Download or read book WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards.

Download or read book The Carcinogenic Effects Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Andreas Luch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005-08-22 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview on the molecular mode of action of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are by-products arising from incomplete combustion of organic matter that are frequently released into our environment, and thus are ubiquitously detectable. Many PAHs are strong carcinogens in rodent bioassays and have been linked to increased incidences of various types of cancer in humans. The present book covers all aspects of PAH-induced carcinogenesis; it is a collection of articles written by some of the most recognizable PAH researchers, reviewing the present knowledge in this field. The topics include: exposure to and biomonitoring of PAHs in the human population; metabolic activation of PAHs; genotoxicity and repair of PAH-induced DNA damage; and factors modulating individual susceptibility to the deleterious effects of PAHs.

Download or read book PAHs written by Peter E. T. Douben and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-07-25 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or polyarenes, are one of the largest and most structurally diverse class of organic molecules known. High percentages of polyarenes, representing a wide range of molecular sizes and structural types, are present in coal tars and petroleum residues. The major sources of PAHs are crude oil, coal and oil shale. The fuels produced from these fossil sources constitute the primary source of energy for the industrial nations of the world, and the petrochemicals from these raw materials are the basis of the synthetic fibre and plastics industries. PAHs are however, widespread pollutants and their impact on the environment and human health must be monitored and controlled. This book will review and assess our scientific understanding of the ecological exposure and effects PAHs have in different environments and habitats. It will accomplish this by taking the recipients of the pollution in the environment as starting points and working its way back through pathways to access what is required for our understanding of effects and rationale for control. Although this book will concentrate on ecological exposure of PAHs, the general impacts of PAHs on human populations will be touched upon. It is thought to be the first book to focus on the ecological aspects of PAHs.

Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Seine River Basin written by Nicolas Flipo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book reviews the water-agro-food and socio-eco-system of the Seine River basin (76,000 km2), and offers a historical perspective on the river’s long-term contamination. The Seine basin is inhabited by circa 17 million people and is impacted by intensive agricultural practices and industrial activities. These pressures have gradually affected its hydrological, chemical and ecological functioning, leading to a maximum chemical degradation between the 1960s and the 1990s. Over the last three decades, while major water-quality improvements have been observed, new issues (e.g. endocrine disruptors, microplastics) have also emerged. The state of the Seine River network, from the headwaters to estuary, is increasingly controlled by the balance between pressures and social responses. This socio-ecosystem provides a unique example of the functioning of a territory under heavy anthropogenic pressure during the Anthropocene era. The achievements made were possible due to the long-term PIREN Seine research program, established in 1989 and today part of the French socio-ecological research network “Zones Ateliers”, itself part of the international Long-term Socio-economic and Ecological Research Network (LTSER). Written by experts in the field, the book provides an introduction to the water budget and the territorial metabolism of the Seine basin, and studies the trajectories and impact of various pollutants in the Seine River. It offers insights into the ecological functioning, the integration of agricultural practices, the analysis of aquatic organic matter, and the evolution of fish assemblages in the Seine basin, and also presents research perspectives and approaches to improve the water quality of the Seine River. Given its scope, it will appeal to environmental managers, scientists and policymakers interested in the long-term contamination of the Seine River.

Download or read book Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Bjorseth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-12-06 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume concerns sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), their emission factors, and relative importance. It deals with exposure, uptake, metabolism, and detection of PAH in the human body. The volume contains an update of information in environmental and biochemical studies of PAH.

Download or read book Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Great Waters written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coal Tar Creosote written by C. Melber and published by WHO. This book was released on 2004 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)

Download or read book Hydrocarbon Pollution and its Effect on the Environment written by Muharrem Ince and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers hydrocarbon pollution, measurement techniques for hydrocarbons, risk assessment, and environmental impact. This comprehensive book takes a broad view of the subject and integrates a wide variety of approaches. This book attempts to address the needs of graduate and postgraduate students and other professionals or readers interested in food, soil, water, and air pollution. The aim of this book is to explain and clarify important studies, and compare and develop the new and groundbreaking measurement techniques. Written by leading experts in their respective areas, the book is highly recommended to professionals interested in environmental and human health because it provides specific and comprehensive examples.

