Download or read book Essays on Drug Distribution and Pricing Models written by Kathleen M. Iacocca and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates distribution and pricing models for the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. Motivated by recent events in this industry, we explore three areas of the pharmaceutical supply chain in an effort to streamline the drug distribution channel and to understand the underlying market forces and the pricing structure of pharmaceutical drugs. First we present a mathematical model to compare the effectiveness of the resell distribution agreements (Buy-and-Hold and Fee-For-Service) and the direct distribution agreement (Direct-to-Pharmacy) for the U.S. pharmaceutical supply chain and its individual participants. The model features multi-period dynamic production-inventory planning with time varying parameters in a decentralized setting. While the resell agreements are asset-based, the direct agreement is not. We show that the Direct-to- Pharmacy agreement achieves the global optimum for the entire supply chain by eliminating investment buying and thus always outperforms the resell distribution agreements currently practiced in the industry. We also show that the Direct-to-Pharmacy agreement is flexible because it allows the manufacturer and the wholesaler to share the total supply chain profit in an arbitrary way. We further provide necessary conditions for all supply chain participants to be better off in the Direct-to-pharmacy agreement. Motivated by the public concern for the rising cost of prescription drugs, we next examine how four factors (the level of competition, the therapeutic purpose, the age of the drug, and the manufacturer who developed the drug) play a role in the pricing of brand-name drugs. We develop measures for these factors based on information observable to all players in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Using data on the wholesale prices of prescription drugs from a major U.S. pharmacy chain, we estimate a model for drug prices based on our measures of competition, therapeutic purpose, age, and manufacturer. We observe that proliferation of dosing levels tends to reduce the price of a drug, therapeutic conditions which are both less common and more life threatening lead to higher prices, older drugs are less expensive than newer drugs, and some manufacturers set prices systematically different from others even after controlling for other factors. Lastly, we investigate why brand-name drugs are priced higher than their generic equivalents in the U.S. market. We hypothesize that some consumers have a preference for brand names which outweighs the cost savings they could realize by switching to generics. Brand preferences are derived from two sources. First, brands may have a higher perceived quality due to advertising and marketing activities. Second, individuals are habitual in their consumption of prescription drugs, which leads to continued use of the brand in the face of generic competition. To explore these issues, we develop a structural demand model within one therapeutic class. We estimate the model using wholesale price and demand data from the years 2000 through 2004. Through this process, we estimate the brand preferences by customer utility equations. Conservatively, we see consumers willing to pay $400 more per month for a brand name drug than for its generic equivalent. In addition, consumers exhibit high switching costs for prescription drugs. Finally, we find that generic entry reduces sales only for the brand that it is replicating, but not for other brand drugs even if they treat the same condition.
Download or read book Essays on the Economics of Drug Pricing and Advertising written by Dana Costea and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays related to the field of health economics. The first essay analyzes the relationship between the size of the Medicaid market share (defined as the proportion of Medicaid reimbursed prescriptions dispensed in retail pharmacies for a specific drug) and the price of the drug. The main conclusion of this study is that as the Medicaid market share increases the pharmaceutical companies have an incentive to increase the price of the drug, to the detriment of the patients who have private or no insurance coverage.
Download or read book WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, high prices of pharmaceutical products have posed challenges in high- and low-income countries alike. In many instances, high prices of pharmaceutical products have led to significant financial hardship for individuals and negatively impacted on healthcare systems' ability to provide population-wide access to essential medicines. Pharmaceutical pricing policies need to be carefully planned, carried out, and regularly checked and revised according to changing conditions. Strong, well-thought-out policies can guide well-informed and balanced decisions to achieve affordable access to essential health products. This guideline replaces the 2015 WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies, revised to reflect the growing body of literature since the last evidence review in 2010. This update also recognizes country experiences in managing the prices of pharmaceutical products.
Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.
Download or read book Essays on the Impact of Urban Dis Amenities on the German Real Estate Market written by Jan de Graaff and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-02 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the relationship between urban amenities and real estate prices is a key for the future of our cities. Location choices depend on a variety of urban amenities that eventually determine demand for a specific location. Identifying the impact of these urban amenities on the people’s preferences allows policy makers and developers to increase quality of life. Jan de Graaff therefore quantifies the impact of crime and migration on residential real estate prices and identifies the location choice preferences of Germans by applying innovative methodologies to unique German data sets.
