Download or read book Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens in Ethiopia written by Hassen Chaka Chende and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Village chickens contribute considerably to the economy and to the nutritional requirements and livelihood of many rural farmers in developing countries across the globe. The spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 into Africa during 2005/6 drew attention to the neglect of avian disease surveillance and research in countries such as Ethiopia, in which predominantly village chickens are reared. Several infectious and non-infectious diseases have limited the productivity of village chickens in Ethiopia, among which Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), is the most important. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes subclinical to severe disease depending on the virus strain. To better understand the epidemiology of the disease, a study was performed in the mid-Rift Valley area of Oromia region, Ethiopia, to estimate seroprevalence and incidence of NDV exposure, identify risk factors, evaluate market trade movements and characterize circulating NDV strains. Repeated serological surveys in live bird markets revealed that village chickens were concurrently seropositive for several important infectious diseases, particularly during the wet season. The seroprevalence of ND, Pasteurella multocida infection, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and infectious bursal disease virus infection were 5.9%, 66.2%, 57.7% and 91.9%, respectively, during the dry season, and 6.0%, 63.4%, 78.7% and 96.3%, respectively, during the wet season. This underlines the need for a holistic approach to control of infectious disease in village chickens, and further studies are warranted to better understand the circulating strains, their interactions and their economic effect on village poultry production. A cross-sectional study using a multistage random sampling design with repeated sampling periods was done in households, along with a structured questionnaire. The prevalence of household flocks with at least one seropositive chicken was higher during the dry season (27.4%) than during the wet season (17.4%) (P = 0.003) while the proportion of flocks in which viral genome was detected was 24.2% and 14.2 %, respectively. The prevalence of NDV genome detection in individual birds at markets varied from 4.9 % to 38.2, depending on the period of sampling and the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique employed. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors for NDV seropositivity and for incidence of NDV exposure. Reduced frequency of cleaning of poultry waste, larger flock size and use of an open water source (pond or river) for poultry were associated with increased risk of NDV exposure or seropositivity, while maintaining a closed flock and the use of a grain supplement was associated with lower odds of seropositivity or a lower risk of NDV exposure. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis, based on complete F and HN gene sequencing, was done on NDV isolates obtained at markets and villages. The circulating viruses had amino acid motifs characteristic of virulent strains, indicating endemic circulation of virulent virus in village chickens which poses a threat to improvement of village chicken production and emerging small-scale commercial poultry production. The strains clustered in genotype VI, branching with viruses from subgenotype VIb that commonly affect pigeons, although clustering apart on pairwise distance analysis. The apparent poor biosecurity in village chickens and history of isolation of pigeon variant viruses from domestic chickens in Ethiopia suggest that pigeons could play a role in the epidemiology of ND in village chickens. Further surveillance and virus characterization is required to shed more light on this. Bayesian methods were used to evaluate the performance of two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (a blocking and an indirect ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI), in the absence of a gold standard, for their ability to detect antibodies to NDV in chicken serum from villages and live bird markets. The blocking ELISA had the highest sensitivity (Se) of 96.3% (95% posterior credible interval (PCI): 88.1; 99.8%), and specificity (Sp) of 98.9% (95% PCI: 97.8; 99.9%), while the HI had Se of 81.6% (95% PCI: 71.8, 91.9%), and Sp of 96.1% (95% PCI: 95.1; 96.6%). The indirect ELISA also had high Se (95.2%; 95% PCI: 88.5; 99.0%) but had very low Sp (8.9%; 95% PCI: 6.4, 11.8%). There is therefore a need for evaluation of commercial kits before their wider use in village chickens under field conditions. Market trade movement patterns for live chickens were described, using social network analysis, for two different periods during the year 2010, representing high (period one) and low (period two) seasons for poultry trade. The study revealed that the networks exhibited scale-free characteristics with weak connectivity of the markets and low density of the networks. The density for the two periods was not difference (P = 0.29), although a somewhat higher number of markets and links were observed during period one than period two. The low density of the networks indicates that in the event of infectious disease outbreaks in surroundings of the respective markets, the risk of its spread to many others would likely be fairly low. Nevertheless, the close similarity of NDV isolates from distant markets in the study area suggests that markets could play a role in the spread of infectious poultry diseases. A few markets were more central in the networks, in terms of their betweenness and out-degree; these markets could be considered for targeted surveillance, while those markets with high in-degree, mainly situated in the larger urban centres, can be considered for surveillance that involves regular poultry traders.
