Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cellular Reprogramming written by Alexander Meissner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-11 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability of a single genome to give rise to hundreds of functionally distinct cell type programs is in itself remarkable. Pioneering studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that this plasticity is retained throughout development, a phenomenon of epigenetic programming and reprogramming that remains one of the most fascinating areas of modern biology, with major relevance to human health and disease. This book presents the basic biology involved, including key mechanistic insights into this rapidly growing field.
Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms of Cell Programming and Reprogramming written by Gang Pei and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a major research program on epigenetic mechanisms of cell programming and reprogramming. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the epigenetic research plans and the current situation of epigenetic research in China and the international frontier. With the application of interdisciplinary research methods, the book discusses the development trends of epigenetic research, such as mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of epigenetic information and epigenetic regulation on reproduction and development. It also presents a variety of research achievements. For example, the discovery of new epigenetic regulators and chromatin remodulaters and their biological functions and mechanisms are highlighted. Several regulation mechanisms of cell differentiation and trans-differentiation are discussed, especially the discovery of the key factors to promote the trans-differentiation of somatic cells to hepatocytes. In addition, this book puts forward some key academic fields with increasing importance, such as biochemistry, cell biology, and clinical medicine. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics, clinical medicine, and other related fields.
Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms of Cell Programming and Reprogramming Major Research Achievements written by Gang Pei and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a major research program on epigenetic mechanisms of cell programming and reprogramming. The program was launched by the National Natural Science Foundation of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, which was started in October 2008 and concluded at the end of 2016. It first summarizes the epigenetic research plans and the current situation of epigenetic research in China and the international frontier. With the application of interdisciplinary research methods, the book discusses the development trends of epigenetic research, such as mechanisms of establishment and maintenance of epigenetic information and epigenetic regulation on reproduction and development. It also presents a variety of research achievements. For example, the discovery of new epigenetic regulators and chromatin remodulaters and their biological functions and mechanisms are highlighted. Several regulation mechanisms of cell differentiation and trans-differentiation are discussed, especially the discovery of the key factors to promote the trans-differentiation of somatic cells to hepatocytes. In addition, this book puts forward some key academic fields with increasing importance, such as biochemistry, cell biology, and clinical medicine. Given its scope, the book is of interest to researchers who work in cell biology, biochemistry, structural biology, bioinformatics, clinical medicine, and other related fields. .
Download or read book Stem Cell Epigenetics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-08-13 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stem Cell Epigenetics, Volume 16, examines how epigenetics are involved in stem cell differentiation, how a stem cell rapidly transitions into a molecularly distinct cell type, and how this process may be reversed or managed via epigenetic reprogramming. Topics discussed include chromatin in pluripotency, epigenetic regulation of reprogramming, stem cells and DNA methylation, histone modifications in stem cells and differentiation, higher-order chromatin conformation in pluripotent cells, epigenetics and disease modeling, organoids from pluripotent cells, transcriptional regulation in stem cells and differentiation, non-coding RNAs in pluripotency and early differentiation, and diseases caused by epigenetic alterations in stem cells. Additionally, the potential implementation of stem cell epigenetics in drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and disease treatment is discussed in detail, helping researchers and physicians bring this exciting and fast evolving field to the clinic. Provides genetic researchers, students and physicians with evidence indicating the epigenetic mechanisms involved in stem cell differentiation Highlights the specific characteristics of the epigenetic modifications and misregulations that may result in disease pathogenesis Examines the potential application of stem cell epigenetics towards developing therapeutic interventions for disease and advancing regenerative medicine Features chapter contributions by leading international experts
