Download or read book Essays on Nonstandard Determinants of Labor Supply written by Simon Georges-Kot and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents four independent works examining nonstandard determinants of labor supply. The first two chapters build on the unique features of public holidays and school holidays in France to study workers' demand for joint leisure time. The first chapter focuses on couples and reveals that when some workers are exogenously constrained to take additional paid leave at certain points in time, their spouse also tends to take more time off at these moments, even when this is costly. The second chapter moves beyond the household to show that similar exogenous increases in the amount of leisure time enjoyed by workers living with children at specific moments induce very significant synchronous increases in the demand for leisure of workers living in other households. The last two chapters study the relationship between private wealth and labor supply. In the third chapter, we examine the effect of inheritance on the retirement behavior of older workers. We find that inheritance receipt has very significant effects on instantaneous retirement probabilities, and we provide empirical evidence that risk aversion and liquidity constraints are important channels for this effect. In the last chapter, we study the evolution over time of the effect of inheritance receipt and real-estate price variations on entry into self-employment. We find that the effect of both of these sources of variation of wealth on men's entry into self-employment has decreased over time, suggesting a relaxation of financial constraints on entry into self-employment in recent years.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Determinants of Labor Market Dynamics written by Dario S. Judzik and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esta tesis está constituida por tres ensayos empíricos sobre los determinantes de las dinámicas del mercado laboral. Cada uno de estos ensayos se centra en tres variables fundamentales para el mercado laboral: el salario real, la intensidad de capital (o capital por trabajador), y el empleo a nivel sectorial. El primer ensayo presenta un análisis sobre el proceso de fijación de salarios aplicado a 8 países, de acuerdo con la clasificación del mercado de trabajo de Daveri y Tabellini (2000): anglosajón (EE.UU. y Reino Unido), Europa continental (Francia, Italia y España), los países nórdicos (Suecia y Finlandia), y Japón. Los resultados muestran que la determinación de los salarios en las últimas décadas ha estado condicionada por tres factores estructurales, independientemente de las diferencias entre estos modelos económicos. Es decir, los resultados son robustos a diferentes estructuras institucionales, por ejemplo, si el mercado laboral se ve afectado por una más o menos estricta legislación de protección del empleo. La identificación de estos principales motores de la determinación de los salarios es fundamental para el diseño de políticas de desempleo porque éstos determinan los resultados del mercado laboral a través de la presión sobre los salarios. Dichos factores estructurales son: el crecimiento de la productividad, la desafiliación sindical, y el comercio internacional. También se pone de manifiesto que la desafiliación sindical y el comercio, mediante evitar que los salarios reales suban aún más, y aumentando así la brecha entre salario y productividad, han actuado como importantes contribuyentes a la continua caída en la participación de las rentas del trabajo. El segundo ensayo se centra en la intensidad de capital (es decir, la relación capital por trabajador), que generalmente se considera como un factor en crecimiento económico, y la evaluación empírica de sus factores determinantes ha sido un tema en general descuidado. Se presenta un marco analítico que incluye consideraciones del lado de la demanda en el modelo uniecuacional estándar de intensidad de capital. Los resultados de las estimaciones confirman el coste relativo de los factores de producción como motor de la oferta fundamental de la intensidad de capital generando, también, estimaciones plausibles de la elasticidad de sustitución entre capital y trabajo. Los dos proxies que consideramos para las presiones del lado de la demanda resultan también relevantes. Este resultado requiere un enfoque más amplio que el habitual cuando se trabaja con los factores de la demanda de producción y, como lo hemos hecho, al examinar los determinantes de la intensidad de capital. Este ensayo también revela la posibilidad de una naturaleza diferente de los cambios tecnológicos en Japón y los EE.UU. Como se ha argumentado, esta misma diferencia proporciona una explicación de la diferente evolución de la intensidad de capital en Japón y los EE.UU., e incluso de sus modelos de crecimiento ya bien conocidos, siendo Japón, tradicionalmente, uno de los grandes exportadores netos mundo; y los EE.UU. una de las mayores economías importadoras netas. Nuestros resultados alertan sobre un diseño simplista de las políticas basadas exclusivamente en consideraciones relativas a la oferta, y requieren un cuidadoso diseño de las políticas que afectan a las decisiones de las empresas sobre la inversión y la contratación de trabajo. La razón es que estas políticas afectan de manera crucial el comportamiento procíclico de la relación entre las tasas de utilización de la capacidad instalada y