Download or read book Essays on Maternal Employment and Child Health Outcomes written by Gabriel Wasswa and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Maternal Employment and Child Health written by Ariel Michelle Marek Pihl and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation centers on two themes. First: how do public policies affect the incentives of mothers to participate in the labor market? And second: how do these maternal employment incentives and economic opportunities impact the health of children? In the first chapter, I focus on the first theme, and identify the impact of a large means-tested preschool program, Head Start, on the labor supply of mothers. This chapter uses a discontinuity in grant writing assistance in the first year of the Head Start program to identify impacts on the work and welfare usage of mothers. Using restricted Decennial Census and administrative AFDC data I find that Head Start decreases employment rates and hours worked per week for single mothers. I also find a suggestive increase in welfare receipt for single mothers which is confirmed by an increase in the share of administrative welfare case-files that are single mother households. For all mothers combined there are no significant changes in work or welfare use. I also estimate long-run impacts, 10 years after a woman's child was eligible for Head Start. I find large and persistent declines in work for both non- white mothers and single mothers, accompanied by increase in public assistance income and return to school. I argue that this is consistent with the 1960's era Head Start program's focus on encouraging quality parenting, parent participation and helping families access all benefits for which they were eligible. In the second chapter, my coauthor, Gaetano Basso, and I examine the impacts of California's Paid Family Leave program on the health of infants. One goal of the policy was to make it easier for working mothers to take maternity leave, and encourage their return to work. Pervious research has confirmed that the policy resulted in longer maternity leave durations, which we theorize may impact infant health. We measure health using the full census of child hospitalizations in California. The potential policy implications are of great interest both because of the high costs of health care in the U.S., and to better evaluate a potential benefit of the family leave policy overlooked by the existing literature. Our results suggest a decline in infant admissions, which is concentrated among those causes that are potentially affected by closer childcare (and to a lesser extent breastfeeding). Other admissions that are unlikely to be affected by parental leave do not exhibit the same pattern. In the third chapter, I examine the mechanisms through which the business cycle influences child health and development. There is a growing literature which finds large consequences of conditions in utero for health and success. Using a large survey of births covering the period 1990-2014, I use a state-year panel fixed effects model to examine the relationship between the business cycle and breastfeeding, stress while in-utero, and cigarette and alcohol consumption before, during and after pregnancy. I find suggestive evidence that the share of births that are unplanned rise with the unemployment rate. I also find that pregnant women are more likely to experience economic stress in times of high unemployment - but that this is primarily through an increase in the probability that their husband or partner loses their job. The pregnant woman's own employment is unaffected. Breastfeeding shows mixed results, but for the sample of states that appear most frequently in the data, both initiation and duration increases with the unemployment rate.

Download or read book Empirical Essays on Maternal Employment Et Child Development written by Arnim Seidlitz and published by . This book was released on 2023* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Englische Version: This dissertation examines various aspects related to maternal employment, fertility and the skill development of children in Germany. In chapter two, we develop an estimation method for the causal effect of the 2007 parental benefits reform in Germany. Therefore, we first estimate the "child penalty'' on employment outcomes, then we use the estimated child penalties before and after reform implementation to assess reform effects. We find that the reform had positive effects on medium-run employment. Chapter three focuses on the so-called "cash-for-care''-transfers for parents of children aged one to two. I find a significant reduction of employment for migrant mothers if the potential benefit amount is increased. There are positive effects on fertility for the average of the population. However, I do not find significant effects on the skill development of children. In chapter four, we study the expansions of German all-day schools and their impact on children's outcomes. Our findings reveal evidence of positive impacts on children's achievements. We also show significant positive peer effects from classmates attending all-day programs. However, we do not find significant evidence that these programs significantly contribute to decreasing inequality in the German school system. Chapter five addresses an important aspect in the administrative labor market data. By developing a correction for misreported part-time employment spells which happened in the years prior 2011. The corrected data have implications for studying wage inequality, but also for studying maternal employment as the part-time share is very high among mothers of young children. In summary, this dissertation studies the period from birth to primary school. It covers topics such as maternal employment, fertility and skill development. [...].

