occupants using an augmented model that incorporates the current tax exclusion of residential capital gains. User cost calculations are made under current and future policy to determine the effects of higher marginal income and capital gains tax rates on the costs of homeownership. The results indicate that the expiration of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) will have a regressive effect on user costs, with high-income homeowners receiving the largest percentage reductions despite higher long-term capital gains tax rates. The final essay, "Residential Capital Gains Taxes and the Dynamics of Housing Markets", examines the macroeconomic implications of TRA97. I present evidence that a structural break occurred around the time of its implementation, affecting the relationship between aggregaegate measures of the housing market, money growth, and output. This suggests that effective tax rates on residential capital gains play an important role in the fluctuations of residential fixed investment and may alter the impacts of monetary policy.
Download or read book Essays on the Taxation of Capital Gains written by Ricardo de Oliveira Cavalcanti and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays in Taxation written by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 830 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays in Taxation written by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (R. A.) and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Two Essays on the Taxation of Unearned Incomes written by Harry Gunnison Brown and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Capital Gains Household Consumption and Corporate Payout Policy written by Chris Mitchell (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation consists of three chapters related to accrued capital gains. The first essay is concerned with estimating the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) out of accrued capital gains on owner-occupied housing in Canada. Its main methodological contribution lies in using a hedonic price equation to value these gains. The results suggest that for every 1 dollar increase in expected housing capital gains households increase total consumption by approximately 9.4 cents, and increase non-durable consumption by 7.3 cents. The second essay of this thesis proposes a model of economic behaviour that can explain why corporations pay dividends despite their tax disadvantage relative to share repurchases. The key result is that firms must pay a premium above the intrinsic value of equity to repurchase shares, reflecting the lock-in effect caused by a realization-based capital gains tax system. In equilibrium, firms pay dividends whenever this additional cost is sufficiently high. The third essay examines the effect of capital income taxation on corporate payout policy in Canada. The analysis makes use of a new dataset on share repurchases carried out by Toronto Stock Exchange listed Canadian corporations over the period 1987-2008. It also uses new estimates of Canadian average marginal tax rates applied to capital income. The results suggest that total payout is positively related to changes in both the corporate income tax rate and the capital gains tax rate, but is unaffected by the dividend tax rate. The results also suggest that share repurchase levels are positively related to changes in the dividend tax rate and negatively related to changes in the capital gains tax rate. Dividend payments are found to have a positive relationship with changes to the capital gains tax rate.
Download or read book Essays in Taxation written by Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Taxation of Capital Income written by Alan J. Auerbach and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important contribution to tax analysis presents seven related theoretical essays that examine the effects of capital income taxation on the behavior of firms. It is divided into three sections, focusing on optimal tax design, firm financial policy, and inflation. Taken together, the essays demonstrate the powerful role taxes play in shaping the behavior of American corporations, and also provide insights into the difficult task of tax reform. Auerbach's results suggest policies the government might adopt to promote the optimal accumulation of capital. He examines the implications for capital taxation of discrepancies between nominal depreciation rates and real economic depreciation, and suggests appropriate rules of thumb for determining when capital taxation is neutral among alternative investment projects. He also makes important contributions to the debate over the integration of corporate and personal taxes on capital income and to the behavioral puzzle of why corporations pay dividends to their shareholders.
Download or read book Three Essays on Taxation written by Kirsten Abram Cook and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation contains three essays. The first essay examines the response of equity values to the announcement of a decrease in the capital gains tax rate. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 reduced the long-term capital gains tax rate. News of this rate reduction reached investors in late April to early May of 1997. During the week of this event, firms with appreciated stock positions, average holding periods of at least one year, and individual marginal investors reported lower returns than companies lacking one or more of these characteristics. The second essay builds on recent research reporting that firms establish target capital structures by weighing the costs and benefits of debt and that adjustment costs dictate how rapidly companies move toward optimal leverage ratios. If tax considerations impact debt structures adjust more rapidly than companies below the goals because low-tax firms have less need of interest deductions to decrease tax burdens and, thus, sacrifice less tax benefit when retiring debt. The third essay demonstrates that manufacturing firms manipulate production to manage earnings and examines whether tax incentives magnify or temper this strategy. Companies that exceed the quarterly consensus analyst forecasts absent the earnings effects of discretionary inventory changes cut production and create an earnings cookie jar for future quarters. For this sub-sample, companies make larger discretionary inventory decreases as the marginal tax rates rise in the fourth quarter relative to the first three quarters. In contrast, the sub-sample of firms that miss income goals without manipulating production use discretionary inventory increases to enhance earnings and potentially reach benchmarks. Higher tax rates do not impede miss firms from managing earnings upward; however, considerations of tax timing dissuade these companies from opportunistically manipulating production in the fourth quarter.
