Download or read book Environmental Fate of Explosives written by Judith C. Pennington and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Fate and Transport Process Descriptors for Explosives written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waste disposal practices associated with military production of weapons, especially before and during World War II, have resulted in significant contamination of soils and ground water with high explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Development of remediation and risk management strategies for these contaminated sites as well as development of approaches for sustainable use of active training and weapons testing sites require an understanding of how the energetic compounds interact with the environment Factors affecting fate and transport such as adsorption, microbial degradation, dissolution kinetics, solubility, and photolysis are determinants of ultimate environmental fate and exposure potential. This report summarizes the current understanding of these interactions, identifies significant data deficiencies, and provides updated process descriptors for primary explosives, transformation products, and impurities.
Download or read book Ecotoxicology of Explosives written by Geoffrey I. Sunahara and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-06-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing sites contaminated with munitions constituents is an international challenge. Although the choice of approach and the use of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) tools may vary from country to country, the assurance of quality and the direction of ecotoxicological research are universally recognized as shared concerns. Drawing on a multidiscip
Download or read book Comparison of Environmental Fate and Transport Process Descriptors of Explosives in Saline and Freshwater Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the Second Conference on the Environmental Effects of Explosives and Explosions 13 14 October 1976 written by George A. Young and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sensing Impacts of the Fate of Trace Explosives Signatures Under Environmental Conditions written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fundamental understanding of the environmental fate and contributing mechanisms of explosives degradation is crucial for determining if emerging explosives sensor systems and concepts of operations are likely to provide effective capabilities since explosive residues vary on tactically relevant timescales. In support of trace explosives detection and sensor development, the temporal persistence and compositional evolution of trace military grade explosives were studied under both hot arid and mild temperate climate conditions as surrogate operational scenarios. The results indicate that for trace (10 microgram) residues exposed to hot arid conditions in full sun, the half-life is 0.2-5 hours for TNT and 2-100 hours for RDX, while preliminary results for residues exposed to mild temperate conditions in partial sun, the half-life is 2-40 hours for TNT and on the order of 2 to10 days for RDX. Degradation in both types of climate conditions are dictated by a combination of sublimation and photodegradation, which leads to the formation of an inhomogeneous mixture of degradations products.
Download or read book Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes written by Maulin P. Shah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics through Bacterial and Fungal Approach covers the active and applicable role that bacteria and fungi play in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds from the environment. The book gives up-to-date information on recent advancements in the field of environmental xenobiotics and how they disturb a plant's metabolism. The book also gives information on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of xenobiotic compounds through bacteria or fungi and/or a combined approach. Finally, the book covers the characteristics of environmental microbiology, biochemical engineering, agricultural microbiology, environmental engineering, and soil bioremediation. - Emphasizes up-to-date research on the microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds through a bacterial-fungal approach - Covers multidisciplinary features of environmental microbiology, biochemical engineering, agriculture microbiology, environmental engineering and soil bioremediation - Includes sections on aerobic and anaerobic degradation - Presents the significance of the bacterial-fungal role and their metabolic activities in the digestion of xenobiotic compounds - Focuses on the most recent developments in environmental biotechnology to enhance the action of the bacterial-fungal systems in the remediation of xenobiotic compounds
Download or read book Energetic Materials and Munitions written by Adam Stewart Cumming and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-05-13 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a hands-on approach to demilitarization and environmental aspects of energetic materials and munitions This book gives an overview of the environmental impact of the production, use, and cleanup of energetic materials and munitions. It provides scientists, engineers, environmental specialists, and users with the understanding of environmental issues for munitions and of the ways to improve design and manage potential risks. It covers the various aspects of how chemical properties influence fate, transport, and toxicity of new formulations and prescribes tools for reducing or alleviating environmental risks. In addition, it discusses pyrotechnics and the problem of dealing with munitions underwater. Chapters in Energetic Materials and Munitions: Life Cycle Management, Environmental Impact and Demilitarization look at demilitarization in general, as well as in the future. Topics covered include logistics, costs, and management; life cycle analysis and management; and greener munitions. Another introduces readers to the "One Health" approach in the design of sustainable munition compounds. Following that, readers are taught about land assessment for munitions-related contamination in military live-fire training. The book also examines the development and integration of environmental, safety, and occupational health information. -Brings together in one source expertise and in-depth information on the current and future state of how we handle the production, use, and demilitarization of explosives and weaponry -A handy reference for experienced practitioners, as well as for training young professionals in the field -Every chapter contains real-life examples and proposes future directions for the field Energetic Materials and Munitions: Life Cycle Management, Environmental Impact and Demilitarization is an important book for explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, military authorities, safety officers, health officers, and chemical engineers.
Download or read book Review of Fate and Transport Processes of Explosives written by James M. Brannon and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biological Remediation of Explosive Residues written by Shree Nath Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-04 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial degradation, Phytoremediation, Remediation, Explosive residues, Biotransformation, Mineralization, Degradative Enzymes, Degradation Pathways, Energetics, Soil contamination, Water contamination.
Download or read book Contaminants in the Subsurface written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-04-23 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.
Download or read book Explosive Remnants of War written by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and published by Taylor & Francis Group. This book was released on 1985 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Behavior and Fate of Explosives in Groundwater from the Milan Army Ammunition Plant in Aquatic and Wetland Plants Fate of TNT and RDX written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present study was performed to elucidate the environmental behavior and fate of TNT and RDX in aquatic and wetland plants collected from a field-scale wetland demonstration deployed at Milan Army Ammunition Plant for removal of explosives fro groundwater. The study had three objectives: (1) To establish the physiological capacity of plants to absorb and transport TNT or RDX from explosives contaminated groundwater in the absence of substrates and their sorptive activities; (2) To quantify partitioning of TNT and RDX between plant portions; and (3) To establish the short-term chemical fate of TNT and RDX in plant tissues of these species. Substrates in which these plants were rooted at the Milan field site (sediment, gravel) were also incubated without plants to investigate sorptive activities, and to evaluate microbial/chemical transformation of TNT and RDX that may affect the explosives availability to plants.
Download or read book Role of Expandable Clays in the Environmental Fate of Trinitrotoluene Contamination written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Migration of Explosives in Soil written by Eleonore G. Kayser and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report contains the analytical results of 121 water samples obtained from Battelle Columbus Laboratories 14C lysimeter study of TNT, RDX, and tetryl. The study was funded to assess the environmental fate of these three explosives in various soils. Forty-six of the 121 water samples received had 14C activity greater than 100 dpm/mL and were further analyzed by gc/ec, hplc, and tlc methods. TNT was not observed in any of the TNT water samples either by gc/ ec or hplc. None of the typical TNT biodegradation or oxidation products were observed. Analysis of the TNT soil extracts revealed the presence of TNT and two biotransformation products of TNT. Trace amounts of picric acid were detected in the tetryl water samples which also contained nonvolatile, highly polar products. Analysis of the RDX water samples revealed RDX and the impurity HMX in the leachate. The RDX soil extracts contained RDX, HMX, volatile decomposition products as well as polar nonvolatile decomposition products.
Download or read book Role of Expandable Clays in the Environmental Fate of Trinitrotoluene Contamination written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A primary goal of the U.S. military cleanup effort is to develop technologies that can expedite the remediation of explosive contaminants in soils. Nitroaromatic explosives are known to be strongly adsorbed by soils, with as much as 20 to 50 percent of radio-labeled explosives not extractable in controlled degradation studies. This suggests that adsorption of explosives and explosives degradation products onto soil components renders them unavailable to conventional extraction methods. The mechanism of sorption to soil components has been investigated in order to properly address the ultimate fate of explosives contamination. Trinitrotoluene undergoes reductive degradation in which nitro groups are animated to produce aminotoluene compounds. The final compound predicted by this reduction scheme is triaminotoluene. This reaction pathway results in intermediate degradation products of trinitrotoluene which act as weak bases. Protonation of these weak bases produces organic cations which are capable of sorption onto soil components. Sorption experiments were performed to determine the behavior of explosives and explosive by-products on pure clay minerals. X-ray diffraction studies measuring the interlamellar distance of expandable clays show an expansion as contaminants are bound to the clay, indicating displacement of interlayer cations. This intercalation of compounds of environmental interest within the interlamellar regions of expandable clays is an important geochemical event with implications toward a number of environmental disciplines including subsurface contaminant transport, risk assessment, contaminant bioavailability, site remediation, and natural attenuation.
Download or read book Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-06-27 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the rising concern of the American public over illegal bombings, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms asked the National Research Council to examine possible mechanisms for reducing this threat. The committee examined four approaches to reducing the bombing threat: addition of detection markers to explosives for pre-blast detection, addition of identification taggants to explosives for post-blast identification of bombers, possible means to render common explosive materials inert, and placing controls on explosives and their precursors. The book makes several recommendations to reduce the number of criminal bombings in this country.