Download or read book Maternal Employment and Child Health written by Yana van der Meulen Rodgers and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As women's labor force participation has risen around the globe, scholarly and policy discourse on the ramifications of this employment growth has intensified. This book explores the links between maternal employment and child health using an international perspective that is grounded in economic theory and rigorous empirical methods. Women's labor-market activity affects child health largely because their paid work raises household income, which strengthens families' abilities to finance healthcare needs and nutritious food; however, time away from children could counteract some of the benefits of higher socioeconomic status that spring from maternal employment. New evidence based on data from nine South and Southeast Asian countries illuminates the potential tradeoff between the benefits and challenges families contend with in the face of women's labor-market activity. This book provides new, original evidence on links between maternal employment and children's health using data associated with three indicators of children's nutritional status: birth size, stunting, and wasting. Results support the implementation and enforcement of policy interventions that bolster women's advancement in the labor market and reduce undernutrition among children. Scholars, students, policymakers and all those with an interest in nutritional science, gender, economics of the family, or development economies will find the methodology and original results expounded here both useful and informative.

Download or read book Empirical Essays on Health Care for Children and Families written by Zuleyha Neziroglu Cidav and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three empirical essays investigating different aspects of health care for children and families. The first essay examines the effectiveness of adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for preventive pediatric health care. Using a national longitudinal sample of children age two years and younger, we investigate whether compliance with prescribed periodic well-child care visits has beneficial effects on child health. We find that increased compliance improves child health. In particular, higher compliance lowers future risks of fair or poor health, of some history of a serious illness and of having a health limitation. The second essay examines child health care utilization in relation to maternal labor supply. We test the hypothesis that working-mothers trade off the advantages of greater income against the disadvantages of less time for other valuable tasks, such as seeking health care for their children. This tradeoff may result in positive, negative, or no net impacts on child health investment. We estimate health care demand regressions that include separate variables for mother's labor supply and her labor income. Our results indicate that higher maternal work hours reduce child health care visits; higher maternal earnings increase them. In addition, wage-employment, as opposed to self-employment, is detrimental to child health investment. A further finding is that preventive care demand for younger children is less sensitive to maternal time and income changes. We also find that detrimental time effects dominate beneficial income effects. The third essay studies intra-household resource allocation as it pertains to its demand for preventive medical care. We test the income-pooling hypothesis of the common preference model by using individual specific medical care consumption data and present evidence on the allocation of household resources to the medical needs of the child, husband and wife. Our results are in line with the findings of previous studies that emphasize the ongoing importance of the traditional gender role of woman as the primary caregiver. We find that the resources of the wife have a greater positive impact on child's and her own preventive care demand than does the resources of the husband. In contrast to most studies from developing countries, we find that US families do not exhibit differential health care demand based on child gender. It is also noteworthy that the wife's education level has a greater positive impact than that of her husband does on both the husband's and her own preventive care utilization.

Download or read book The Effect of Maternal Employment on Family Well being written by Bezawit Teshome Agiro and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of three essays on the effect of maternal employment on family well-being using data from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K: 2011). In general, the findings from this study suggest that the effect of maternal employment on children’s weight status and cognitive development is not significant, but it is significant on mothers’ overall health and psychological well-being. The first essay re-examines the effect of maternal employment on child obesity by taking a sample of grade 2 children who had at least one younger sibling from the spring 2013 cohort. The study makes use of a bivariate probit model using exogenous variation in youngest sibling’s eligibility for kindergarten as an instrument for maternal employment. The findings suggest that the effect of maternal employment on child obesity is not significant. The results show that rather than maternal employment, socio-economic status, schooling environment, and lifestyle behaviors including physical exercise and sedentary behavior are factors contributing to child obesity. More specifically, higher socio-economic status and more physical exercise are negatively related to child obesity, while sedentary behavior and free/reduced price school meals are positively related to child obesity. The second essay is devoted to the analysis of the effect of maternal employment on child cognitive outcome. This study uses data from spring 2013 cohort of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K: 2011). Using instrumental variable regression, the result shows that the effect of maternal employment on children’s cognitive development is not significant. The quality of schooling as measured by teachers’ years of experience and class size as well as socio-economic status are significant factors influencing children’s cognitive outcome. Having more experienced teachers and coming from a higher socio-economic background contributes positively to children’s cognitive outcome, while there is some evidence that smaller class size reduces children’s scores. The third essay investigates the effect of maternal employment on mothers’ overall health and psychological distress. This study makes use of data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study: Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K: 2011) and the U.S Bureau of Labor statistics. For analysis, IV probit regression is used, having state-level unemployment rate as an instrument for maternal employment. The findings of this paper suggest that the effect of mothers’ weekly work hours on mothers’ overall health is positive and significant for the spring third-grade cohort. In addition, there is evidence that the effect of maternal employment on mothers’ overall health and psychological distress differs by type of occupation. Mothers in managerial, professional, and low supervisory jobs are more likely to be psychologically distressed, but also have higher probability of being in good overall health condition, compared to mothers in manual jobs.