Download or read book Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Stem Cell Differentiation and Reprogramming written by Kevin Huang and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The regulatory capacities of epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, have seen a rising interest in recent years. These epigenetic marks are pervasive and non-randomly distributed across the genome, raising intriguing questions on how epigenetics contributes to genomic features that define cellular identity and function. Unlike fixed genetic information that is shared between all cell types, epigenetics involve multiple layers of regulation and can vary dramatically across different cell types and genomic contexts. Thus, much more effort is required to procure a complete perspective of the manifold epigenetic landscape. The body of work in this dissertation focuses on epigenetic studies in the mammalian pluripotent stem cell model system. We utilize high-throughput technologies such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) as well as leverage existing epigenetic maps to address a wide range of molecular questions on a comprehensive global scale. This dissertation is organized into three overarching themes: First, we employed genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation profiling tools to determine whether different cell types display unique biomarkers that can be used to distinguish them from other cell types (Chapters 2-5). We found that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) carry distinct features in both gene expression and DNA methylation patterns, arguing in favor of the idea that these two pluripotent cell types are different. Furthermore, we compared pluripotent stem cell derived retinal pigmented epithelium (hESC-RPE and hiPSC-RPE) with fetal and adult RPE and found that all RPE cells share a core set of signature genes that distinguishes them from all other cell types. We propose these signature genes will be useful for evaluating the quality of stem-cell derived RPE. Finally, novel corneal endothelial cells (CECs) biomarkers were identified through comparing 12 other tissue types, paving the way for future studies to evaluate properties of stem-cell derived CECs. We next examined how molecular features of pluripotent stem cells are altered during the differentiation process of stem cells (Chapters 6-8). Using the RPE differentiation paradigm, we profiled both microRNA and DNA methylation patterns in intermediate stages between pluripotent stem cells and mature RPE. These two separate studies identified subsets of dynamically regulated epigenetic marks, some of which are associated with RPE signature gene expression. Furthermore, we used a highly innovative and powerful single-cell RNA-sequencing approach to profile transcriptional changes in the early embryo beginning from mature oocyte to morula stages. This study identified a conserved genetic program describing a highly dynamic transcriptional architecture during early embryogenesis. Finally, we took a focused analysis on how DNA methyltransferases contribute to shaping the pluripotent stem cell epigenome (Chapters 9-10). Using mouse ESCs null of DNA methylation, we determined DNA methylation regulates a large set of genes through action with H3K27me3. Furthermore, we determined shared and unique genomic targets of each DNA methyltransferase, including novel de novo methylation activity for Dnmt1 in vivo. In the human model system, we generated iPSCs from ICF Syndrome patient fibroblasts which carry double heterozygous mutations in DNMT3B. We found DNMT3B is involved in a wave of de novo methylation during the reprogramming process and has unique genomic targets.
Download or read book From Epigenesis to Epigenetics written by Linda van Speybroeck and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today it is acknowledged that the expression of the genome depends on its intracellular, intercellular, organismic and environmental contexts. This text brings together reflections of researchers in molecular and developmental biology and philosophy of science on this field of biological research.
Download or read book Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine written by Carlos Simón and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stem cell science has the potential to impact human reproductive medicine significantly - cutting edge technologies allow the production and regeneration of viable gametes from human stem cells offering potential to preciously infertile patients. Written by leading experts in the field Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine brings together chapters on the genetics and epigenetics of both the male and female gametes as well as advice on the production and regeneration of gene cells in men and women, trophoblasts and endometrium from human embryonic and adult stem cells. Although focussing mainly on the practical elements of the use of stem cells in reproductive medicine, the book also contains a section on new developments in stem cell research. The book is essential reading for reproductive medicine clinicians, gynecologists and embryologists who want to keep abreast of practical developments in this rapidly developing field.
Download or read book Epigenetics and Development written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume of Current Topics in Developmental Biology covers epigenetics and development, with contributions from an international board of authors. The chapters provide a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as epigenetic marking of the zebrafish developmental program, functions of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in mammalian development, and reprogramming and the pluripotent stem cell cycle. Covers the area of epigenetics and development International board of authors Provides a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as epigenetic marking of the zebrafish developmental program, functions of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in mammalian development, and reprogramming and the pluripotent stem cell cycle
Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation written by Vincenzo E. A. Russo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many inheritable changes in gene function are not explained by changes in the DNA sequence. Such epigenetic mechanisms are known to influence gene function in most complex organisms and include effects such as transposon function, chromosome imprinting, yeast mating type switching and telomeric silencing. In recent years, epigenetic effects have become a major focus of research activity. This monograph, edited by three well-known biologists from different specialties, is the first to review and synthesize what is known about these effects across all species, particularly from a molecular perspective, and will be of interest to everyone in the fields of molecular biology and genetics.
