Download or read book Enzymatic Reactions in Organic Media written by A. Koskinen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The outlook of organic synthesis has changed many times during its tractable history. The initial focus on the synthesis of substances typical of living matter, exemplified by the first examples of organic chemistry through the synthesis of urea from inorganic substances by Liebig, was accepted as the birth of organic chemistry, and thus also of organic synthesis. Although the early developments in organic synthesis closely followed the pursuit of molecules typical in nature, towards the end of the 19th century, societal pressures placed higher demands on chemical methods appropriate for the emerging age of industrialization. This led to vast amounts of information being generated through the discovery of synthetic reactions, spectroscopic techniques and reaction mechanisms. The basic organic functional group transformations were discovered and improved during the early part of this century. Reaction mechanisms were elucidated at a growing pace, and extremely powerful spectroscopic tools, such as infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry were introduced as everyday tools for a practising organic chemist. By the 1950s, many practitioners were ready to agree that almost every molecule could be syn thesized. Some difficult stereochemical problems were exceptions; for example Woodward concluded that erythromycin was a "hopelessly complex target". This frustration led to a hectic phase of development of new and increasingly more ingenious protecting group strategies and functional group transformations, and also saw the emergence of asymmetric synthesis.
Download or read book Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis 3 Volume Set written by Karlheinz Drauz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-03-26 with total page 2143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive three-volume set is the standard reference in the field of organic synthesis, catalysis and biocatalysis. Edited by a highly experienced and highly knowledgeable team with a tremendous amount of experience in this field and its applications, this edition retains the successful concept of past editions, while the contents are very much focused on new developments in the field. All the techniques described are directly transferable from the lab to the industrial scale, making for a very application-oriented approach. A must for all chemists and biotechnologists.
Download or read book Enzymes in Nonaqueous Solvents written by Evgeny N. Vulfson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enzymatic catalysis has gained considerable attention in recent years as an efficient tool in the preparation of natural products, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and food ingredients. The high selectivity and mild reaction con- tions associated with enzymatic transformations have made this approach an attractive alternative in the synthesis of complex bioactive compounds, which are often difficult to obtain by standard chemical routes. However, the maj- ity of organic compounds are not very soluble in water, which was traditi- ally perceived as the only suitable reaction medium for the application of biocatalysts. The realization that most enzymes can function perfectly well under nearly anhydrous conditions and, in addition, display a number of useful properties, e. g. , highly enhanced stability and different selectivity, has d- matically widened the scope of their application to the organic synthesis. Another great attraction of using organic solvents rather than water as a reaction solvent is the ability to perform synthetic transformations with re- tively inexpensive hydrolytic enzymes. It is worth reminding the reader that in vivo, the synthetic and hydrolytic pathways are catalyzed by different enzymes. However, elimination of water from the reaction mixture enables the “reversal” of hydrolytic enzymes and thus avoids the use of the expensive cofactors or activated substrates that are required for their synthetic count- parts.
Download or read book Methods in Non Aqueous Enzymology written by Munishwar N. Gupta and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extending the range of enzymatic catalysis by using non-aqueous media has now developed into a powerful approach in biochemistry and biotechnology. One peculiar feature which distinguishes it from the conventional enzymology (carried out in aqueous buffers) is that the awareness of different parameters that control and influence the behaviour of enzymes in such environments has emerged rather slowly. Science is about being able to repeat what somebody else has done. Absence of knowledge about such well-defined parameters/fac tors has sometimes made some workers rather cautious and diffident about using this approach in their laboratories. But for this, non-aqueous enzymol ogy would be more widely practised. It is these thoughts that made me feel that the availability of some well-defined protocols for various applications invol ving enzymes in non-aqueous environments would further catalyze the growth of this area. Hence this book, in which each chapter has some protocols in a specific area. The protocols are preceded by brief background material. The early chapters, which are of general importance, concern control of water ac tivity and stabilization via immobilization. Some subsequent chapters provide the protocols for transformations involving lipids and carbohydrates, peptide synthesis, and preparation of chiral compounds. The disproportionate focus on lipases is not a coincidence; this class of enzymes has been used more often than others in non-aqueous enzymology.
Download or read book Enzymatic Catalysis in Organic Solvents written by Aleksey Zaks and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Organic Synthesis with Enzymes in Non Aqueous Media written by Giacomo Carrea and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-09 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Closing a gap in the literature, this comprehensive book examines and discusses different non-aqueous systems from organic solvents to ionic liquids for synthetic applications, thus opening the door to new successful methods for biocatalytic reactions. It gathers into one handy source the information otherwise widely spread throughout the literature, combining useful background information with a number of synthetic examples, including industrial scale processes for pharmaceutical and fine chemicals. Extremely well structured, the text introduces the fundamentals of non-aqueous enzymology, before going on to new reaction media and synthetic applications using hydrolases and non-hydrolytic enzymes. The one-stop reference for everyone working in this hot field.
Download or read book Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis written by Manfred P. Schneider and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Reisensburg/Ulm, Donau, Germany, June 16-22, 1985
Download or read book The Design of Enzymatic Systems for Catalysis in Organic Solvents written by Valerie Mei-lin Reiko Suzawa and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Enzymes in Synthetic Organic Chemistry written by C.H. Wong and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the most recent development of enzymatic organic synthesis, with particular focus on the use of isolated enzymes. It is organized into one introductory chapter dealing with the characteristics of enzymes as catalysts, and five chapters dealing with different types of chemical transformations. Methods for enzyme immobilization and stabilizaton, the use of enzymes in extreme environments, and the alteration of enzyme properties by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis for synthetic purposes are covered.
Download or read book Asymmetric Organic Synthesis with Enzymes written by Vicente Gotor and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-09-08 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perfect for biochemists, synthetic and organic chemists, this book covers all important reactions, including C-C coupling reactions, oxidation reactions and many more. Divided into two parts, the first section on methodology presents new innovative methods for enzymatic catalysis optimization, including such new trends as medium engineering, directed evolution and computer-aided prediction of enantioselectivity. The second and main section deals with applications to synthesis, showing important reaction types and their applications. Only those reactions with very high selectivity are presented, allowing readers to improve their own reaction yields.
Download or read book Enzyme Design for Nonaqueous Media Optimization of Enzymatic Catalysis for Organic Solvent Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From a biotechnological perspective there are many potential advantages of employing enzymes in organic as opposed to aqueous media. To that end, we have concluded an initial three-year research program in the area of enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. Our studies have focused on the effect of protein hydration on subtilisins BPN' and Carlsberg in nonaqueous media. Investigations on protein engineered mutants, catalyst engineering studies, and structural studies, primarily employing EPR spectroscopy, have revealed fundamental information on the role of water, the the nature of enzyme structure, and the effects of solvents on the catalytic activity in organic solvents. This study has also resulted in several rational methods to dramatically improve enzyme activity under anhydrous conditions. Catalytic activities in organic solvents can now be expressed at levels similar to that in water--this is a major advance in the field of nonaqueous enzymology. (jg).
Download or read book Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis written by Karlheinz Drauz and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2002-07-26 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic synthesis with enzymes - the only way This comprehensive set gives reliable answers to all questions on enzyme catalysis - from searching for suitable catalytic systems via choosing the optimal reaction conditions to implementing modern synthesis strategies. The long-awaited new edition has been greatly expanded to include new topics and to reflect the latest research, yet retains the clear and practice-oriented presentation found in the first edition. More than a mere data collection, the three volumes provide synthetic chemists with easy access to all the first-hand information necessary for successfully using enzymes: - the latest synthesis methods - example applications arranged according to reaction type - a table of all the important, commercially available enzymes - comprehensive registers for targeted searching according to enzyme, compound, or reaction - current references to the literature In short, an indispensable reference that should be on the shelf of every modern synthesis laboratory.
Download or read book Organic Synthesis Using Biocatalysis written by Animesh Goswami and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-06 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic Synthesis Using Biocatalysis provides a concise background on the application of biocatalysis for the synthesis of organic compounds, including the important biocatalytic reactions and application of biocatalysis for the synthesis of organic compounds in pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical areas. The book provides recipes for carrying out various biocatalytic reactions, helping both newcomers and non-experts use these methodologies. It is written by experts in their fields, and provides both a current status and future prospects of biocatalysis in the synthesis of organic molecules. Provides a concise background of the application of biocatalysis for the synthesis of organic compounds Expert contributors present recipes for carrying out biocatalytic reactions, including subject worthy discussions on biocatalysis in organic synthesis, biocatalysis for selective organic transformation, enzymes as catalysis for organic synthesis, biocatalysis in Industry, including pharmaceuticals, and more Contains detailed, separate chapters that describe the application of biocatalysis
Download or read book Enzymatic Catalysis in Anhydrous Organic Solvents written by Alexander M. Klibanov and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biomolecules in Organic Solvents written by Armando Gomez-Puyou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-01-27 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomolecules and Organic Solvents discusses the behavior of enzymes and multi-enzyme complexes in organic solvents, in addition to the problem of water-protein interactions and the characteristics of water at interphases. It attempts to bridge the gap between the all water and the organic solvents systems from the point of view of enzyme structure and function. The mechanism of action of enzymes dispersed in anhydrous organic solvents and the biotechnological perspectives of the field are evaluated, and new information regarding the function and characteristics of complex multi-enzymatic systems and whole cells in organic solvents are examined. New developments regarding the nature of the water pool and interphases of reverse micelles and their enzyme kinetics are also explored. The characteristics and properties of enzymes trapped in reverse micelles are discussed throughout the book. Biomolecules in Organic Solvents is essential reading for biochemists, molecular biologists, and others working in related fields.
Download or read book Enzyme Catalysis in Water organic Solvent Two phase Systems written by Rolf Andrew Ramelmeier and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Bioorganic Chemisty of Enzymatic Catalysis written by Myron L. Bender and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1984-09-06 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactive Molecules The Neutral Reactive Intermediates in Organic Chemistry Curt Wentrup A unique, pedagogically sound text and monograph describing the formation, detection, and chemistry of neutral reactive intermediates (free radicals, diradicals, carbenes, nitrenes, strained rings, and antiaromatics). Starting from first principles, it brings the reader up-to-date on the current state of research on these intermediates. Chapters end with a problems section, with some bearing directly on the main theme of each chapter, and others extending the range of reactions covered. 1984 Enzyme Kinetics Behavior and Analysis of Rapid Equilibrium and Steady-State Enzyme Systems Irwin H. Segel Thorough coverage of enzyme kinetics from its most elementary aspects to steady-state kinetics and isotope exchange. Offers a basic understanding of the behavior of enzyme systems and the diagnostic tools used to characterize enzymes and determine enzyme mechanisms. Explains the basis of coupled enzyme assays, regulation by "energy charge," cumulative, concerted, and cooperative feedback inhibition, and metal ion activation. 1975
