Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Integration written by Axel Franzen and published by . This book was released on 2016-06 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Economic Integration and Inequality written by Mingzhi Xu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic activities worldwide are becoming increasingly integrated, in terms of freely traded consumption, globalized production as well as information sharing alike. The tightened linkages are thought to improve resource allocation, promote technology transfer and enhance living standard, while the challenge for policymakers is to ensure that these benefits are sufficiently widely shared. It highlights the importance of understanding how economic integration affects labor. My dissertation focuses on the how integration shapes the organization of production and the effects on the well-being. The first chapter focuses the impacts of integration by removing information transmission barrier on the diffusion of economic activities as well as its welfare and inequality consequence. The paper studies the aggregate and distributional impacts of high-speed railways (HSR) in an economy with internal trade and migration costs. I make two contributions to the understanding of the impacts of large transportation infrastructure projects. Firstly, taking advantage of the rapid expansion as plausible exogenous shocks that improves firm-to-firm matching efficiency across regions over time, I identify the causal relationship between HSR connection and exporting performance in case of China. We find the connection to HSR significantly promotes a region's exports. Besides the direct impact, I also find the positive spillovers of HSR, and such effect is stronger in areas closer to HSR hubs. Our second contribution is to shed light on the mechanisms at work by relating the HSR-driven regional outsourcing to the HSR-driven increases in welfare and inequality. To do so, I construct and calibrate a quantitative spatial equilibrium model with producer-supplier linkage, taking care of trade, migration, and outsourcing in a unified framework to examine the general equilibrium effects of the HSR and to perform counterfactuals. Chapter 2 studies the role of international trade for household income polarization, the phenomenon in which the size of high- and low-income groups increases but mid-income group declines. I propose a new channel that emphasizes the supply change of skills in rationalizing the phenomenon. We build a simple theory of trade featuring endogenous choices on occupation and firm productivity. In the model, individuals choose to become low-skilled, high-skilled workers, or entrepreneurs based on their innate abilities. Entrepreneurs improve the firm efficiency by investing in the managerial effort. I show that while the households with high human capital optimally respond to export opportunity by moving up the income distribution, other households with median level human capital self-select downward the income distribution, the long run consequence of which may be the polarization in labor market. An empirical test of the model reveals that Chinese regions facing more export exposure exhibit stronger pattern of labor market polarization. While my first two research focus on the welfare changes within-country in case of the largest developing country in the world, China, my third part of dissertation compares a country's living standard in an international framework. Chapter 3, a joint work with my advisor Robert Feenstra and Alexis Antoniades, compares the cost of living for cities in China and in the United States using barcode data, as a complement to the International Comparisons Program (ICP) supervised by the World Bank. We find that, in both countries, there is a greater variety of products in larger cities. But in China, unlike the United States, the prices of products tend to be lower in larger cities. We attribute the lower prices to a pro-competitive effect, whereby larger cities attract more brands and retailers which leads to lower markups and prices. Combining the effect of greater variety and lower prices, it follows that the cost-of-living for grocery-store products in China is lower in larger cities. We further compare the cost-of-living indexes for particular product categories between China and the United States. In product categories with a significant presence of U.S. brands in the Chinese market, the availability of additional Chinese brands leads to greater variety than in the United States, and therefore lower Chinese price indexes for that reason. In product categories with much less presence of U.S. brands in the Chinese market, however, the observed prices differences between the countries (usually lower prices in China) are partially or fully offset by the variety differences (less variety in China), so that the cost of living in China is not as low as the price differences suggest, especially in smaller cities.

Download or read book Capitalism and Social Cohesion written by I. Gough and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999-08-02 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together essays on modernity, social integration, social differentiation and social exclusion by Lockwood, Mouzelis and other eminent social theorists. At the same time it addresses critical issues facing Western democracies, such as social exclusion, the underclass, unemployment, new inequalities, globalization and the new competitive environment. Its novelty lies in the imaginative way it uses social theory to critique old, and suggest new, policies and political practices.

Download or read book Deprivation Inequality and Polarization written by Indraneel Dasgupta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a collection of original, state-of-the-art essays addressing various aspects of the economic analysis of inequality, deprivation, poverty measurement and social polarization, at both the theoretical and empirical level. Written by leading authorities in the fields of distributional analysis and normative economics, the respective chapters present detailed overviews of cutting-edge literature, as well as stand-alone research. Compiled as a tribute to Satya Ranjan Chakravarty’s lifetime contributions in the fields of normative economics and distributional analysis, it represents an indispensable resource for researchers, policymakers and doctoral students working on issues pertaining to income/wealth distribution, social inclusion and poverty reduction.