Download or read book Environmental Impact of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2007 written by Chimezie Anyakora and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contamination of the environment by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is becoming a rising environmental concern. Since the implication of these compounds as cancer causing agents several years ago, there has been a renewed interest in them. Many regulatory bodies have continually pushed for tighter legislature on PAHs. Hundreds of research papers have focused on this subject. In these papers the angle of focus varies. Some focused on the impact on the environment in general, some focused on carcinogenesis, carcinogenicity and toxicity of these compounds. Others focused on the analytical methodologies. All these papers have contributed a lot to deeper understanding of the nature and importance of PAHs. This book is an attempt to assemble several experts in the field to bring out some up to date experiences in different aspects of PAHs hence allowing the impact on the environment to be better appreciated. This book is aimed at researchers, scientists and regulators in environmental sciences. It is made up of 14 chapters which focus on different aspect of PAHs. The chapters include: Chemistry of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Toxicity, gentocity and carcinocity of PAHs; Toxicokinetics of PAHs; Bioremediation of PAHs; Structure activity relationship of PAHs; Biomarkers of PAHs exposure; Impact of PAHs on marine organisms in polluted sites; Embryotoxicity of PAHs; Application of PAHs in Chemical Fingerprinting; Sample Preparation; Analysis of PAHs with HPLC; Analysis of PAHs with GC and Analysis of PAHs with MECC. The first chapter of the book serves as a brief introduction to PAHs. It focuses on the Chemistry of these compounds. It briefly describes classification, nomenclature, properties and reactions of PAHs, laying more emphasis on sixteen US EPA priority PAHs. The next chapter goes straight to the toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs. This chapter reviews widely the important findings on the toxicity, cytotoxicity, ecotoxicity, neurotoxicity of PAHs. Epidemiological studies on PAHs are also reviewed and monitoring methods are well described. Third chapter reviews the vast literature on the toxicokinetics of PAHs. It briefly describes the concept of toxicokinetics in general (absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion) and the reviews important findings on the toxicokinetics of PAHs in the body. This chapter gives more emphasis on sixteen EPA priority PAHs especially benzo(a)pyrene because of the widespread study on them. Chapter four of this book deals with Biomarker of Exposure of PAHs. It reviews a total of 132 studies on biomarkers of PAHs exposure which include studies on children, and workers of various occupations. The review focuses on the use of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) as a biomarker of environmental and occupational exposure to PAHs. Chapter five of this book looks at Fish Embryos and PAH toxicity. Based on years of study, this chapter proposes that embryonic exposure to PAHs causes a wide variety of effects, many of which extend to later life stages including morphological defects, reduced growth, reduced predator avoidance and prey capture, depressed immune function, cancer, genetic changes, and population declines. This chapter is of great interest since most bioassay procedures do not capture the later life impact. The next chapter deals with Structure Activity Relationship. This handles the topic in a unique way by looking at PAH molecules that have been implicated in cancer and correlating their carcinogenic activities with known structural features that promote the ability of the compound to bind to the DNA molecule. Chapter seven looks at the Impact of PAHs on Marine Organisms in Polluted Sites. This chapter shows the levels of PAH contamination in various regions across the world stressing their hazards. It also presents fate, uptake and elimination of PAHs from marine organisms. The next chapter deals with bioremediation of PAHs. This chapter describes various treatment methods for PAH contaminated soils including: incineration, fixation, solvent extraction wet oxidation, landfill and bioremediation, but focuses more on bioremediation method and technology. Chapter nine deals with the Application of PAHs in Chemical Fingerprinting. It reviews various diagnostic ratios that are employed in determining source specific information for contaminated sites. The last five chapters focus on the analysis of PAHs which are very important. Without a proper measurement for the amount of PAHs in the environment we will not be able to assess their impact. Among the chapters that focus on the analysis of PAHs the first two deal with pre analysis which are extraction and sample preparation. The others deal with PAH analytical techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Various chapters of this book were written by several scientists who have good experience in the field hence combining existing body of knowledge in the field with practical research findings. For instance, Dr. Mark Carls and Dr. Jeep Rice wrote on embryotoxicity which is mainly a result of their several years of study at NOAA Alaska. Prof. Philip Marrriot and his coauthors in their chapter on GC analysis of PAHs gave a great insight on the result of their research using GCxGC which they have been working on at Australian Centre for Research on Separation Sciences. Dr. Arbabi and his coauthors gave an insight on their research on bioremediation of PAHs in Iran. Dr. Hansen s chapter on Biomakers of PAHs exposure (coauthored by some of her colleagues) is a result of several years of research at the National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark. Toxicity, genotocity and Carcinogenicity of PAHs written by Dr. Delia of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention, Rome had a slant of her research and findings on PAH contamination over several years. The chapter on sample preparation was written by Dr. Marvin of Environment Canada who has been involved in PAH research at the agency for some years. Prof. John Hardley and his coauthors wrote on PAH extraction which is the core of their research. Dr. Said of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Egypt gave a good insight on the effect of PAH contamination on marine life in the world with more emphasis on the Red Sea. Prof. Gonzalez and his colleagues gave an overview based on extensive experience on HPLC analysis of PAHs, while Prof. Chang of Taiwan National University (and his coauthors) explored all the relevant issues in PAH analysis using MECC. Prof. Coker and I reviewed the extensive literature on Toxicokinetics of PAHs and Structure Activity Relationship of the compounds. This book is certainly not exhaustive but all the chapters were written with sufficient relevant and recent references to help both advanced and intermediate audience get deeper insight on the subject. There are a number of materials on PAHs which have played important role in this book. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Ronald G. Harvey has been of great importance and provided initial reading for the first chapter of this book. I thank very much Prof. Zhendi Wang, who even though was not able to contribute to this book nominated a number of authors. Over these years of my research on PAHs, a number of people have played outstanding and prominent role, among them are Prof. Herbert Coker of University of Lagos and Prof. Pete Palmer of San Francisco State University. I thank very much Prof. Vincent Anigbogu, formerly at Clarke Atlanta University who was part of the initial plan for this book and who has encouraged and given important inputs throughout this period. Dr. Cornelius Uboh of University of Pennsylvania gave some useful insight for the book. I thank very much my colleagues at the University of Lagos especially Dr. Biodun Ayoola who read through some of the chapters and provided her kind input. I also wish to express my gratitude to some other scientists at the University of Lagos who are also seriously engaged in PAHs research namely Dr. Kehinde Olayinka and Prof. Babajide Alo, and so many colleagues and students with whom I have discussed this project.

