Download or read book Environmental Factors and Malaria Transmission Risk written by Yazoumé Yé and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2008 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fifth Millennium Development target of reducing infant mortality by two thirds by the year 2015 can only be achieved if mortality due to malaria is significantly reduced.This book addresses this issue by developing an innovative methodology and modeling used to assess local scale malaria risk using environmental factors. The detailed description of this pioneering methodology enables scientists to replicate the study elsewhere in different settings.
Download or read book Environmental Factors and Malaria Transmission Risk written by Yazoumé Yé and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fifth Millennium Development target of reducing infant mortality by two thirds by the year 2015 can only be achieved if mortality due to malaria is significantly reduced. WHO recommends early detection and treatment among high-risk groups as one of the strategies for reducing the malaria burden. To be effective, this approach requires an early warning system which enables the health care system to be well-prepared and to allocate scarce resources effectively. Unfortunately, such a system is still not available at the appropriate scale. This book addresses this issue by developing a dynamic malaria transmission model at a local (district) scale using appropriate environmental factors. This dynamic model, driven by temperature and rainfall, successfully simulates seasonal vector abundance and also predicts successfully the monthly malaria incidence. Additionally through a detailed and innovative methodology this pioneering book enables scientists to replicate the study elsewhere in different settings.
Download or read book Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water evidence from the Koka Reservoir Ethiopia written by Solomon Kibret and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2009 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The construction of dams in Africa is often associated with adverse malaria impacts in surrounding communities. However, the degree and nature of these impacts are rarely quantified and the feasibility of manipulating reservoir water levels to control mosquito breeding has not been previously investigated in Africa. This report describes entomological and epidemiological studies conducted around the Koka Dam and Reservoir in Ethiopia. The research findings confirm the role of the reservoir in increasing malaria transmission and provide evidence that there is potential to use dam operation in integrated malaria control strategies.
Download or read book Malaria written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1991-02-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Download or read book Environmental Factors and an Eco epidemiological Model of Malaria in Indonesia written by Ermi M. L. Ndoen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Indonesia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia where malaria is a prominent public health concern with an estimated 15 million malaria cases annually and 42,000 deaths. The study explores the environmental risk factors of malaria guided by an eco epidemiological model of malaria transmission. A longitudinal and cross sectional approach has been employed for data gathering of the environmental variables, spatial and temporal patterns of malaria transmission, malaria vectors behaviour and human risk factors of malaria transmission in Indonesia. Three different regions in Indonesia were used for the study. The first area is West Timor which has the highest malaria incidence in Indonesia. The second location is Sukabumi District of West Java, which had a malaria outbreak in 2003. The final location is Kebumen District of Central Java, which has one of the highest malaria pocket areas in Java. All areas were divided into three different topographical settings coastal, hilly and highland areas. In each study areas, the environmental data were analysed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, and General Linear Model Repeated Measures. Further, LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) analysis using GIS was employed to explore local malaria spatial distribution and generate malaria maps for the malaria transmission areas based on the local spatial association. Adult mosquito (Anopheles spp) surveys were used to explore malaria vectors behaviour in different areas and different topographical settings. Finally, an interview program was used to collect data in order to understand human risk factors in malaria transmission. Human risk factors data were calculated using {2 and logistic regression. The results show that 100% of West Timor's villages are in malaria endemic areas. Villages on the district boundary zones had more malaria than non-boundary villages. The number of rainy days had a significant positive correlation to malaria incidence. Humidity also had a significant positive correlation to malaria incidence. Altitude and maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with malaria cases. In Sukabumi, West Java, altitude was not significantly correlated with malaria incidence. The risk of being infected with malaria was similar for respondents in coastal and highland areas. Rainfall, temperature, and wind speed were also not significantly correlated to malaria incidence in Sukabumi. In Kebumen, Central Java, rainfall patterns did not have a significant correlation with malaria incidence. Altitude, however, showed a significant correlation with malaria incidence, where more cases occurred at an altitude between 60 m and 200 m above sea level. Malaria incidence was higher in village than urban areas in all West Timor, West Java and Central Java. Number of very high-risk malaria villages was higher in dry than wet seasons in all areas. Eleven (11) Anopheles mosquito species were recorded during this study: An. aconitus, An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. flavirostris, An. indefinitus, An. kochi, An. maculatus, An. subpictus, An. sundaicus, An. tesselatus, and An. vagus. Each species occupied different topographical settings and areas. The species behaved differently for host-seeking and resting. Anopheles species which were very active in host-finding at night included; An. aconitus, An. barbirostris, An. subpictus, and An. vagus. Anopheles species with high vectorial capacity were An. subpictus and An. barbirostris. This study found that occupation and outdoor activities were correlated with malaria incidence. Farmers and fishermen had a greater risk of being infected by malaria than those in other occupations. Overall, malaria incidence was higher in low socio-economic groups. However, Malaria incidence was not affected by education status: both low and highly educated groups had a similar malaria risk. In all the research areas, respondents who stayed outdoors at night and respondents who slept