el empleo, ya que en las expansiones económicas la tasa de utilización de la capacidad tiende a aumentar proporcionalmente más que la tasa de empleo, probablemente debido a que en el muy corto plazo es menos costoso utilizar una mayor proporción de la capacidad ya instalada que contratar a nuevos trabajadores. En el tercer ensayo se analiza la heterogeneidad de la demanda laboral desde dos perspectivas empíricas. Por un lado, se calcula la elasticidad a nivel sectorial de la demanda de mano de obra y encontramos que estos valores varían significativamente entre las actividades económicas. Éstos son, generalmente, más altos en los EE.UU. y en Suecia que los que se encuentran en el caso de Alemania. Por otra parte, se investigan los efectos sobre el empleo de una mayor exposición al comercio internacional. Hacemos esto mediante la ampliación de un modelo de demanda de trabajo sectorial con apertura al comercio en la ecuación empírica. Luego, se desagrega la apertura al comercio en cuatro variables de acuerdo a cuatro tipos de mercancías: manufacturas, servicios, agricultura y combustibles. Por último, este ensayo también verifica la presencia de cambio tecnológico ahorrador de trabajo (labor-saving) en los tres países estudiados. Este descubrimiento es un resultado común en la literatura relacionada (Klump et al. 2012, Feldmann 2013). En particular, en los EE.UU. y Suecia se detecta una tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia del trabajo similar. Dado que hay un efecto negativo sobre el empleo del cambio técnico, esta menor tasa de crecimiento de la eficiencia en el caso de Alemania puede explicar, en parte, su desempeño laboral diferenciado en la última década.

Download or read book Essays on the Determinants of Worker Productivity and Labor Market Outcomes written by Melissa Christine LoPalo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines determinants of worker productivity, labor market outcomes, and population health. The first chapter, previously published in the Journal of Public Economics, examines the impacts of cash assistance on refugee labor market outcomes. I exploit variation across states and over time in the generosity of cash assistance available to refugees upon arrival in the U.S. and study the impacts on wages and employment. I argue that cash assistance is randomly assigned to refugees conditional on characteristics such as education and country of origin, as refugee placement is decided by a committee that does not meet with the refugees or learn their preferences. I find that refugees resettled with more generous cash assistance go on to earn higher wages, with no significant change in the probability of employment. The effects are largest for highly-educated refugees. The second chapter examines the impact of temperature on the productivity and job performance of outdoor workers in developing countries. I overcome data challenges with studying individual-level productivity by studying household survey interviewers as workers. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey interviewers in 46 countries, I find that interviewers complete fewer interviews per hour worked on hot and humid days, driven by an increase in working hours. I also find evidence that suggests that workers allocate their effort towards tasks that are more easily observed by supervisors on hot days. The third chapter, previously published in Social Justice Research and co-authored with Diane Coffey and Dean Spears, examines the role of social inequality in population health outcomes in India, focusing on the case of casteism and child height in India. We describe evidence from the India Human Development Survey showing that children in villages with more strongly casteist attitudes are shorter on average, an association that is statistically explained by the association between casteism and the prevalence of open defecation

Download or read book Essays on Changing Nature of Work and Organizations written by Hye Jin Rho and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines how the changing nature of work and organizations has altered the U.S. labor market to influence employment outcomes for job seekers (1) in alternative work arrangements and (2) of different genders. The first essay describes recent developments in the labor market for nonstandard workers, that is, an increase in the variety of pathways through which nonstandard workers are assigned to work. I suggest that changes in the regulatory environment, the rhetoric around competition, and technological developments have shaped inter-organizational relationships and norms in the industry to bring about a very different system of labor markets than was traditionally understood. I contend that such a multifaceted employment model with a diverse set of exchanges among multiple actors has profound implications for the future of IR research. The second essay examines the "multi-layered labor contracting" structure in which the recruitment of nonstandard workers is outsourced to an intermediating organization, who then selects workers from a group of competing suppliers. Drawing on power-dependence theories, I examine the link between these new contractual relationships and economic outcomes for lead firms and workers. Using proprietary data from employment records of nonstandard workers in Fortune 500 firms, I find that an additional contracting layer between lead firms and workers is associated with