Download or read book Maternal Employment and Children s Development written by Adele Eskeles Gottfried and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a review written in 1979, I noted that there was a paucity of research examining the effects of maternal employment on the infant and young child and also that longitudinal studies of the effects of maternal em ployment were needed (Hoffman, 1979). In the last 10 years, there has been a flurry of research activity focused on the mother's employment during the child's early years, and much of this work has been longi tudinal. All of the studies reported in this volume are at least short-term longitudinal studies, and most of them examine the effects of maternal employment during the early years. The increased focus on maternal employment during infancy is not a response to the mandate of that review but rather reflects the new employment patterns in the United States. In March 1985, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 49.4% of married women with children less than a year old were employed outside the home (Hayghe, 1986). This figure is up from 39% in 1980 and more than double the rate in 1970. By now, most mothers of children under 3 are in the labor force.

Download or read book Three Essays on Maternal and Child Health written by Mandar V. Bodas and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of three separate essays on the health of women and children. In the first essay, I along with my co-authors, analyzed the impact of two large, national-level health policies (the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)) on maternal health outcomes (proportion of institutional deliveries) in India. We used data from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) and found that the JSY and the NRHM had a greater impact on institutional deliveries in high-focus states. We also found that the conditions of the public health facilities, did not change after the implementation of the JSY and the NRHM. Finally, we found that adequacy of health facilities was not associated with the likelihood of mothers in high-focus states having an institutional delivery. In the second essay, I examined whether a key social determinant of health in South Asia- gender inequality, is associated with physical health outcomes among Indian women. I found that the gender inequality expressed as the gendered household practice of seclusion was negatively associated with body weight of Indian women. Further, I found that participation in all household decisions by women of the household was generally not associated with body weight outcomes. The association between gendered household practices and women's body weight outcomes was generally similar among rural and urban Indian women. In the final essay, I examined whether perinatal food environments (FE), maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and early childhood weight (ECW) outcomes are associated. I used data on mother-children dyads from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study ' Birth cohort (ECLS-B), Area Resource Files (ARF) and Current Business Practices (CBP). I found that maternal GWG was associated with ECW outcomes. I also found that measures of food environment were associated with ECW outcomes. Specifically, I found that having an additional full-service restaurant per one thousand population in the maternal perinatal county of residence was associated with lower Body Mass Index (BMI) among children at age two years. Finally, I found that GWG did not mediate the association between food environment and ECW outcomes.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Relationships Between Mothers Education and Employment Status and Children s Outcomes written by Xian Deng and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Case Studies in Maternal and Child Health written by Ruth C. White and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) continues to be one of the most important fields of study for improving the health of populations across the globe. Two the 10 Millennium Development Goals strive specifically to improve maternal and child health, and several others, such as gender equality and HIV/AIDS, are critical aspects of Maternal and Child Health. Written for students in public health, medical, and allied health professions, Global Case Studies in Maternal and Child Health brings to life theoretical and conceptual ideas discussed in primary texts, through the analysis of lived stories of maternal and child health programs around the world. Using structured case studies of community-based programs in maternal and child health from around the world, students will be presented with real-life ethical, practical and theoretical challenges that will develop critical and analytical thinking skills and also provide them with practice models that they can use in their future or present work.

Download or read book Publicly Provided Health Insurance Maternal Employment and Child Health written by Haiyong Liu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a comprehensive data set from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families (NSAF), this study analyzes the effects of public health coverage and maternal employment on children's health outcomes among the single-mother families. The estimation strategy accounts for the potential endogeneity of a mother's employment status and choice of health insurance coverage for her children. Results suggest that the effectiveness gap between the publicly provided health insurance and employer provided coverage is still sizable. More importantly, the time constraint imposed by maternal employment has negative effects on children's health outcomes especially at early stages of their lives.

Download or read book First year Maternal Employment and Child Development in the First 7 Years written by Jeanne Brooks-Gunn and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the first two phases of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care, the links between maternal employment in the first 12 months of life and cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes for children at age 3, age 4.5, and first grade are examined. Families in which mothers worked full time (55%), part time (23%) or did not work in the first year (22%) are compared. Most families involved non-Hispanic White children although some analyses did involve African-American children. Structural equation modeling results indicated that, on average, the associations between first-year maternal employment and later cognitive, social, and emotional outcomes are neutral because negative effects, where present, are offset by positive effects. The results confirmed that maternal employment in the first year of life may confer both advantages and disadvantages and that for the average non-Hispanic White child those effects balance each other.