Download or read book A Technology Review written by D. J. Alexander and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2004 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previously released in June 2004 and temporarily withdrawn. Now available!) Keeping poultry contributes substantially to household food security throughout the developing world. One of the principal constraints to increasing small-scale poultry production is Newcastle Disease. This acute viral disease can typically kill up to 80 percent of unprotected poultry in rural areas and is found throughout the developing world. This technology review presents the latest understanding of Newcastle Disease, its characteristics, epidemiology, symptoms, and control. It will be of practical value to state and private veterinarians, and to all those involved with rural poultry production who wish to control this disease.
Download or read book Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease written by Illaria Capua and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-24 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause losses to the poultry industry and influence the liveability of rural communities worldwide. Following the H5N1 epidemic they appear to be endemic at least in Asia, Eastern Europe, The Middle East and Africa. Particularly in case of AI outbreaks it is essential that infection is diagnosed promptly and that isolates are made available to the international scientific community. Currently, several organisations including OIE, FAO and the EC have organised training courses in affected areas. However, often these courses do not cover all aspects of AI/ND diagnosis but only certain aspects. This results in fragmented areas of knowledge and in the application of different diagnostic protocols in different parts of the world. The objective of this book is to provide a comprehensive approach to AI diagnosis ranging from the clinical elements that should trigger a suspicion in the field, to the post mortem technique, collection of samples, processing/ shipment of specimens, virological, serological and molecular diagnosis and guidelines for notification.
Download or read book Newcastle Disease Vaccines written by William Hendry Allan and published by Nicholson. This book was released on 1978 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Village Chicken Production Systems in Rural Africa written by Aichi J. Kitalyi and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1998 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The poultry production systems of Africa are mainly based on the scavenging indigenous chickens found in virtually all villages and households in rural Africa. These systems are characterized by low output per bird. Nevertheless, over 70 percent of the poultry products and 20 percent of animal protein intake in most African countries come from this sector. Therefore, increased rural poultry production would result in a positive impact on household food security both in increased dietary intake and in income generation. ... This study coincided with the World Food Summit, held at FAO, Rome, from 13 to 17 November 1996, where delegations committed their governments and civil society to a global attack on food insecurity and poverty. Poultry, like other short-cycle animal stock, is viewed by the FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) as a crucial element in the struggle for sustained food production and poverty alleviation. The guidelines provided in this study are particularly pertinent to those countries participating in the SPFS where village chicken production will have a substantial impact on increased household food security and gender equity."--Foreword.
Download or read book Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Diseases are Threat to Village Chicken Production in Two Districts of Amhara National Regional State Northwest Ethiopia written by Hailu Mazengia and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Newcastle Disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) are the major diseases affecting poultry production. Serological studies using Haemagglutination-Inhibition (HI) for ND and Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) for IBD were conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with ND and IBD in chickens owned by 775 households in two districts (n = 392 for Bahir Dar and n = 383 for Farta) of Amhara national regional state, Northwest Ethiopia. The overall seroprevalence of ND in non-vaccinated chickens was 64.10%. The highest seroprevalence of ND (34.40%) was recorded in the households of Farta district. In multivariate logistic regression analysis breed type, methods of disposal of dead chickens and status of hygiene were found to be the actual risk factors associated with the occurrence of ND. The study also reports the status and risk factors associated with IBD. The overall seroprevalence of IBD in this study was 51.10%. Higher seroprevalence of IBD was recorded in Bahir Dar (29.40%) than in Farta (21.70%) district. Similarly, in the multivariate logistic regression analysis study districts, breed type, source of parent flock, method of disposal of dead birds and status of hygiene were found to be highly associated with the occurrence of IBD.
Download or read book Diseases of Poultry written by and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 1488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most complete and definitive reference to all aspects of poultry diseases, Diseases of Poultry, Fourteenth Edition has been fully revised and updated to offer a comprehensive survey of current knowledge. Updates the definitive reference of poultry health and disease Provides more clinically relevant information on management of specific diseases, contributed by clinical poultry veterinarians Offers information on disease control in organic and antibiotic-free production Presents more concise, streamlined chapters for ease of use Incorporates advances in the field, from new diagnostic tools and information to changes brought about by the increasing globalization and the re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens
Download or read book Village Chickens Poverty Alleviation and the Sustainable Control of Newcastle Disease written by Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Poultry Coccidiosis written by Donal P. Conway and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-06-15 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poultry Coccidiosis is a valuable, comprehensive reference that reviews the biology of coccidia, covers current diagnostic and testing procedures, and thoroughly covers the anti-coccidial vaccines and drugs that are currently available. This user-friendly guide will provide poultry scientists, poultry disease diagnosticians, and veterinary practitioners with a well-illustrated description of the Johnson and Reid scoring procedure, thorough explanation of laboratory procedures, experiment design, example protocols for testing anticoccidial drugs, a summary of the chemical name, structure, safety, and efficacy of anticoccidial drugs, and a review of anticoccidial vaccines that are currently available. This easy-to-use reference will be an invaluable tool for anyone working with poultry.