Download or read book The Equal Society written by George Hull and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2015-12-24 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equality is a widely championed social ideal. But what is equality? And what action is required if present-day societies are to root out their inequalities? The Equal Society collects fourteen philosophical essays, each with a fresh perspective on these questions. The authors explore the demands of egalitarian justice, addressing issues of distribution and rectification, but equally investigating what it means for people to be equals as producers and communicators of knowledge or as members of subcultures, and considering what it would take for a society to achieve gender and racial equality. The essays collected here address not just the theory but also the practice of equality, arguing for concrete changes in institutions such as higher education, the business corporation and national constitutions, to bring about a more equal society. The Equal Society offers original approaches to themes prominent in current social and political philosophy, including relational equality, epistemic injustice, the capabilities approach, African ethics, gender equality and the philosophy of race. It includes new work by respected social and political philosophers such as Ann E. Cudd, Miranda Fricker, Charles W. Mills, and Jonathan Wolff.

Download or read book The Idea of Natural Inequality and Other Essays written by André Béteille and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essays in this volume deal with various aspects of inequality with special reference to contemporary India, viewed in a comparative perspective.

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Migration written by Yajna Govind and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis focuses on the intricate link between inequality, migration, and colonization. Chapter 1 looks at the causal effect of naturalization on the labor market integration of foreigners. It is acknowledged that better integration is beneficial for both migrants and the host country. In this respect, granting citizenship could be an important policy to boost migrants' integration. In this chapter, I estimate the causal impact of obtaining citizenship on migrants' labor market integration. I exploit a change in the law of naturalization through marriage in France in 2006. This reform amended the eligibility criteria for applicants by increasing the required number of years of marital life from 2 to 4, generating an exogenous shock and thus a quasi-experimental setting. Using administrative panel data, and a difference-in-differences approach, I estimate the labor market returns to naturalization. I find that, among those working, citizenship leads to an increase in annual earnings. While the gain in earnings is similar for both men and women, the effect for men is mostly driven by an increase in hours worked compared to an increase in hourly wages for women. I provide suggestive evidence that naturalization helps reduce informality and discrimination. This chapter thus provides strong evidence that naturalization acts as a catalyst for labor market integration.Chapter 2 studies the post-colonial trends of income inequality in four ex-French colonies. Most ex-colonies have gained their independence during the decolonization wave in the last century. Recent research on the colonial legacy in terms of inequality has thus mostly focused on these independent states, overlooking the few territories which were assimilated by their ex-colonizers. This chapter analyzes the post-colonial inequality in four such territories- La Reunion, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyane. Drawing on a new income tax dataset put together in this chapter, I study the evolution of income inequality since their decolonization in 1946 until recent years. The results of the top 1% income share a rapid decline of inequality since decolonization and stabilization in the recent decade. Despite the general catch-up of the overseas departments, the top 10% income share remained consistently higher than in the metropolis. Going further, I investigate the hidden underlying cleavage: the metropolitan-native divide. Using administrative data, I show that metropolitans are over-represented at the top of the distribution and that there exists a “metropolitan income premium” in the overseas departments, even after controlling for observable characteristics.Chapter 3 is joint work with Luis Bauluz, Filip Novokmet, and Daniel Sanchez Ordonez. It aims at measuring land inequality in a large variety of countries across different regions. It is known that agricultural land is vital for three out of four of the poorest billion individuals in the world yet little is known about its distribution. Existing cross-country estimates of land inequality, based on agriculture census data, measure the size distribution of agricultural holdings. These neither reflect land ownership inequality nor value inequality and often do not account for the landless population. In this chapter, we tackle these issues and provide novel and consistent estimates of land inequality across countries, based on household surveys. We show that i) land-value inequality can differ significantly from land-area inequality, ii) differences in the proportion of landless across countries vary substantially, affecting markedly inequality estimates and, iii) regional patterns in inequality according to our benchmark metric contradict existing estimates from agricultural censuses. Overall, South Asia and Latin America exhibit the highest inequality with top 10% landowners capturing up to 75% of agricultural land, followed by Africa and 'Communist' Asia (China and Vietnam) at levels around 55-60%.