outside had a higher risk of being infected with malaria. This higher risk may be related to the mosquitoes habit of seeking hosts more outdoors. Getting access to health facilities is an important aspect of the treatment of diseases, including malaria. This study concludes that malaria is still a prominent public health problem in Indonesia, in which the level of incidence and transmission vary based on geography and topographical settings. Malaria transmission has local characteristics resulting from the combination of many variables. The eco-epidemiological approach is a useful method for gaining insights into malaria variables in order to improve the understanding of malaria transmission in Indonesia. This study recommends that more attention be paid to malaria incidence at lower altitudes. This study found mosquitoes were more active outdoors, thus indoor residual spraying (IRS) is not recommended for malaria control in some areas. However, in West Timor Anopheles species predominantly feed and rest indoors. Thus, using insecticide treated nets (ITN) is likely to be effective in this area. Improvement of living conditions and implementing of mosquito-proof house programs would reduce malaria risk. This study also recommends that the extension of health facilities and health care delivery using local resources such as village midwives and malaria village cadres would provide an accessible malaria service for the villagers. In addition, to have better and more sustained results, integrated malaria intervention is needed. This includes adequate malaria treatment, good malaria surveillance systems and adequate vector control programs. These programs should be based on local conditions such as local weather, human behaviour, topographical and ecological settings, and vector species and their specific ecologies. Geographic information systems such as LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) can be used to predict malaria risk areas and should be incorporated into the malaria surveillance system.
Download or read book Malaria Control During Mass Population Movements and Natural Disasters written by Program on Forced Migration and Health at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-01-16 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Admittedly, the world and the nature of forced migration have changed a great deal over the last two decades. The relevance of data accumulated during that time period can now be called into question. The roundtable and the Program on Forced Migration at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University have commissioned a series of epidemiological reviews on priority public health problems for forced migrants that will update the state of knowledge. Malaria Control During Mass Population Movements and Natural Disasters- the first in the series, provides a basic overview of the state of knowledge of epidemiology of malaria and public health interventions and practices for controlling the disease in situations involving forced migration and conflict.
Download or read book Under the Weather written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the dawn of medical science, people have recognized connections between a change in the weather and the appearance of epidemic disease. With today's technology, some hope that it will be possible to build models for predicting the emergence and spread of many infectious diseases based on climate and weather forecasts. However, separating the effects of climate from other effects presents a tremendous scientific challenge. Can we use climate and weather forecasts to predict infectious disease outbreaks? Can the field of public health advance from "surveillance and response" to "prediction and prevention?" And perhaps the most important question of all: Can we predict how global warming will affect the emergence and transmission of infectious disease agents around the world? Under the Weather evaluates our current understanding of the linkages among climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease; it then goes a step further and outlines the research needed to improve our understanding of these linkages. The book also examines the potential for using climate forecasts and ecological observations to help predict infectious disease outbreaks, identifies the necessary components for an epidemic early warning system, and reviews lessons learned from the use of climate forecasts in other realms of human activity.
Download or read book Age grouping Methods in Diptera of Medical Importance written by T. S. Detinova and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Change and Malaria Risk written by Willem Takken and published by Wageningen UR Frontis Series. This book was released on 2005 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects the discussions of leading scientists on the potential impact of global change on malaria and other vector-borne diseases. The book makes clear that environmental change, more than climate change, is the driving force behind the observed changes in disease risk. The rapid spread of blue tongue, another highly infectious vector-borne disease, illustrates what might happen if the world looks on unguarded.
Download or read book The Contextual Determinants of Malaria written by Elizabeth A. Casman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As malaria and other tropical diseases continue their resurgence, questions about the potential impacts of environmental and demographic factors are becoming more critical. Recent attempts to understand the increase in malaria incidence often acknowledge the importance of social, economic and other contextual variables, but fail to explicitly incorporate them into models or consider how they evolve in relation to one another. This problem is of crucial interest to the climate policy community, which has been buffeted by claims and counter-claims concerning the impact of climate change on malaria. This important volume examines the contextual determinants of malaria and attempts to develop methods for incorporating them into projections of future incidence. Internationally renowned health specialists, economists, and other social scientists provide regional and global perspectives on risk modeling, the history of eradication efforts, current determinants (including environmental, social, and economic factors), and prospects for new vaccines and drugs. The Contextual Determinants of Malaria argues that an association of climate change with increased malaria incidence will have at least as much to do with human aging, poverty, urbanization, and population movement as with a rise in global temperatures. By placing climate in this perspective, The Contextual Determinants of Malaria focuses attention on the public health needs most critical in both the immediate and long-term future. It encourages multidisciplinary analysis of malaria control, and improves our understanding of the interactions of the diverse range of factors involved in the incidence and spread of the disease.
Download or read book Malaria Control and Elimination written by Frédéric Ariey and published by Methods in Molecular Biology. This book was released on 2020-07-17 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book World Malaria Report 2018 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2019-02-12 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This year s report shows that after an unprecedented period of success in global malaria control progress has stalled. Data from 2015?2017 highlight that no significant progress in reducing global malaria cases was made in this period. There were an estimated 219 million cases and 435 000 related deaths in 2017. The World malaria report 2018 draws on data from 90 countries and areas with ongoing malaria transmission. The information is supplemented by data from national household surveys and databases held by other organizations.
Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2018 Health Information for International Travel written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad.
Download or read book The Ecology Of Health And Disease In Ethiopia written by Helmut Kloos and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines prevailing human health problems in political, socioeconomic, cultural, and physical/biotic settings of health practitioners and planners in Ethiopia. It also evaluates modern and traditional health resources and examines the occurrence of nonvectored communicable diseases.
Download or read book Know Your Enemy written by Lillian Shapiro and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eradication of malaria remains one of the most substantial challenges facing the scientific community in the 21st century. Each year, malaria kills more than 500,000 people (mostly children under the age of five), while another 3.3 billion remain at risk. At the core of many complex issues surrounding malaria control and eradication is the biology of the mosquito vector, which is quite sensitive to shifts in a number of environmental variables, such as temperature, humidity, nutrition, and land use changes. An integrative perspective of the variation in mosquito biology and ecology is crucial to our understanding of malaria transmission, especially in the context of a changing climate. Here, we examine how environmental variability across the mosquito life cycle affects mosquito life history, malaria parasite development, and ultimate disease transmission risk.We found that variability in larval food quantity results in considerable changes in both larval and adult mosquito traits. Reduction of larval nutrients greatly extends the time until adult emergence, and habitats with less food produce about 25% fewer adult females than habitats with optimal amounts of food. Females that emerge from nutritionally-stressed habitats have higher rates of mortality, are less likely to mate and lay eggs, and exhibit longer intervals between blood meals (which dictates the number of probable infectious bites a mosquito may transmit in her lifetime). We also observed an effect of larval food quantity on the intensity of infection when mosquitoes were exposed to the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii, but there was no change in overall parasite prevalence. However, the changes in life history traits alone led to a 70% reduction in vectorial capacity in females from low food larval environments compared to those from optimal food environments.When we infected females from similar dietary regimes with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, we observed that parasite prevalence in adults from reduced food environments is generally lower, and that parasite development in low-food females is up to two days slower than in females from high-food larval environments. We assessed malaria transmission potential using an epidemiological model that focuses on mosquito mortality and parasite development over time. Our results show that, over a 30-day period, transmission potential is increased by 330% in a population of females emerging from high larval food environments compared to an equivalently sized population of females that experienced nutritional stress as larvae.We observed more complex effects on transmission potential when we integrated two types of environmental variation at the larval stage (food quantity and temperature). The optimum temperature for larval and adult mosquito fitness and development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum within the mosquito vector is generally considered to be approximately 27C. However, we found that adult females from hot (32C), high larval food environments had the lowest mortality rates when transferred back to the optimum 27C, while the highest biting rate was observed in adult females from cool (22C), high larval food environments. These results suggest that there is no optimum larval mosquito habitat, but rather, that different habitats optimize different traits. We also found that, despite the common assumption that larger mosquitoes make better malaria vectors, vectorial capacity is only weakly correlated with size, and is far more heavily impacted by the differences in larval environment that generate the observed variation in female size.Finally, we exposed mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum to seven temperatures ranging from 18C to 34C. We found that the transmission potential of mosquitoes was highest in mid-range environments (24-27C), while transmission potential decreases steeply on both sides of this optimum range, and no infectious mosquitoes were observed at 18C. Our results challenge previous predictions of parasite development thresholds at both the cool and warm ends of the temperature spectrum. Our findings also suggest that malaria transmission in some endemic areas may decrease as temperatures warm, which contrast many previous predictions that a warming climate will enhance malaria transmission in endemic areas. However, the geographic area that is optimal for malaria transmission may expand, as previously cooler temperatures warm towards a thermal optimum. Overall, our results demonstrate that a more nuanced understanding of how environmental variation shapes mosquito biology and ecology is crucial in order to make optimum use of current vector control resources and to develop innovative, more sustainable control strategies for the future.
Download or read book Saving Lives Buying Time written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-09 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.