Download or read book Essays on the Taxation of Capital Income written by Alan Jeffrey Auerbach and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Three Essays on Institutional Investors and Income Taxes written by Spencer Conley Usrey and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates the role of institutional investors in capital market tax studies. Specifically, this studies examines how institutional investors influence firms' cost of capital and financing decisions following changes in personal tax rates on debt and equity income. The dissertation is organized into three essays that examine these topics. The first two essays examine tax rate changes in 1997 and 2003 that reduced the personal tax rates on interest, capital gains and dividends. Essay 3 summarizes relevant literature involving institutional investors and capital market tax studies. Essay 1 investigates whether differences between the tax liabilities of the underlying shareholders of institutional investors affect firms' capital structures and decisions to issue debt versus equity following changes in tax rates on investment income received by individuals. The study predicts that firms with high concentrations of tax disadvantaged institutional investors (institutions whose underlying shareholders are taxable) will issue more equity relative to debt than those with high concentrations of tax-advantaged institutional investors (institutions whose underlying shareholders are not taxable). The results find that the financing decisions of firms with high levels of tax-disadvantaged institutional investors are influenced by changes in individual tax rates. Essay 2 investigates whether differences in the tax attributes of the underlying shareholders of institutional investors influences the impact of equity tax rate changes on a firm's cost of equity. The study examines a sample period of two years (eight quarters) around the enactment of the 1997 and 2003 Acts. The study finds that firms with high levels of tax-disadvantaged ownership experienced a decrease in their cost of equity capital following a decrease in the individual tax rate on capital gains. In addition, the interaction of the institutional investor dummy variable and a dummy variable indicating the observation is after the 2003 Act indicates that the cost of equity capital for firms with high levels of tax-disadvantaged ownership decreased following the 2003 Act. The results of Essays 1 and 2 provide evidence that institutional investors are not homogeneous with respect to their influence on firms' cost of capital and financing decisions following changes in individual tax rates.
Download or read book Three Essays on the Taxation of Unearned Incomes written by Harry Gunnison Brown and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In three essays the author discusses whether taxation can be used as a tool for obtaining and perpetuation of economic democracy, and if so, what system of taxation is the best for the end in view.
Download or read book Taxation and the Price of Civilization written by Richard E. Wagner and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tax Progressivity and Income Inequality written by Joel Slemrod and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-10-13 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assembles nine papers on tax progressivity and its relationship to income inequality, written by leading public finance economists. The papers document the changes during the 1980s in progressivity at the federal, state, and local level in the US. One chapter investigates the extent to which the declining progressivity contributed to the well-documented increase in income inequality over the past two decades, while others investigate the economic impact and cost of progressive tax systems. Special attention is given to the behavioral response to taxation of high-income individuals, portfolio behavior, and the taxation of capital gains. The concluding set of essays addresses the contentious issue of what constitutes a 'fair' tax system, contrasting public attitudes towards alternative tax systems to economists' notions of fairness. Each essay is followed by remarks of a commentator plus a summary of the discussion among contributors.
Download or read book International and Comparative Taxation Essays in Honour of Klaus Vogel written by Klaus Vogel and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2002-09-03 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compilation of the 16 English language contributions of "Staaten und Steuern (States and Taxes)", the original festschrift to honour Klaus Vogel.
Download or read book Trouble Spots in Taxation written by Harold Martin Groves and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1948 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An informal discussion for the general reader of the most critical problems of taxation, including an important chapter on the income tax. Originally published in 1948. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Download or read book Taxation and the Promotion of Human Happiness written by George Warde Norman and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edition of a hitherto unknown work demonstrates the importance of utilitarianism to liberal thinking on taxation. As such, this unique book will appeal to specialists in the history of economic thought and to historians, especially those with an interest in the history of public finance, an area in which G.W. Norman's contribution has been almost entirely overlooked.