Download or read book Epigenetics and Regeneration written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics and Regeneration compiles the first foundational reference on epigenetic mechanisms governing tissue development, repair, homeostasis, and regeneration, as well as pathways to employ these mechanisms in clinical practice and translational science. In this book, life science researchers, clinicians, and students will discover an interdisciplinary resource bringing together common themes in the field, background overviews, research methods, recent advances, and opportunities for drug discovery. Throughout this volume, special attention is paid to pre-clinical and first clinical studies aimed at increasing the regenerative potential of damaged tissues by epigenetic drugs, as well as innovative, discipline spanning strategies to enhance cell reprogramming. As an all-inclusive, evidence-based volume, Epigenetics and Regeneration will stimulate discussion and boost new research in this fascinating and impactful area of translational epigenetics. Provides a foundational overview of epigenetics in regenerative medicine Examines epigenetic components of tissue regeneration for a variety of organ systems and tissue types, as well as current attempts to employ these mechanisms in clinical practice Offers researchers, students, clinicians, and pharmacologists the tools they need to enhance tissue development, repair, homeostasis, and regeneration and explore new epigenetic therapeutic pathways Features chapter contributions from leading international researchers and clinicians in the fields of epigenetics and regenerative medicine
Download or read book Introduction to Epigenetics written by Renato Paro and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access textbook leads the reader from basic concepts of chromatin structure and function and RNA mechanisms to the understanding of epigenetics, imprinting, regeneration and reprogramming. The textbook treats epigenetic phenomena in animals, as well as plants. Written by four internationally known experts and senior lecturers in this field, it provides a valuable tool for Master- and PhD- students who need to comprehend the principles of epigenetics, or wish to gain a deeper knowledge in this field. After reading this book, the student will: Have an understanding of the basic toolbox of epigenetic regulation Know how genetic and epigenetic information layers are interconnected Be able to explain complex epigenetic phenomena by understanding the structures and principles of the underlying molecular mechanisms Understand how misregulated epigenetic mechanisms can lead to disease
Download or read book Epigenetics of Aging written by Trygve O. Tollefsbol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic processes may play a major role in both cellular and organismal aging. These epigenetic processes include not only DNA methylation and histone modifications, but also extend to many other epigenetic mediators such as the polycomb group proteins, chromosomal position effects, and noncoding RNA. The topics of this book range from fundamental changes in DNA methylation in aging to the most recent research on intervention into epigenetic modifications to modulate the aging process. The major topics of epigenetics and aging covered in this book are: 1) DNA methylation and histone modifications in aging; 2) Other epigenetic processes and aging; 3) Impact of epigenetics on aging; 4) Epigenetics of age-related diseases; 5) Epigenetic interventions and aging: and 6) Future directions in epigenetic aging research. The most studied of epigenetic processes, DNA methylation, has been associated with cellular aging and aging of organisms for many years. It is now apparent that both global and gene-specific alterations occur not only in DNA methylation during aging, but also in several histone alterations. Many epigenetic alterations can have an impact on aging processes such as stem cell aging, control of telomerase, modifications of telomeres, and epigenetic drift can impact the aging process as evident in the recent studies of aging monozygotic twins. Numerous age-related diseases are affected by epigenetic mechanisms. For example, recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is altered in Alzheimer’s disease and autoimmunity. Other prevalent diseases that have been associated with age-related epigenetic changes include cancer and diabetes. Paternal age and epigenetic changes appear to have an effect on schizophrenia and epigenetic silencing has been associated with several of the progeroid syndromes of premature aging. Moreover, the impact of dietary or drug intervention into epigenetic processes as they affect normal aging or age-related diseases is becoming increasingly feasible.
Download or read book Chromatin And Epigenetics An Introduction To Epigenetic Mechanisms written by Vincenzo Pirrotta and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2023-07-05 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to epigenetics, a controversial term that denotes the mechanisms that instruct the genome on how to express the purely genetic information that encodes proteins. Starting with the discovery of repressor proteins in the 1960s, epigenetics evolved into a kind of user manual for the genetic information, telling the genome if, when, how much and in what cells to read genes. Advances in epigenetics in the past 15 years have revealed how it lies at the heart of virtually every branch of biological and medical sciences and an understanding of its basic principles is therefore essential for every student in this field.The field of chromatin and epigenetics has developed very rapidly in the past 15-20 years. The pace in the field of epigenetics has now slowed down, the basic outlines of the mechanisms and implications have solidified and a consensus has been achieved among the researchers in the field. At the same time, these mechanisms and implications are now an integral part of how we think about the genome. Genes are more than just DNA and more than just protein-coding sequences and this realization has revolutionized our understanding of the genome, gene expression and its regulation in development, health and disease. It is time, therefore, for a textbook to help train a new generation of biologists and health scientists as well as providing a basic competence among practitioners in allied fields. The present book has grown out of a course given for the past 13 years to advanced undergraduates at Rutgers University. In keeping with the experience in that course, the book is abundantly illustrated, presents a wealth of specific examples, and includes a chapter describing a number of methods and techniques that have driven the advances in the field.