Download or read book Re thinking Assimilation and Integration written by Paul Statham and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does immigration transform societies and relations between ethnic and racial groups? This volume brings together scholars working at the cutting-edge of theory and empirical research on integration and assimilation in the US and Europe. It is dedicated to the life and works of Richard Alba, who has done so much to re-invigorate and establish ideas about integration and assimilation. The book aims to open a dialogue on the continuing value of assimilation and integration for studying social change in an era of increasing ethno-racial diversity in Western liberal democracies. Assimilation and integration, and the understandings of societal change that they theorise, depict, and empirically study, remain a contested terrain that is open for critical re-evaluation. This insightful volume offers a set of expert scholarly contributions, including contributions from Richard Alba himself, that tease out critical junctures and disagreements, in the belief that this collective effort can provide insights about where the future research agenda needs to go. Re-thinking Assimilation and Integration will be a key resource for academics, researchers, and advanced students of sociology, ethnic and racial studies, international politics, and migration studies. It was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies.

Download or read book Essays on economic integration written by and published by Rozenberg Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Getting Real About Inequality written by Cherise A. Harris and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2022-01-07 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Getting Real About Inequality is a contributed reader for undergraduate courses in Race/Class/Gender, Social Inequality, or the Social Construction of Difference and Inequality. It gives instructors in these courses a set of materials to help them moderate civil, productive, and social science-based discussions with their students about social statuses and identities. Like the book it is modeled after, Getting Real About Race, it is organized around myths and stereotypes that students might already believe or be familiar with through the media or popular culture. A panel of expert contributors were enlisted to write short, accessible essays address the same questions (What is the myth or stereotype under investigation? How do we know that the myth or stereotype is widespread? What does the empirical data tell us?) and provide the same pedagogical features (a summary of the research data, discussion questions, suggestions for further study, suggested activities and assignments). All of pieces in the book employ an intersectional perspective, to help students see the nuanced mechanisms of power and inequality that are often lost in everyday discourse.

Download or read book Equaliberty written by Étienne Balibar and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-21 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in French in 2010, Equaliberty brings together essays by Étienne Balibar, one of the preeminent political theorists of our time. The book is organized around equaliberty, a term coined by Balibar to connote the tension between the two ideals of modern democracy: equality (social rights and political representation) and liberty (the freedom citizens have to contest the social contract). He finds the tension between these different kinds of rights to be ingrained in the constitution of the modern nation-state and the contemporary welfare state. At the same time, he seeks to keep rights discourse open, eschewing natural entitlements in favor of a deterritorialized citizenship that could be expanded and invented anew in the age of globalization. Deeply engaged with other thinkers, including Arendt, Rancière, and Laclau, he posits a theory of the polity based on social relations. In Equaliberty Balibar brings both the continental and analytic philosophical traditions to bear on the conflicted relations between humanity and citizenship.

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Poverty written by James Nicholas Dadson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is composed of three essays on inequality and poverty in the United States and Canada.Despite their nominal wage disadvantage, immigrants in the United States tend to settle in the most expensive locations in the country. I show that incorporating spatial price variation into the price index dramatically worsens estimates of immigrant integration. In comparison with nominal measures, real measures show twice as much immigrant wage disparity, much slower assimilation over time, and a more pronounced decline in entry wages of more recent cohorts. To rationalize these location patterns, I use a spatial equilibrium model. The model allows us to distinguish between quality of life and productivity differences as competing explanations for the concentration of immigrants. Parameterizing the model and using housing cost and wage differentials each year, the productivity channel seems to be the more plausible explanation. It also appears to have become more important over time. Like the United States, several studies document the tendency for immigrants in Canada to live in areas with high costs of living: approximately 90% live in metropolitan areas. In the second chapter, I re-examine immigrant wage disparity and poverty estimates in Canada after adjusting immigrant incomes for their relatively high costs of living.In the third chapter, I outline an Oaxaca-Blinder detailed decomposition method based on the Shapley Value. It is path-independent and adds up intuitively to the aggregate decomposition components. It is also simple to implement in practice for various limited dependent variable regression models. I show how this decomposition method can be used in tandem with the recentered influence function regression framework (Firpo et al., 2009) . Together, this constitutes a flexible framework to decompose differences of a wide variety of poverty measures over time or between groups. The empirical application examines the decline in U.S. poverty during the 1990s, in particular the importance of technological change and offshoring. I find these are important determinants of poverty in a given year but cannot explain any of the change in the poverty rate over time. Changes in the return to family size explain the entire change in the poverty rate. I also find that the methods we use to examine poverty can easily change the conclusions we draw.

