Download or read book Essays on Inequality and Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries written by Isis Gaddis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Dimensions of Gender Inequality written by Janet Rives and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1997-08-26 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains 12 essays which discuss gender inequality in employment, and the impact of the stage of economic development, and of social and cultural factors on the manifestation of inequality.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Download or read book Gender China and the World Trade Organization written by Günseli Berik and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China’s joining the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 signifies a milestone in the country’s global integration after two decades of economic reforms that have fundamentally transformed the economic organization of China. This collection seeks to identify the gendered implications within China of the country’s transition from socialism to a market economy and its opening up to international trade and investment. The changes have created greater wealth for some, while at the same time, serious gender, class, ethnic, and regional disparities have also emerged. Drawing from historical, analytical, and policy-oriented work, the essays in this collection explore women’s well-being relative to men’s in rural and urban China by looking at land rights, labor-market status and labor rights, household decision-making, health, the representation of women in advertising and beauty pageants. This book was previously published as a special issue of the journal, Feminist Economics, the official journal of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE). All contributions have been subjected to the journal's rigorous peer review process and comply with the journal's editorial policies, as overseen by the editor, Diana Strassmann, and the journal's editorial team, including the associate editors, the editorial board, numerous volunteer reviewers, and the journal's in-house editorial staff and freelance style editors. The special issue and book have been made possible by the generous financial support of Rice University and the Ford Foundation-Beijing.
Download or read book Essays in Female Labor Supply and Marriage in Developing Countries written by Neha Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents three chapters on female labor supply and marital stability in developing countries. The first two chapters focus on female labor supply in India. In the first chapter, I study the relationship between husband's earning and female labor supply of married women in India. Despite economic growth, fertility reductions, and improvement in education, female labor force participation in India declined from 35% to 27% between 1999 and 2012. This chapter examines the degree to which the decline can be attributed to an increase in the earnings of married males. Using two datasets and three sources of variation in married male earnings, I find a robust and negative elasticity of married female labor supply with respect to married male earnings. Subgroup and robustness analyses indicate the presence of a household-level income effect. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that this relationship can account for over 40% of the above decline in married female labor supply. Continuing with this investigation in the second chapter, I study the role of other spatial and individual characteristics behind the changes in female labor supply in India during the same period. Based on the decomposition analysis of changes in labor supply for paid versus unpaid work in rural areas, I find that geographical characteristics, such as the capital intensity of agriculture, are important drivers of changes in married female labor force participation in paid jobs but not in unpaid jobs. Individual-level variables, such as age, education, caste, and religion, are significant determinants of both paid and unpaid labor jobs of married women in rural India. In the third chapter, we study the effect of fertility challenges faced by couples on divorce in developing countries. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys from 66 countries over 23 years, we find that, infertility, the first-born child being a daughter, and death of the first-born child significantly increase the likelihood of divorce in a marriage. These findings lend support for the implications of theoretical analysis by Becker (1977), which says that unanticipated shocks increase marital instability by generating greater differences between the expected and actual utility from a union.
Download or read book Excerpt Women Work and Economic Growth written by Ms.Kalpana Kochhar and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-09-09 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes various linkages and interconnections between gender inequality and the macroeconomy. The prevalence of gender inequality, particularly the presence of gender gaps in the labor force and in economic opportunities, can weigh on and impede inclusive growth. The precise nature of gender gaps varies, but in the majority of countries there are differences between men and women in decision-making power, economic participation, access to opportunities, and social norms and expectations. The analysis shows that gender gaps in pay and in access to resources, occupations, and credit, among other things, not only have negative microeconomic effects on women but also imply large costs for the aggregate economy. Differences in economic outcomes may be a consequence of unequal opportunities and enabling conditions for men and women and for boys and girls. Raising female participation could provide an important boost to growth, but women face two hurdles in participating in the workforce in Japan.
Download or read book Essays on Poverty Equity and Growth written by George Psacharopoulos and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1991 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essays on Labor Market Outcomes for Women in Developing Countries written by Laine Rutledge and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on labor market issues for women in developing countries. The first chapter investigates adult life outcomes of a child sponsorship program in six developing countries, with particular attention paid to differing outcomes for men and women. Results show positive impacts on total years of education, and primary, secondary, and university school completion. Particularly large impacts are seen for women in areas where baseline female education is low. The second chapter analyzes the return to child sponsorship, and how these returns vary between men and women. We find positive effects of child sponsorship on men’s income, while the positive return to sponsorship for women is limited to increased income due to increased labor market participation. The third chapter studies labor market migration in Brazil. I use individual and firm fixed-effects to examine the return to moving for men and women. The addition of firm fixed effects does not greatly impact the return to moving for men but eliminates the positive returns measured for women when only using individual fixed-effects. This indicates that any promotion and geographical movement that women experience is not reflected in earnings.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Download or read book Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth written by Raquel Fernández and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.
Download or read book Women Work and the Economy written by Ms.Katrin Elborgh-Woytek and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proposed SDN discusses the specific macro-critical aspects of women’s participation in the labor market and the constraints that prevent women from developing their full economic potential. Building on earlier Fund analysis, work undertaken by other organizations and academic research, the SDN presents possible policies to overcome these obstacles in different types of countries.
Download or read book Social Structure and Female Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries written by Nadia Haggag Youssef and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Women Working written by Alma T. Junsay and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1989-03-03 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed examination of patterns and determinants of female labor in three developing countries: Thailand, Colombia, and Egypt. The analysis is based on interviews with women about factors such as migration patterns, the employment situation, household conditions, and other relevant socioeconomic factors. The result is a comprehensive look at female economic behavior in developing countries, forming the basis for broader understanding of women's economic conditions across cultural boundaries.
Download or read book Women and Trade written by World Bank;World Trade Organization and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-09-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade can dramatically improve women’s lives, creating new jobs, enhancing consumer choices, and increasing women’s bargaining power in society. It can also lead to job losses and a concentration of work in low-skilled employment. Given the complexity and specificity of the relationship between trade and gender, it is essential to assess the potential impact of trade policy on both women and men and to develop appropriate, evidence-based policies to ensure that trade helps to enhance opportunities for all. Research on gender equality and trade has been constrained by limited data and a lack of understanding of the connections among the economic roles that women play as workers, consumers, and decision makers. Building on new analyses and new sex-disaggregated data, Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality aims to advance the understanding of the relationship between trade and gender equality and to identify a series of opportunities through which trade can improve the lives of women.
Download or read book Transformation of Women at Work in Asia written by Sukti Dasgupta and published by Sage Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the drivers of, and barriers to, participation of women in the Asian labour market for its socio-economic development and structural transformation. Based on original comparative research and extensive fieldwork, Transformation of Women at Work in Asia highlights the commonalities as well as the diverse nature of challenges that women across Asia face in gaining access to more and better jobs. Findings show that women across the continent have contributed significantly to its spectacular growth story; yet, social norms and economic factors limit their levels of participation. The book calls for a comprehensive approach to improve opportunities for women's participation in the labour market as well as for the freedom to engage in paid employment. This will, in turn, contribute to a more inclusive growth process. It addresses important challenges faced by women workers and provides policy options for governments to promote decent work opportunities for women across social strata.
Download or read book Essays on Development Economics written by Iffat Ara Chowdhury and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is a collection of essays that study women's labor market decisions and outcomes in developing countries. Chapter 1 studies how fear of sexual assault limits women's labor supply. Numerous criminology survey studies show that women, much more than men, are afraid of being a victim of sexual assault. In response to this fear, women adjust their lives and their behavior in a way to minimize the risk of sexual victimization. I exploit the variation created by the sampling framework of Bangladesh's Quarterly Labor Force Survey (QLFS) to see how individuals in the labor force react to news reports on sexual violence within a small time frame of their survey interview. My results show that women decrease their labor hours and the probability of working on a particular day if there is a high level of reporting on rape that day or one day ago. Women decrease the hours they work 0.0539 hours and 0.0625 hours on a day of and the day after both newspapers have articles on sexual violence, respectively. There is a 0.4 percentage point (PP) reduction in the likelihood a woman works at all on the day of and a 1 PP decrease on the day after both newspapers report on sexual assault. I find that these effects are largely driven by women who work outside the home. Women who must commute to work decrease hours worked by 0.0975 hours and 0.1025 hours on the day of and day after. They decrease the likelihood of working at all by 1.5PPs and 1.76PPs the day of and day after, respectively. Women who work from home marginally increase their hours. Women begin to increase their hours two days after the headlines are released. However, in aggregate, the total effect on hours is still negative. Interestingly, I also find effects on men. Men increase their labor supply, in terms of hours and the probability of working that day, in response to a news report shock. It may be that men compensate for the reduced work from women. However, men increase their hours and likelihood of working even on two and three days after reports when women are also increasing their hours. The increase in men's labor supply, both in hours and likelihood of working, does not strictly coincide with women's decreasing their supply. This does not seem to be driven by men in households where women work outside of their home. Chapter 2 presents joint work with Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova and Alana Teaman and explores the effects of women participating in a Laotian public work program (PWP) on their exposure to gender based violence (GBV) and intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that treatment increases women's employment in wage work and their household earnings. Their increase in earnings account for nearly 83- 86% of household earnings. We do not find that participation in the program changes their exposure to GBV or IPV but does increase her performance on a decision making index by 1.06 to 1.24 standard deviations. This is a particularly interesting result, since although increasing women's economic opportunities have shown to improve their human capital accumulation, reduce early marriage, delay fertility and generally increase female empowerment, the effect on GBV, and more specifically, intimate partner violence (IPV) is unclear. To our knowledge, we are the only study exploring the causal relationship between workfare programs and gender-based violence. Chapter 3 is joint work with Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova and Alana Teaman and it evaluates the impacts of the same Laotian work-fare program on household income, investments and expenditure. Despite significant increases in a woman's own earned income and household income we do not find any evidence of increased investments, savings or large purchases. This suggests that much of this extra income was used to for consumption. Despite the success of the program in increasing employment and income, it is unlikely that this program will increase income in the long term.
Download or read book Unfair Advantage written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