Download or read book Pluripotent Stem Cells written by Deepa Bhartiya and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-08-28 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stem cells have generated a lot of excitement among the researchers, clinicians and the public alike. Various types of stem cells are being evaluated for their regenerative potential. Marginal benefit resulting by transplanting autologus stem cells (deemed to be absolutely safe) in various clinical conditions has been proposed to be a growth factor effect rather than true regeneration. In contrast, various pre-clinical studies have been undertaken, using differentiated cells from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells have shown promise, functional improvement and no signs of teratoma formation. The scientists are not in a rush to reach the clinic but a handful of clinical studies have shown promise. This book is a collection of studies/reviews, beginning with an introduction to the pluripotent stem cells and covering various aspects like derivation, differentiation, ethics, etc., and hence would provide insight into the recent standing on the pluripotent stem cells biology. The chapters have been categorized into three sections, covering subjects ranging from the generation of pluripotent stem cells and various means of their derivation from embryonic as well as adult tissues, the mechanistic understanding of pluripotency and narrating the potential therapeutic implications of these in vitro generated cells in various diseases, in addition to the associated pros and cons in the same.
Download or read book Environmental Epigenetics written by L. Joseph Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.
Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Neural Stem Cell Plasticity in Drosophila Melanogaster written by Berra Erkoşar and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of the nervous system relies on a complex network where acquisition of , neuronal and glial fates are tightly regulated. The transcription factor (TF) Glial cells missing (Gcm) is known to be the glial determinant Drosophila embryonic nervous system. When Gcm is overexpressed in the nervous system, neural stem cells that produce normally neurons start to produce glia. This causes a cell fate change that leads to a whole epigenomic reprogramming that requires repression of neuronal genes and activation of glial genes. We have shown that the change of fate of a whole neuronallineage by Gcm requires global changes at the chromatin level and that histone acetyl-transferase dCBP plays an , important role in cellular plasticity. dCBP levels are decreased globally in ectopic glia, for them · to adapt a new acetylation status. Furthermore, we have shown that dCBP in endogenous glia may act together with Gcm to activate late glial genes, exhibiting a different mode of action compared to its role during reprogramming. Defining further the molecular mechanisms of this event is fundamental for understanding the developmental biology of inter-converting cells and also for improving our ability to reprogram cells.
Download or read book Transcriptional and Epigenetic Mechanisms of the First Cell Fate Decision and Reprogramming written by Catherine Soo Rhee and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The placenta is a transient but vital organ mediating a myriad of interactions between maternal and embryonic tissues. The cells in the trophectoderm (TE) lineage are responsible for proper implantation, placentation, and immunological functions of the placenta. However, our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying placentation and TE development is still rudimentary. Deciphering the mechanisms by which key TE-specific transcription factors (TFs) control the first cell fate decision, as well as the maintenance and differentiation of TE, is a prerequisite for understanding early embryonic development and ultimately improving healthy pregnancy. First, using a combination of functional genomics, bioinformatics, and mouse genetics, I revealed that Arid3a is a critical regulator for controlling the first cell fate decision and placental development. Ectopically expressed Arid3a induces TE-like gene expression programs in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Moreover, Arid3a is not only essential for maintaining self-renewing TS cells, but also for promoting further differentiation of trophoblastic lineages. Consistently, Arid3a-/- mice suffer from severely impaired post-implantation development, resulting in early embryonic lethality. I further showed that Arid3a directly activates TE-specific genes while repressing pluripotency genes by recruiting HDAC1. Second, I studied the mechanisms underlying TF-mediated conversion of ES to trophoblast stem (TS)-like cells. Upon overexpression of TS cell-specific TFs, Cdx2, Arid3a, and Gata3 (CAG factors) in ES cells, I performed time–course profiling of chromatin accessibility, transcriptomes, and occupancy of these reprogramming factors during reprogramming. Using an integrative analysis, I discovered that CAG factors orchestrate the conversion via a sequential two-step regulation in a timely, ordered manner, with repression of pluripotency genes by decommissioning active enhancers, followed by activation of TS cell-specific genes as pioneer factors that can access closed chromatin. Taken together, my studies unveiled that Arid3a functions as a pivotal regulator of TE and placental development by regulating the commitment to the first cell fate, as well as by executing TE lineage differentiation. I advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying TF-mediated reprogramming of ES to TS-like cells, in particular Arid3a-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Thus, my studies will be beneficial for enhancing clinical applications such as disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative therapies.