Download or read book The Imperative of Integration written by Elizabeth Anderson and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-21 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A powerful new argument for reviving the ideal of racial integration More than forty years have passed since Congress, in response to the Civil Rights Movement, enacted sweeping antidiscrimination laws in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. As a signal achievement of that legacy, in 2008, Americans elected their first African American president. Some would argue that we have finally arrived at a postracial America, but The Imperative of Integration indicates otherwise. Elizabeth Anderson demonstrates that, despite progress toward racial equality, African Americans remain disadvantaged on virtually all measures of well-being. Segregation remains a key cause of these problems, and Anderson skillfully shows why racial integration is needed to address these issues. Weaving together extensive social science findings—in economics, sociology, and psychology—with political theory, this book provides a compelling argument for reviving the ideal of racial integration to overcome injustice and inequality, and to build a better democracy. Considering the effects of segregation and integration across multiple social arenas, Anderson exposes the deficiencies of racial views on both the right and the left. She reveals the limitations of conservative explanations for black disadvantage in terms of cultural pathology within the black community and explains why color blindness is morally misguided. Multicultural celebrations of group differences are also not enough to solve our racial problems. Anderson provides a distinctive rationale for affirmative action as a tool for promoting integration, and explores how integration can be practiced beyond affirmative action. Offering an expansive model for practicing political philosophy in close collaboration with the social sciences, this book is a trenchant examination of how racial integration can lead to a more robust and responsive democracy.

Download or read book Two Essays on Inequality written by Sang Yoon Lee and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Economic Development written by Paula Luciana Méndez Errico and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main objective of this dissertation is to study some of the mechanisms suggested by the economic literature as factors that could prevent individuals from attaining certain domains of well-being. This thesis is divided in three independent essays providing new evidence on three issues within the field of economic development: the effect of social networks on immigrants' labor market outcomes (first essay), the long-lasting impact of income inequality on entrepreneurial success and job creation (second essay), and the importance of multiple abilities, parental educational background and race in explaining educational gaps (third essay). I explain the goal and findings of these three essays next. The first essay "The impact of social networks on immigrants' employment prospects: the Spanish case 1997-2007" analyzes the factors that could affect immigrants' integration in the host country. Specifically, I study the extent to which social networks affect job match and wages for immigrants in Spain. By focusing on social networks impact on labor market outcomes, I contribute to the empirical literature by addressing a less explored channel through which immigrants' social and economic integration could be affected. The findings suggest that social networks are likely to help immigrants to find a job in the short-run, but may limit opportunities to fully integrate in the longer term. These results shed light on the importance of social networks preventing immigrants' integration, as well as help to orientate the design of integration policies for immigrants living in Spain. The second essay "The Long-Term Effect of Inequality on Entrepreneurship and Job Creation" studies the extent to which initial conditions understood as income inequality in 1700s and 1800s, and credit market institutions, can condition entrepreneurship and job creation to flourish over time. This essay adds to the literature on the long-lasting effects of income inequality on economic development by empirically testing the predictions of the model by Banerjee and Newman (1993). This model predicts that countries with initially low income inequality would grow over time aided by a strong entrepreneurial sector. A contrasting equilibrium could be reached if a country starts with a high ratio of poor to wealthy people. In this case development runs out of steam. The findings of this essay give empirical support to the predictions of the model, showing that historical income inequality and current credit market imperfections prevent firms to be created and surviving over time, at the time that affect job creation over time. To the best of our knowledge, this article is the first one that tests the long-term effects of inequality on occupational choice. The third essay, entitled "Schooling progression in Uruguay: why some children are left behind?" studies the impact of parental traits on children's educational attainment in Uruguay. Specifically, I analyze whether long-term parental background, crystallized by parental educational background, race, cognitive and non-cognitive abilities, and short-term family income measured by the opportunity cost of education, affect child' schooling progression, and at what stage of the educational path they take on their importance. The results show that parental educational background, cognitive and non-cognitive abilities have effects of diverse magnitude across stages of the educational path. Long-term parental background has increasing effect over the children's schooling progression in comparison to short-term parental income as it decreases its significance when students progress to higher schooling stages. Specifically, cognitive ability has increasing effects on the students' likelihood of dropping out across the educational path. Motivation and risky behavior measuring non-cognitive ability also influence children's schooling completion at early stages of education.

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Education written by Fernando Miguel Borraz and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Poverty written by Marta Ruiz-Arranz and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: