Download or read book Environmental Valuation by US Regulatory Agencies written by Sroyon Mukherjee and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: US regulatory agencies frequently use cost-benefit analysis ('CBA') in their decision-making, and several such CBAs have been challenged in court. This paper argues that in cases involving the valuation of environmental benefits, substantive judicial review of agency CBAs is, and should be, less deferential than most commentators would suggest. Direct challenges to agency CBAs can take two forms. First, a court may be asked to review whether the agency was authorised to rely on a CBA (if it did) or whether it was required to (if it did not). Second, the challenge may be directed at the adequacy of the CBA itself. The literature so far has mostly concentrated on the first category of cases; this paper focuses on the second. Several scholars favour a deferential standard of judicial review, primarily on the basis that CBA involves technical questions which agency experts, as opposed to generalist judges, are more qualified to answer. Since CBA typically involves monetisation of costs and benefits and environmental benefits are notoriously hard to quantify, the argument for judicial deference would appear to be even stronger in the context of environmental regulation. Based on a review of US appellate court decisions involving valuation of environmental benefits, I argue that the difficulties inherent in such valuation are not only technical or methodological - the kind that experts are arguably better equipped to address. Before dealing with methodological questions, i.e. how benefits are to be measured, the valuer must first determine which benefits are relevant - a determination which involves value judgments, questions of policy and statutory purpose. As an empirical matter, I show that courts do in fact engage with these questions in the judicial review of CBA. As a normative matter, based on an evaluation of the case law and the nature of questions at issue, I argue that this is how it should be.
Download or read book Science and Decisions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-24 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
Download or read book Valuing Health Risks Costs and Benefits for Environmental Decision Making written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1990-02-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Final Report Framework for environmental health risk management written by United States. Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Policy Under Reagan s Executive Order written by V. Kerry Smith and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time, a formal benefit-cost requirement plays an integral role in U.S. environmental policymaking, and in this volume, some of the nation's leading experts on environmental policy appraise the effects of President Reagan's Executive Order No. 12291. By considering how the Environmental Protection Agency has responded to 12291, these essays identify the limitations of conventional practices of benefit-cost analysis. Originally published in 1984. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Download or read book Framework for Environmental Health Risk Management Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision Making written by Gail Charnley and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1998-12 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Federal Water Resources Agencies Should Assess Less Costly Ways to Comply with Regulations written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Review of Monetary and Nonmonetary Valuation of Environmental Investments written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1995 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Valuing Environmental Preferences written by Ian Bateman and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The questionnaire-based Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) asks people what would they be willing to pay for an environmental good or attribute, or willing to accept for its loss. These papers consider the real value of such surveys.
Download or read book Environmental Compliance by Federal Agencies written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 874 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Science and Decisions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-24 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
Download or read book Efficiency in Environmental Regulation written by Ralph A. Luken and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A management agency --such as a publicly or privately owned electric utility -- must, if it is to be efficient in carrying out its day-to-day tasks, have a means of monitoring its performance to assess the efficiency of its operations and the effectiveness of its planning. For example, how did the demand for electricity compare with that assumed in planning? How effective were the incentives applied to induce energy conservation by users? Such ex post analyses are essential for improving the planning process and hence for improving decisions with respect to efficiency and resource allocation. Unfortunately, it seems to be very difficult for public agencies to make such ex post evaluations an integral part of agency activities, whether the agencies are "producers," e. g. , the Corps of Engineers or the Bureau of Reclamation with respect to water resources management, or are regulatory agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency or the Food and Drug Administration. Here and there a few ex post analyses of agency programs have been done, but rarely by the responsible agency itself. These analyses have attempted to compare the results actually achieved with the results estimated in planning, either in terms of project outputs or in terms of effectiveness of regulatory and/or economic incentives in inducing desired changes in behavior.
Download or read book Evaluating Research Efficiency in the U S Environmental Protection Agency written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-07-17 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new book from the National Research Council recommends changes in how the federal government evaluates the efficiency of research at EPA and other agencies. Assessing efficiency should be considered only one part of gauging a program's quality, relevance, and effectiveness. The efficiency of research processes and that of investments should be evaluated using different approaches. Investment efficiency should examine whether an agency's R&D portfolio, including the budget, is relevant, of high quality, matches the agency's strategic plan. These evaluations require panels of experts. In contrast, process efficiency should focus on "inputs" (the people, funds, and facilities dedicated to research) and "outputs" (the services, grants, publications, monitoring, and new techniques produced by research), as well as their timelines and should be evaluated using quantitative measures. The committee recommends that the efficiency of EPA's research programs be evaluated according to the same standards used at other agencies. To ensure this, OMB should train and oversee its budget examiners so that the PART questionnaire is implemented consistently and equitably across agencies.
Download or read book An Economic Evaluation of the OMB Paper on The Costs of Regulation and Restrictive Practices written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Risk Assessment in the Federal Government written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1983-02-01 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The regulation of potentially hazardous substances has become a controversial issue. This volume evaluates past efforts to develop and use risk assessment guidelines, reviews the experience of regulatory agencies with different administrative arrangements for risk assessment, and evaluates various proposals to modify procedures. The book's conclusions and recommendations can be applied across the entire field of environmental health.
Download or read book Environmental R D Issues Related to the Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Impact Statements Second Edition written by Jacob I. Bregman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-02-26 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Impact Statements, Second Edition has been extensively revised and updated to cover all the requirements for a wide variety of EISs on the federal, state and local levels, including a new chapter devoted to Environmental Justice. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) must be completed for any major action that requires a federal permit and may have an adverse effect on the environment. Each federal agency has its own requirements regarding what must appear in the statement. Furthermore, many state and local agencies have their own versions of EISs that must be done for any proposed construction. This book provides a thorough explanation of EISs so that the personnel responsible for preparing these documents will be able to understand the fundamentals of a wide range of environmental factors - ecological and socioeconomic - that comprise an Environmental Impact Statement. This may be the only place that an understandable explanation of the EIS process is located together with a detailed description of how to do an EIS. This is the only book to spell out the EIS process in a straightforward, easy -to-understand style. Written at a level that allows the reader to grasp the fundamentals of EISs, it avoids technical jargon and addresses the topic in layperson's terms. Environmental Impact Statements is an indispensable book for architectural and engineering firms, industrial firms and regulatory agencies on all levels.