higher returns to firms and lower returns to workers. The loss from an additional contracting layer is reduced when workers gain bargaining power through pre-existing relationships with the firm. The third essay addresses how interactional processes between employers and job seekers at an initial recruitment phase online influence gender sorting of job seekers. We use unique data from a field study and (Study 1) a field experiment (Study 2) of online job postings to test two distinct interactional mechanisms: gendered language (as experienced by job seekers) and in-group preferences (as exercised by job seekers). We mostly find support for our predictions that, compared to male job seekers, female job seekers are more likely to show interest in and apply to a job when the job is described using more stereotypically feminine words or by female recruiters.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply written by Peter Ericson and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply written by Evgenia Dechter and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Economic Analysis of Labor Supply written by Glen George Cain and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Economic Analysis of Labor Supply written by Glen G. Cain and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Supply and Wage Dynamics written by Eric Baird French and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In my third essay, I estimate a learning-by-doing model using PSID data. By working longer hours in the present, an individual receives higher wages in the future. Estimates reveal that by increasing hours worked in a given year by 10%, next year's wage should increase by 1%.

Download or read book Essays in Labor Supply written by Paul David Thistle and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Two Essays in the history of short run labor supply theory written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays in Conventional Labor Supply written by Guangmao Nie and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply and Discrimination written by Myeong-Su Yun and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Wage Determination and Labor Market Inequality written by Zoe B. Cullen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores questions in labor economics with a particular focus on economic inequality. As one might expect, race, gender, and location are recurring themes. The dissertation makes headway on long-standing questions in economics, in large part, through the collection of administrative datasets, and complementary field experiments. In the first chapter, I present evidence that employers pay a premium to equalize pay between workers if those workers can share information about their compensation. To establish a causal relationship between pay transparency and wage compression, I work with the operator of an online labor market who granted me access to detailed records of the tasks that employers advertise and the prices at which workers are willing to do them. These data capture the entire wage determination process, making it possible to observe the drivers of wage compression and the gender wage gap. Three facts emerge. First, for a particular multi-worker setting, pay between any two workers differs on average by over fifty percent when workers propose a price for their services. Second, when workers are in the same location, employers deliberately raise the pay of lower bidders, reducing dispersion, irrespective of differences in assessed productivity or reservation values. Finally, employers who compress pay when workers work in the same place will allow disparities when workers are physically separated. Overall, we find that even in this short-term spot market for labor, consideration of relative pay are quantitatively important for both wages and labor supply. We combine these online platform data with a field experiment to show that, with few institutional constraints, paying a premium to compress pay may be efficient when workers can communicate pay. Our field experiment shows that when pay is unequal, workers strategically use information about co-worker pay to negotiate higher wages that can double the time it takes to complete a job. Worker morale response to lower relative pay can lead quality of output to fall by a full standard deviation. An employer can make trade-offs between these costs by adjusting the terms of negotiation or compressing pay. A profit maximizing employer may optimally equalize wages ex-ante in equilibrium. An important extension to this empirical result is the effect of gender on the ramifications of pay transparency. While a male worker who communicates with co-workers is, on average, able to close the wage gap between the highest paid work and himself by 85 percent, a female worker in the same position closes the gap by 12 percent. This result may give pause to advocates of pay transparency policies if their goal is more equal pay for men and women. The second and third chapter examine the relationship between place and productivity. In the second chapter, I study the impact on aggregate productivity of policies that affect a firm's choice of where to locate. In particular, I study the relationship between state corporate taxes and the investment of firms in R & D, as captured by new patents. While tax advantaged-areas make investment cheaper for firms, they often require firms to locate where their