Download or read book Photosynthesis Structures Mechanisms and Applications written by Harvey J.M. Hou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-16 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To address the environmental, socioeconomic, and geopolitical issues associated with increasing global human energy consumption, technologies for utilizing renewable carbon-free or carbon-neutral energy sources must be identified and developed. Among renewable sources, solar energy is quite promising as it alone is sufficient to meet global human demands well into the foreseeable future. However, it is diffuse and diurnal. Thus effective strategies must be developed for its capture, conversion and storage. In this context, photosynthesis provides a paradigm for large-scale deployment. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and has evolved over 3 billion years. The process of photosynthesis currently produces more than 100 billion tons of dry biomass annually, which equates to a global energy storage rate of ~100 TW. Recently, detailed structural information on the natural photosynthetic systems has been acquired at the molecular level, providing a foundation for comprehensive functional studies of the photosynthetic process. Likewise, sophisticated spectroscopic techniques have revealed important mechanistic details. Such accomplishments have made it possible for scientists and engineers to construct artificial systems for solar energy transduction that are inspired by their biological counterparts. The book contains articles written by experts and world leaders in their respective fields and summarizes the exciting breakthroughs toward understanding the structures and mechanisms of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as efforts toward developing revolutionary new energy conversion technologies. The topics/chapters will be organized in terms of the natural sequence of events occurring in the process of photosynthesis, while keeping a higher-order organization of structure and mechanism as well as the notion that biology can inspire human technologies. For example, the topic of light harvesting, will be followed by charge separation at reaction centers, followed by charge stabilization, followed by chemical reactions, followed by protection mechanisms, followed by other more specialized topics and finally ending with artificial systems and looking forward. As shown in the table of contents (TOC), the book includes and integrates topics on the structures and mechanisms of photosynthesis, and provides relevant information on applications to bioenergy and solar energy transduction.

Download or read book The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination Problems and Solutions written by Václav Sasek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional reliance on chemical analysis to understand the direction and extent of treatment in a bioremediation process has been found to be inadequate. Whereas the goal of bioremediation is toxicity reduction, few direct, reliable measures of this process are as yet available. Another area of intense discussion is the assessment of market forces contributing to the acceptability of bioremediation. Finally, another important component is a series of lectures and lively exchanges devoted to practical applications of different bioremediation technologies. The range of subjects covers a wide spectrum, encompassing emerging technologies as well as actual, full-scale operations. Examples discussed include landfarming, biopiling, composting, phytoremediation and mycoremediation. Each technology is explored for its utility and capability to provide desired treatment goals. Advantages and limitations of each technology are discussed. The concept of natural attenuation is also critically evaluated since in some cases where time to remediation is not a significant factor, it may be an alternative to active bioremediation operations.

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Dr. Johannes Lehmann and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2009 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure, or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process.This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines"--Provided by publisher.

Download or read book The Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Polar Regions written by H. Niki and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic troposphere (0 to ca. 8 km) plays an important role in environmental concerns for global change. It is a unique chemical reactor influenced by human activity and the Arctic ocean. It is surrounded by industrialized continents that in winter contribute gaseous and particulate pollution (Arctic haze). It is underlain by the flat Arctic ocean from which it is separated by a crack-ridden ice membrane 3 to 4 m thick. Ocean to atmosphere exchange of heat, water vapor and marine biogenic gases influence the composition of the reactor. From September 21 to December 21 to March 21, the region north of the Arctic circle goes from a completely sunlit situation to a completely dark one and then back to light. At the same time the lower troposphere is stably stratified. This hinders vertical mixing. During this light period, surface temperature reaches as low as -40°C. In this environment, chemical reactions involving sunlight are generally much slower than further south. Thus, the abundance of photochemically reactive compounds in the atmosphere can be high prior to polar sunrise. Between complete dark in February and complete light in April, a number of chemical changes in the lower troposphere take place.

Download or read book Process Induced Food Toxicants written by Richard H. Stadler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-12-09 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Process-Induced Food Toxicants combines the analytical, health, and risk management issues relating to all of the currently known processing-induced toxins that may be present in common foods. It considers the different processing methods used in the manufacture of foods, including thermal treatment, drying, fermentation, preservation, fat processing, and high hydrostatic pressure processing, and the potential contaminants for each method. The book discusses the analysis, formation, mitigation, health risks, and risk management of each hazardous compound. Also discussed are new technologies and the impact of processing on nutrients and allergens.