Download or read book The Epidemiology and Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Ethiopian Village Chickens and the Role of Co infection in Infection Risk written by Judy Bettridge and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens written by P. H. Spradbrow and published by Hyperion Books. This book was released on 1992 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Veterinary Virology written by Frank J. Fenner and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Veterinary Virology deals with basic biomedical virology and the clinical discipline of infectious diseases. The book discusses the principles of virology as effecting future developments in the search for preventive and management of infectious diseases in animals, whether singly or as a whole herd or flock. Part I explains the principles of animal virology including the structure, composition, classification, nomenclature, cultivation, and assay of viruses. This part also discusses viral genetics, replication, and evolution (including mutation and genetic engineering). The book also reviews the pathogenesis of viruses, host resistance and susceptibility, as well as the mechanisms of persistent infections and tumor induction. Part II deals with viruses found in domestic animals; this part also explains in detail the properties, replication methods, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and control of some common viruses. The book discusses some other families of viruses of which no members are yet known as to have caused serious or important diseases in animals. Veterinarians, immunologists, virologists, molecular researchers, students, and academicians in the discipline of virology and cellular biology, as well as livestock owners will find this book helpful.
Download or read book Controlling Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens written by Mary Young and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual, originally published in 2002, describes the procedures needed to produce and test live, thermostable avirulent I-2 vaccine against Newcastle disease (ND) of poultry. It has formed the basis of practical training workshops for scientists and technicians in vaccine-producing laboratories in Africa and Asia. This second edition, updated on the basis of practical experience over the last decade, has been published due to increasing interest in local production of ND vaccine.
Download or read book Public Health Significance of Urban Pests written by Xavier Bonnefoy and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century witnessed important changes in ecology, climate and human behaviour that favoured the development of urban pests. Most alarmingly, urban planners now face the dramatic expansion of urban sprawl, in which city suburbs are growing into the natural habitats of ticks, rodents and other pests. Also, many city managers now erroneously assume that pest-borne diseases are relics of the past. All these changes make timely a new analysis of the direct and indirect effects of present-day urban pests on health. Such an analysis should lead to the development of strategies to manage them and reduce the risk of exposure. To this end, WHO invited international experts in various fields - pests, pest-related diseases and pest management - to provide evidence on which to base policies. These experts identified the public health risk posed by various pests and appropriate measures to prevent and control them. This book presents their conclusions and formulates policy options for all levels of decision-making to manage pests and pest-related diseases in the future. [Ed.]
Download or read book World Livestock 2013 written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Livestock 2013: Changing disease landscapes looks at the evidence of changing disease dynamics involving livestock and explores three key areas: the Pressure, including drivers and risk factors that contribute to disease emergence, spread and persistence; the State, describing the disease dynamics that result from the Pressure and their subsequent impact; and the Response, required both to adapt and improve the State and to mitigate the Pressure. The report argues that a comprehensive approach for the promotion of global health is needed to face the complexities of the changing disease landscapes, giving greater emphasis on agro-ecological resilience, protection of biodiversity and efficient use of natural resources to ensure safer food supply chains, particularly in areas worst afflicted by poverty and animal diseases. Speeding up response times by early detection and reaction – including improved policies that address disease drivers – is key. Forging a safer, healthier world requires engagement in the One Health approach, which involves all relevant actors and disciplines spanning animal, human and environmental health sectors.
Download or read book Epidemiology Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites written by Anders Permin and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 1998 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-03-13 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge of veterinary anatomy and physiology is essential for veterinary professionals and researchers. The chapters reflect the diverse and dynamic research being undertaken in a variety of different species throughout the world. Whether the animals have roles in food security, agriculture, or as companion, wild, or working animals, the lessons we learn impact on many areas of the profession. This book highlights research ranging from the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, prostate and hoof, through to histopathology, imaging, and molecular techniques. It investigates both healthy and pathological conditions at differing stages of life. The importance of each cell and tissue through to the whole organism is explored alongside the methodologies used to understand these vital structures and functions.