Download or read book Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction to Modeling and Simulation written by Mark W. Spong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-01-09 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Modeling and Simulation An essential introduction to engineering system modeling and simulation from a well-trusted source in engineering and education This new introductory-level textbook provides thirteen self-contained chapters, each covering an important topic in engineering systems modeling and simulation. The importance of such a topic cannot be overstated; modeling and simulation will only increase in importance in the future as computational resources improve and become more powerful and accessible, and as systems become more complex. This resource is a wonderful mix of practical examples, theoretical concepts, and experimental sessions that ensure a well-rounded education on the topic. The topics covered in Introduction to Modeling and Simulation are timeless fundamentals that provide the necessary background for further and more advanced study of one or more of the topics. The text includes topics such as linear and nonlinear dynamical systems, continuous-time and discrete-time systems, stability theory, numerical methods for solution of ODEs, PDE models, feedback systems, optimization, regression and more. Each chapter provides an introduction to the topic to familiarize students with the core ideas before delving deeper. The numerous tools and examples help ensure students engage in active learning, acquiring a range of tools for analyzing systems and gaining experience in numerical computation and simulation systems, from an author prized for both his writing and his teaching over the course of his over-40-year career. Introduction to Modeling and Simulation readers will also find: Numerous examples, tools, and programming tips to help clarify points made throughout the textbook, with end-of-chapter problems to further emphasize the material As systems become more complex, a chapter devoted to complex networks including small-world and scale-free networks – a unique advancement for textbooks within modeling and simulation A complementary website that hosts a complete set of lecture slides, a solution manual for end-of-chapter problems, MATLAB files, and case-study exercises Introduction to Modeling and Simulation is aimed at undergraduate and first-year graduate engineering students studying systems, in diverse avenues within the field: electrical, mechanical, mathematics, aerospace, bioengineering, physics, and civil and environmental engineering. It may also be of interest to those in mathematical modeling courses, as it provides in-depth material on MATLAB simulation and contains appendices with brief reviews of linear algebra, real analysis, and probability theory.
Download or read book From Physick to Pharmacology written by Louise Hill Curth and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Physick to Pharmacology addresses the important, albeit neglected history of the distribution and sale of medicinal drugs in England from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century. The social history of early medicine and the evolution of British retailing are two areas that have attracted considerable attention from academics in recent years. That said, little work has been done either by medical or business historians on the actual retailing of drugs. This book merges the two themes by examining the growth in the retailing of medicinal drugs since late-medieval times. The six academics contributing essays include both medical and business historians who provide an informed and stimulating perspective on the subject. After an introduction setting out the context of drug retailing and surveying the current literature, the volume is arranged in a broadly chronological order, beginning with Patrick Wallis's study of apothecaries and other medical retailers in early modern London. The next chapter, by Louise Hill Curth, looks at the way the distribution network expanded to encompass a range of other retail outlets to sell new, branded, pre-packaged proprietary drugs. Steven King then examines various other ways in which medicines were sold in the eighteenth century, with a focus on itinerant traders. This is followed by pieces from Hilary Marland on the rise of chemists and druggists in the nineteenth century, and Stuart Anderson on twentieth-century community pharmacists. The final essay, by Judy Slinn, examines the marketing and consumption of prescription drugs from the middle of that century until the present day. Taken together, these essays provide a fascinating insight into the changes and continuities of five centuries of drug retailing in England.
Download or read book Mexican Cartel Essays and Notes Strategic Operational and Tactical written by Robert J. Bunker and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2013-05-30 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second Small Wars JournalEl Centro anthology signifies the important debate that this new forum, focusing on the crime wars and criminal insurgencies taking place in Mexico and other regions of the Americas, is helping to generate in U.S. defense and homeland security circles. The debate comes at a time when neither of the two major U.S. presidential candidates were willingly to candidly discuss this issue and at the end of the recent Felipe Caldern administration which saw over 80,000 dead, 20,000 missing, and 200,000 internal refugees stemming from gang and cartel violence during its tenure in Mexico. Dave Dilegge SWJ Editor-in-Chief
Download or read book Global Pharmaceuticals written by Adriana Petryna and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-15 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DIVAnthropological study of the globalization of pharmaceuticals and its effects on local cultures, health, and economics./div
Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Download or read book Holland Frei Cancer Medicine written by Robert C. Bast, Jr. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 2004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine, Ninth Edition, offers a balanced view of the most current knowledge of cancer science and clinical oncology practice. This all-new edition is the consummate reference source for medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, internists, surgical oncologists, and others who treat cancer patients. A translational perspective throughout, integrating cancer biology with cancer management providing an in depth understanding of the disease An emphasis on multidisciplinary, research-driven patient care to improve outcomes and optimal use of all appropriate therapies Cutting-edge coverage of personalized cancer care, including molecular diagnostics and therapeutics Concise, readable, clinically relevant text with algorithms, guidelines and insight into the use of both conventional and novel drugs Includes free access to the Wiley Digital Edition providing search across the book, the full reference list with web links, illustrations and photographs, and post-publication updates
Download or read book Pharmaceutical R D written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1993 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes the costs, risks, and economic rewards of pharmaceutical R&D and the impact of public policy on both costs and returns. Examines the rapid increase in pharmaceutical R&D that began in the 1980s in the light of trends in science, technology, drug discovery, and health insurance coverage; Government regulation; product liability; market competition; Federal tax policy; and Federal support of prescription drug research. 12 appendices, including a glossary of terms.