productivity will be lower. In this chapter, I create a unique patent-establishment panel dataset by linking the residence of scientists on each patent application granted, over a thirty-year window, with the address of U.S. establishments. With this dataset, I show that innovation productivity is lower in low tax places, suggesting that place-based productivity is a more important determinant of innovative activity than traditional explanations which focus on the cost of investment. Our analysis proceeds in three steps. First, we analyze establishment mobility and show that lower taxes attract establishments. In particular, a one percent lower corporate tax rate increases the share of establishments in a local area by roughly 3.4%. Second, we exploit establishment migration to separate variation in innovation productivity due to establishment-specific and place-specific characteristics. We show that moving to a place that is 5% more productive increases a given firm's patent activity by 1\%. We follow this literature in evaluating the validity of this variation using pre-move behavior and control functions in the spirit of Dahl (2002). We then relate these place effects to corporate taxes and document that low tax places tend to have lower innovation productivity. The third chapter provides evidence that the voluntary choice of African-Americans to move from Northern regions in the U.S. to Southern regions is responsible in part for lower occupational standing and real income. I find that these migration patterns are also part of a trend that accelerated during the early 21st century among Northern born African-Americans. We combine evidence from four nationally-representative surveys, the U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and the Survey of Income Program and Participation, to statistically assess the forces behind a reverse migration from North to South and associated economic trade-offs. Using variation in the precise timing of individual moves and a model of the wage process, I provide evidence that, on average, African-American are moving to places where their earnings are lower after adjusting for regional price differences, and much lower relative to non-Hispanic white migrants. As suggestive evidence about the reason for these moves, we find that the magnitude of the economic trade-off between origin and destination is proportional to the severity and duration of riots which occurred in Northern cities at the time of the earlier Great Migration. We conclude from this that attractive amenities of the South may play a minor role in driving a reverse migration relative to the failure of some Northern cities to integrate during the 20th century. In chapters 1 and 2, I work closely with co-authors Bobak Pakzad Hurson, currently a classmate of mine, and Juan Carlos Suarez Serrato, who was a post-doc at Stanford at the inception of our collaboration, and who has since take a faculty position at Duke University.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply written by Martino Tasso and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: My dissertation consists of three applied studies in the area of public finance and labor economics. In the first chapter, "The effect of financial aid and tax policies on educational choices", I build and estimate a structural dynamic life-cycle model of education choices, labor force participation, and saving decisions by young men in the United States. The model is estimated with the method of simulated moments using a longitudinal sample of white, black, and Hispanic young men from the 1997 panel of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The model incorporates unobservable abilities, tuition costs, and the main features of the U.S. federal income tax. In particular, it takes into account the structure of the Lifetime Learning Tax Credit. I use the estimated model to simulate the impact of a number of education policy changes. I find a sizeable effect on college enrollment from a general tuition reduction as well as a large increase in graduate school attendance from making the Lifetime Learning Tax Credit refundable. In the second chapter, "Aggregate wage dynamics and labor supply: an application to the U.S.", I estimate labor supply elasticities using the change in the return to skills over time as a source of exogenous variation in gross wages. The last few decades have seen a tremendous amount of change in the U.S. labor market: female labor force participation rates have risen, while the wage premium for college education and wage inequality have increased because of an higher demand for skilled labor. The number of hours worked is found to react weakly to changes in the offered wage. In the third chapter, "Labor supply effects of tax-based income-support mechanisms", I build and estimate a static discrete choice model of labor supply for single women in the United States. It incorporates the main features of the federal income tax. I estimate the model using cross-sectional data, and I use it to simulate hypothetical reforms to the tax and benefit system, which is found to have a large effect on the labor force participation decision of single individuals.

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply Model Evaluation and Internet Job Search written by Eleanor Jawon Choi and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Economics written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: