Download or read book Environmental Liability Under Uncertain Causation written by Eberhard Feess and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recently, the European Commission has issued the Directive 2004/35/CE on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental liability. The Directive extends liability that usually refers to personal injuries and private property to harm where private property does not exist (e.g. biodiversity and endangered species). In these cases, problems with multiple causation and uncertain causation tend to be even more severe than for cases where solely private property is affected. Nevertheless, the otherwise very ambitious Directive remains silent about how to deal with these problems. We focus on uncertain causation and analyze second best optimal standards of proof in a model where benefits of risky activities are private information, and where the firm's care level chosen to avoid the damage is only imperfectly observable. We derive three results: first, we characterize the factors determining the second best standards. Second, and conversely to the previous literature, high standards of proof such as proof beyond reasonable doubt can be optimal even though they lead to inefficiently low care levels. Third, legislators should leave discretionary power to courts which allows them to choose the standard of proof conditional on factors such as the degree of uncertainty over causation or the information quality about care levels as taken by injurers.

Download or read book Liability for Environmental Damages written by Elga Bartsch and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From an economic point of view, liability for environmental damages aims at two goals. On the one hand, liability should efficiently allocate the risk imposed by the stochastic nature of environmental damages. On the other hand, ex post liability should generate ex ante incentives to take appropriate precautions against environmental risk. In reality, precautionary incentives generated by civil liability for environmental damages are often reduced by various impediments to the enforcement of legal claims. One of the key impediments is uncertain causation, especially when precautionary pollution control measures cannot be easily observed. This book analyzes the consequences of asymmetric information regarding the precautionary pollution control measures on enforcing legal claims, and, hence, on the precautionary incentives. The question is discussed against the background of the 1991 German Environmental Liability Act (Umwelthaftungsggesetz). In the first part of this book, Elga Bartsch gives an overview of selected liability systems and then derives the conditions for an optimal liability rule in a situation of uncertain causation and imperfect information within the principal-agent framework. This theoretical discussion is followed by an empirical analysis of the impact of the German Environmental Liability Act on the German chemicals industry by means of an event study. Its results indicate that the change in the legal framework did not have an adverse effect on the German chemicals industry.

Download or read book Environmental Regulation and Civil Liability Under Causal Uncertainty written by Pierre Bentata and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key question in this paper is to determine whether regulation and regulators information can help solving causal uncertainty problems in liability. A widely held view among Law & Economics scholars is that civil liability alone is not well-suited to cope with environmental accidents, especially where causation is uncertain or costly to establish. Instead of a simple civil liability rule, it is therefore advocated that a regulatory system be implemented combined with a public insurance scheme, or, alternatively, to go for a mix of regulation and civil liability. Such a mix of regulation and civil liability prevails in French law and this article presents an original analysis of French courts decisions concerning cases of environmental accidents for which causation was uncertain and regulators were not able to control for levels of organizational and human care. The dataset covers more than fifty years of trials outcomes from the highest civil and criminal court in France - Cour de Cassation. We found evidence that French judges apparently use the informational advantage of regulation (in showing that a particular activity may be of higher risk) to adopt a probabilistic approach to causation, thus increasing the effectiveness of the liability system. Claims that would (probably) be rejected in a liability regime (without regulation), given causal uncertainty are now accepted successfully in courts because the breach of regulation guides the judge (and hence cures his informational deficiency) in the difficulties in proving causation that normally arise in environmental liability cases.

Download or read book Liability and Environment written by Lucas Bergkamp and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liability and Environment analyzes the role of law, in particular civil liability, in controlling environmental pollution and risk. In modern environmental policy, liability has become a popular instrument. In this book, Prof. Bergkamp takes a fresh look at civil liability for environmental harm in an inter- and transnational context. Over the last decade, industry's liability exposure for environmental harm has expanded significantly. At the international, EC, and national level proposals for onerous strict environmental liability regimes are pending. The `polluter pays principle', which is an articulation of the `cost internalization' theory in the environmental area, is believed to justify such liability regimes. Applying an instrumental approach to legal instruments, Prof. Bergkamp aims to redefine the role of liability in the heavily regulated environmental area. He shows that liability for environmental harm is not justified by the polluter pays principle, is an uncertain and unreliable instrument for achieving prevention, results in an inefficient insurance scheme, and plays a dubious role in adjusting activity levels. Based on an analysis of the basic characteristics of alternative legal instruments, Prof. Bergkamp concludes that civil liability should play a more modest, limited role in an environmental law system dominated by public law. Where deterrence is not the objective, first party insurance, compensation funds, or other public law regimes should be preferred over liability rules. In addition to civil liability of private parties, Liability and Environment discusses State liability under international, EC, and national law. Under international law, breach of a primary obligation triggers a State's liability. Prof. Bergkamp argues that this rule should be applied also to liability of private parties. In the environmental area, a business' primary obligations are spelled out in detailed permit conditions, regulations, and statutes. According to Prof. Bergkamp, only if a primary obligation is breached, a private person should be liable for environmental harm. The system that Bergkamp advocates is an objective fault liability regime, in which public environmental law defines the standard of care for both government and industry. "In rebuilding our civil liability system, we should keep in mind that what is good for industry should be good for everyone (or it is not good for anyone), we should keep in mind that what is good for private parties should be good for the state (or it is not good for either). In rebuilding our civil liability system, the international law of State responsibility, which is unpolluted by risk spreading and activity level considerations, will guide us a long way." This book is aimed at advanced law students, academic scholars, and practitioners. In addition, it will be of interest to policy and legislative analysts, legislators, and government officials. Professor Bergkamp's book cannot be described as "solving" the problems of legal and regulatory control of environmental harm, whether within a nation or internationally. As suggested before, however, the very idea of a "solution" is illusory. All legal and regulatory regimes around the world are today and will remain for the future in a state of perpetually continuing development. The virtue of this fine book is that it moves the process of that development forward by a very substantial measure. from the Foreword by George L. Priest.

Download or read book An Inconvenient Deliberation written by Miriam Haritz and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This vitally important book asks: Can the precautionary principle make uncertainty judiciable in the context of liability for the consequences of climate change, and, if so, to what extent? Drawing on the full range of pertinent existing literature and case law, the author examines the precautionary principle both in terms of its content and application and in the context of liability law. She analyses the indirect means offered by existing legislation being used by environmental groups and affected individuals before the courts to challenge both companies and regulators as responsible agents of climate change damage"--Page 4 of cover.

Download or read book Enforcement of Environmental Liability in the Case of Uncertain Causality and Asymmetric Information written by Elga Bartsch and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Enforcement of Environmental Liability in the Case of Uncertain Causality and Asymetric Information written by Elga Bartsch and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Uncertain Causation in Tort Law written by Miquel Martín-Casals and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-11-19 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This discussion of causal uncertainty in tort liability adopts a comparative approach in order to highlight the important normative, epistemological and procedural implications of the various proposed solutions. Occupying a middle ground between the legal perspective and the philosophical views that are at stake when it comes to the resolution of tort law cases in a context of causal uncertainty, the arguments will be of great interest to legal scholars, legal philosophers and advanced tort law students.

Download or read book Tort Liability Under Uncertainty written by Ariel Porat and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive and principled account of the uncertainty problem that arises in tort litigation, this text critically examines the existing doctrinal solutions of the problem, as evolved in England, United States, Canada & Israel.

Download or read book Environmental Law and Economics written by Michael G. Faure and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed overview of the law-and-economics methodology developed and employed by environmental lawyers and policymakers.

Download or read book Uncertain Causation in Medical Liability written by Lara Khoury and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2006-07-18 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Proving' the cause of the plaintiff's injury in personal injury litigation often entails significant challenges, particularly when science cannot identify the cause of a biological phenomenon or when the nature of this cause is debatable. This problem is frequently encountered in medical malpractice cases, where the limitations of scientific knowledge are still extensive. Yet judges must decide cases, however uncertain the evidence with regard to proof of causation. Reluctant to leave patients without compensation, courts have in some cases challenged their traditional approach to causation through recourse to such techniques as reliance on factual presumptions and inferences, the concept of loss of chance, and reversal of the burden of proof. This book analyses and criticises the use of these various techniques by the courts of England, Australia, Canada, France, and the civilian Canadian province of Quebec in confronting evidentiary causal difficulties caused by the uncertainties of medical science.

Download or read book Proof of Causation in Tort Law written by Sandy Steel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-11 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear, critical analysis of proof of causation in the law of tort in England, France and Germany.

Download or read book The Economic Analysis of Civil Law written by Schäfer, Hans-Bernd and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-01-25 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive textbook provides a thorough guide to the economic analysis of law, with a particular focus on civil law systems. It encapsulates a structured analysis and nuanced evaluation of norms and legal policies, using the tools of economic theory.

Download or read book Causation in European Tort Law written by Marta Infantino and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-12-28 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book takes an original and comparative approach to issues of causation in tort law across many European legal systems.

Download or read book Environmental Liability and Ecological Damage In European Law written by Monika Hinteregger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-07-24 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a comprehensive analysis of environmental liability law in Europe, this book offers a general introduction to the status of environmental liability in Europe. It describes the relevant international treaties and the EC-Environmental Liability Directive and discusses the conflict of laws issues regarding transfrontier environmental damage. It also contains the results of a comparative project covering 14 jurisdictions in 13 European countries (Austria, Belgium, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Scotland, Spain, Sweden) on the private law aspects of environmental liability. It addresses the main problems of the application of tort law in environmental law, such as the availability of non-fault liability, the establishment of causation, the scope of available remedies and the issue of legal standing. Due to the very limited harmonizing effect of the EC-Environmental Liability Directive national tort law will keep its importance in the field of environmental liability.

Download or read book Environmental Law and Economics written by Klaus Mathis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology discusses important issues surrounding environmental law and economics and provides an in-depth analysis of its use in legislation, regulation and legal adjudication from a neoclassical and behavioural law and economics perspective. Environmental issues raise a vast range of legal questions: to what extent is it justifiable to rely on markets and continued technological innovation, especially as it relates to present exploitation of scarce resources? Or is it necessary for the state to intervene? Regulatory instruments are available to create and maintain a more sustainable society: command and control regulations, restraints, Pigovian taxes, emission certificates, nudging policies, etc. If regulation in a certain legal field is necessary, which policies and methods will most effectively spur sustainable consumption and production in order to protect the environment while mitigating any potential negative impact on economic development? Since the related problems are often caused by scarcity of resources, economic analysis of law can offer remarkable insights for their resolution. Part I underlines the foundations of environmental law and economics. Part II analyses the effectiveness of economic instruments and regulations in environmental law. Part III is dedicated to the problems of climate change. Finally, Part IV focuses on tort and criminal law. The twenty-one chapters in this volume deliver insights into the multifaceted debate surrounding the use of economic instruments in environmental regulation in Europe.

Download or read book Introduction to the Law and Economics of Environmental Policy written by T. Swanson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-08-15 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Environmental Policy" emphasises the importance of institutional design in addressing social problems. Three important issues concerning institutional design are: policies, instruments, and enforcement. This volume surveys each of the issues, and emphasises the common themes arising in optimal institutional design. These themes include the cost of complex institutional design, and the role of private institutions attaining social objects. This book will be particularly useful to law schools, departments of government, policy or economics, environmental managers and insurance companies.