Download or read book Policies and Strategies to Combat Drugs in Europe written by Georges Estievenart and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume arose from a European Scientific Seminar on `Strategies and Policies to Combat Drugs', which was organized by the Commission of the European Communities at the European University Institute in Florence in December 1993. The significance of the seminar lay in the manner in which it sought to address the full range of issues associated with the drug problem at international, national and local level. Equally important was its success in attracting participants from a number of different disciplines -- scientific experts, national and EU administrators working in the drugs field, and members of the European Parliament. That provided for a lively and wide-ranging exchange of views and ideas which is reflected in the contributions and conclusions contained in this publication, which comprises varied contributions and approaches to drug policies at international, European, national and local level. It also focuses on the possibilities of a comprehensive Drug Strategy within the framework of the European Union.
Download or read book Drug Transporters written by Martin F. Fromm and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-19 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is increasingly recognized that various transporter proteins are expressed throughout the body and determine absorption, tissue distribution, biliary and renal elimination of endogenous compounds and drugs and drug effects. This book will give an overview on the transporter families which are most important for drug therapy. Most chapters will focus on one transporter family highlighting tissue expression, substrates, inhibitors, knock-out mouse models and clinical studies.
Download or read book Dynamic Systems Biology Modeling and Simulation written by Joseph DiStefano III and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-01-10 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dynamic Systems Biology Modeling and Simuation consolidates and unifies classical and contemporary multiscale methodologies for mathematical modeling and computer simulation of dynamic biological systems – from molecular/cellular, organ-system, on up to population levels. The book pedagogy is developed as a well-annotated, systematic tutorial – with clearly spelled-out and unified nomenclature – derived from the author’s own modeling efforts, publications and teaching over half a century. Ambiguities in some concepts and tools are clarified and others are rendered more accessible and practical. The latter include novel qualitative theory and methodologies for recognizing dynamical signatures in data using structural (multicompartmental and network) models and graph theory; and analyzing structural and measurement (data) models for quantification feasibility. The level is basic-to-intermediate, with much emphasis on biomodeling from real biodata, for use in real applications. Introductory coverage of core mathematical concepts such as linear and nonlinear differential and difference equations, Laplace transforms, linear algebra, probability, statistics and stochastics topics The pertinent biology, biochemistry, biophysics or pharmacology for modeling are provided, to support understanding the amalgam of “math modeling” with life sciences Strong emphasis on quantifying as well as building and analyzing biomodels: includes methodology and computational tools for parameter identifiability and sensitivity analysis; parameter estimation from real data; model distinguishability and simplification; and practical bioexperiment design and optimization Companion website provides solutions and program code for examples and exercises using Matlab, Simulink, VisSim, SimBiology, SAAMII, AMIGO, Copasi and SBML-coded models A full set of PowerPoint slides are available from the author for teaching from his textbook. He uses them to teach a 10 week quarter upper division course at UCLA, which meets twice a week, so there are 20 lectures. They can easily be augmented or stretched for a 15 week semester course Importantly, the slides are editable, so they can be readily adapted to a lecturer’s personal style and course content needs. The lectures are based on excerpts from 12 of the first 13 chapters of DSBMS. They are designed to highlight the key course material, as a study guide and structure for students following the full text content The complete PowerPoint slide package (~25 MB) can be obtained by instructors (or prospective instructors) by emailing the author directly, at: [email protected]