Download or read book Research Issues Related to the Effects of Maternal Employment on Children written by Society for Research in Child Development and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Empirical Essays on Program Evaluation Focus on Childcare Policy and Immigration Law written by Ailin He and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis is comprised of three empirical essays, focusing on evaluating two programs of interest. The first program is a before- and after-school care policy, implemented exclusively in the province of Quebec in 1998. This program provided childcare services to kindergarten and primary-school children on school premises before school time, during lunch and after school. This unique program not only reduced the cost of after-school care to $5 per day, but also increased the provision of care substantially. Using this policy as a natural experiment, we study the causal effects of after-school care’s expansion and subsidization on childcare arrangements and child’s development in Chapter 1 and on maternal labor market outcomes in Chapter 2.In particular, Chapter 1 focuses on studying the causal impact of this program on child’s scholastic achievements, non-cognitive skills, health outcomes as well as habit formation. Using the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Child and Youth (NLSCY), we adopt a difference-in-differences methodology to compare primary school children in Quebec beforeand after the reform, to the same school-grade cohorts in the rest of Canada. The policy effectively increases the use of after-school care by 8 percentage points, which mainly substitutes the use of child’s own care and sibling’s care. The intent-to-treat estimates further show a deterioration in child’s overall non-cognitive development but an improvement on their health outcomes. However, these effects do not persist in the medium run. Chapter 2 examines the effect of the same program on maternal labor market outcomes, since childcare options are closely connected to mothers’ labor supply decisions.We define mothers in Quebec with the youngest child aged 6 to 11 as the treatment group, and mothers with the youngest child in the same age cohort in the Rest of Canada as the control group.Using the Survey of Labor Income Dynamics (SLID), we analyze mother’s labor supply on the intensive and the extensive margins, as well as their earning outcomes. Our results show that the after-school care reform increases maternal employment on the extensive margins by 2-3 percentage points, but has no significant effect on employment intensity. Further examination of heterogeneous samples reveal that the policy effect on maternal labor supply is driven exclusively by highly educated mothers from lower non-maternal income households. In the meantime, mothers’ earning profiles have seen significant improvement as well.Chapter 3 turns to another policy targeting immigrants to Canada. This chapter attempts to uncover citizenship premiums on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of citizenship, we make use of changes in the Canadian Citizenship Act of 2014, which extended the physical presence requirement for citizenship from 3 out of 5 years to 4 out of 6 years. After addressing selection issues, a difference-in-differences methodology is employed to compare changes in labor market outcomes of equivalent immigrants, who only differ from each other with respect to their eligibility for citizenship due to the revamped residency requirement. Using the Canadian Labor Force Survey (LFS) along with the Permanent Resident Landing File (PRLF), our results suggest that delaying citizenship eligibility by one year imposes significant impacts on both the extensive and the intensive margins of labor supply. Even though affected immigrants tend to participate more actively in the labor market during the selected periods after the new law has been implemented, their wage earnings are negatively affected. This results may be explained by the increased likelihood or willingness of affected immigrants to engage in jobs with irregular schedules and the rise in finding alternative sources of working opportunities such as self-employment"--

Download or read book Women s Health Politics and Power written by Elizabeth Fee and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays addresses the broadening array of issues on the agenda of the women's health movements of the 1980s and 1990s, just as a previous collection, "Women and Health: The Politics of Sex in Medicine", gathered contributions from the earlier wave of the women's health movement in the 1970s. The papers in both volumes are selected from the "International Journal of Health Services", edited by Vicente Navarro. The essays in this volume were originally published in the 1980s and early 1990s. Together, they present a framework for understanding the struggles over women's health that have occurred in this time period, and provide specific analyses of women's health in relation to race/ethnicity and class, the work of health care, the health of women workers, international reproductive health, sexuality, AIDS, and public health policy.

Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Gender Disparities in the Health and Labor Markets written by Britni Wilcher and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are asymmetric effects by gender in the domain of health that interact with the labor market. Theoretical channels point to the quality of health technology and individual health investments to explain gender disparities. Less is known about how gender diverse clinical participation influences the quality of health technology innovation and how female unpaid labor impacts health investments. This dissertation examines: (1) how the sex composition of clinical trials impacts therapeutically novel drug risks, (2) how female unpaid labor interacts with health investments, and (3) the downstream impact of health investments on employment outcomes.Using novel data containing information about U.S. adverse drug reactions linked with the regulatory and therapeutic characteristics of drugs approved from 1996 - 2004, chapter one explores whether the 1998 FDA Demographic Rule requirement to provide an analysis of clinical safety and effectiveness data by sex when seeking approval for U.S. marketing shifted the sex balance of clinical trial populations and, in turn, improved drug safety for female patients. While the rule corresponded with improvements in the sex balance of clinical trial populations, mortality related to novel drugs in this period increased 226% with no differences when disaggregating by sex. This was driven, in part, by changes in the therapeutic composition of drugs over time.Chapter two examines how local labor market conditions affect maternal health. Mothers spend twice as much time on unpaid care work, yet they are the sole or co-breadwinner in nearly half of U.S. households. This dual time burden can increase exposure to health risks. I find that that unemployment reduces stress-related conditions (e.g., strokes), while employment growth increases stress-related conditions (e.g., heart disease). Unemployment also reduces medical care utilization (e.g., pap smears). Child care subsidies offset some of the negative impacts of employment growth by reducing heart disease and increasing routine medical care.The third chapter examines how paid family leave affects long-run maternal labor market detachment. In the absence of paid leave, maternal labor market detachment is nearly 30% following a birth; it attenuates over time but remains significantly different from zero as much as eleven years later. Access to paid family leave at the time of a birth significantly increases labor market participation by more than 5% in the year of a birth. This effect attenuates over time but remains significantly different from zero as much as five years later. The impacts are the largest for women with higher educational attainment.

Download or read book The Causal Effects of Maternal Employment Attributes on Family Health Outcomes and Health Disparities written by Megan Elizabeth Shepherd-Banigan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Socioeconomic disparities in maternal and child health are well-known, widespread problems in the US. A high proportion of women with young children participate in the labor force making maternal employment attributes, such as income, leave benefits, workplace flexibility, and stress potential determinants of maternal and child health inequalities. This dissertation research examined the contribution of maternal employment attributes to family health outcomes and disparities, including adolescent health, maternal depressive symptoms, and pediatric preventive service utilization. To examine the effect of maternal paid leave (sick and vacation) and work intensity on pediatric preventive care among children aged 0-17, we used data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey and the National Health Interview Survey (years 2007-2010) and applied instrumental variable techniques. Our results demonstrate that paid sick leave may influence compliance with several preventive care services for children, including well-child visits, dental care and receipt of the influenza vaccine. Paid sick leave predicted an increase in the marginal probability of complying with recommended well-child visits (0.13; 95% CI: 0.032, 0.23), dental exams (0.31; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.47), preventive dental care (0.30; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.50), and influenza vaccines (0.17; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.27). To study the relationship between maternal employment attributes and maternal depressive symptoms among women with very young children, we examined data from the NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Development) Early Child Care and Youth Development Study (SECCYD) (years 1991-2005). Results from individual fixed effects analyses suggest that some employment attributes may predict depressive symptoms. Women who worked from home reported a statistically significant decrease in depression scores over time (â=-1.60, SE=0.53, p=0.002). Women who reported a one-unit increase in job concerns experienced, on average, a 2-point increase in depression scores over time (â=1.91, SE=0.43, p0.01). Finally, we used data from the NICHD SECCYD and endogenous treatment effect models to assess the influence of cumulative maternal income (between birth and 3rd grade) on adolescent health and development. We found no evidence that cumulative maternal income predicted adolescent outcomes. However, other components of the early family environment were related to specific outcomes. A one-unit increase in family socioeconomic status was associated with a 0.05 point decrease in the probability of being overweight or obese at age 15. High work intensity (more periods of employment over time and more hours worked per week) and high birth weight (4,000 grams) were also associated with a 0.09 and 0.10 point increase in the probability of being overweight or obese at age 15, respectively. Higher levels of health endowment were predictive of improved adolescent outcomes at age 15, including better health status, fewer behavioral problems, and no tobacco use. Parental marital status (being married) and White race/ethnicity were also protective against risk-taking. Results from this dissertation research suggest that maternal employment attributes exert real and important influences on family health. Our research highlights the effects of specific attributes, including paid sick leave, schedule control and flexibility, supportive work environments, and work intensity on various maternal and child health outcomes. These findings suggest that policies to assure adequate access to leave and flexible working hours and locations might ease the challenges faced by working families.