Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of X65 Pipeline Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol Environments written by Lindsey R. Goodman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has risen dramatically, and ethanol fuel has become an important liquid fuel alternative globally. The most efficient mode of transportation of petroleum-based fuel is via pipelines, and due to the 300% increase in ethanol use in the U.S. in the past decade, a similar method of conveyance must be adopted for ethanol. Low-carbon, low-alloy pipeline steels like X52, X60, and X65 comprise the existing fuel transmission pipeline infrastructure. However, similar carbon steels, used in the ethanol processing and production industry, were found to exhibit stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in ethanol service. Prior work has shown that contaminants absorbed by the ethanol during distillation, processing or transport could be the possible determinants of SCC susceptibility; 200 proof ethanol alone was shown not to cause SCC in laboratory studies. To ensure the safety and integrity of the pipeline system, it was necessary to perform a mechanistic study of SCC of pipeline steel in fuel grade ethanol (FGE).\r : The objective of this work was to determine the environmental factors relating to SCC of X65 steel in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) environments. To accomplish this, a systematic study was done to test effects of FGE feedstock and common contaminants and constituents such as water, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and organic acids on SCC behavior of an X65 pipeline steel. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were employed to evaluate and compare specific constituents' effects on crack density, morphology, and severity of SCC of X65 in FGE. SCC did not occur in commercial FGE environments, regardless of the ethanol feedstock. In both FGE and simulated fuel grade ethanol (SFGE), SCC of carbon steel was found to occur at low water contents (below 5 vol%) when chloride was present above a specific threshold quantity. Cl- threshold for SCC varied from 10ppm in FGE to approximately 1 ppm in SFGE. SCC of carbon steel was inhibited when oxygen was removed from solution via N2 purge or pHe was increased by addition of NaOH. During SSRT, in-situƠ electrochemical measurements showed a significant role of film rupture in the SCC mechanism. Analysis of repassivation kinetics in mechanical scratch tests revealed a large initial anodic dissolution current spike in SCC-causing environments, followed by repassivation indicated by current transient decay. In the deaerated environments, repassivation did not occur, while in alkaline SFGE repassivation was significantly more rapid than in SCC-inducing SFGE. Composition and morphology of the passive film on X65 during static exposure tests was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results showed stability of an air-formed native oxide under static immersion in neutral (pHe = 5.4) SFGE, and dissolution of the film when pHe was decreased to 4.3. XPS spectra indicated changes in film composition at high pHe (near 13) and in environments lacking sufficient water. In light of all results, a film-rupture anodic-dissolution mechanism is proposed in which local plastic strains facilitates local breakdown of the air-formed oxide film, causing iron to dissolve anodically. During crack propagation anodic dissolution occurs at the crack tip while crack walls repassivate preserving crack geometry and local stress concentration at the tip. It is also proposed that SCC can be mitigated by use of alkaline inhibitors that speed repassivation and promotes formation of a more protective Fe(OH)3 film.

Download or read book Environment Effects on Stres S Corrosion Cracking of X65 Pipeline Steel written by Dennis Loui and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.

Download or read book Effect of the Environment on Near neutral PH Stress Corrosion Cracking of X 52 Pipeline Steel written by Haishan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Plasticity on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X 52 Pipeline Steel in Near neutral PH Environment written by Xiaochun Li and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.

Download or read book Failure Analysis written by Zheng-Ming Huang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Final Report on Microbial Effects on Stress corrosion Cracking of Line pipe Steels in Low pH Environments to Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the Pipeline Research Committee of the American Gas Association written by Gerald O. Davis and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Near Neutral PH Environment written by W. Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), a form of environment-assisted cracking, has caused 24 major pipeline failures in the Canadian oil and gas pipeline system. The role of stress in the SCC of linepipe steels in near-neutral pH environment, as in other SCC systems, is complex. In this paper, the effects of stress on the development of both axial cracking and circumferential cracking are reviewed. The long-term beneficial effect of compressive stress introduced by hydrostatic testing is also discussed.

Download or read book Engineering Failure Analysis written by Kary Thanapalan and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-05-06 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chapter contents include information on: Stress analysis – strengths and limitations of traditional theoretical approaches to FRP laminate design against failure; stress corrosion cracking behavior of materials; failure analysis and durability issues.

Download or read book The influence of combined environmental effects on stress corrosion cracking of welded stainless steel piping eighth quarterly progress report written by E. L. White and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking written by Warren E. Berry and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Stress Ratio on Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in X70 Pipeline Steel in Air and Saltwater written by O. Vosikovsky and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fatigue crack growth rates in an X70 pipeline steel were measured over a wide range of stress intensities in laboratory air and in 3.5% sodium chloride solution under free corrosion and cathodic (coupled to zinc) potentials. The effects of stress ratio in all these environments and of cyclic frequency in the sodium chloride solution were studied. The results are compared with fatigue crack growth rates measured previously in lower strength X65 steel. The stress ratio strongly influences the fatigue crack growth thresholds and close-to-threshold growth rates. With increasing stress intensity range, the stress ratio effect decreases similarly in both air and aqueous environments. The lower cyclic frequency enhances corrosion fatigue crack growth rates at intermediate stress intensity ranges, as was observed earlier in X65 steel.

Download or read book Environmental Effects on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking IGSCC of Sensitized Stainless Steel in High temperature Solutions written by G. Cragnolino and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Influence of Cyclic Load and Environmental Effects on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Stainless Steel written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Plastic Strain on the Corrosion of X65 Pipeline Steel written by Chelsea Chitty and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion is an important mode of degradation and failure for iron alloys used in oil and gas pipelines. Pitting corrosion is a particular type of corrosion that is not well-understood and can play in important role in material failure. Research has shown that areas of increased plastic strain develop within pits which may promote crack initiation and material failure. This paper aims to analyze the impact of increased plastic strain on the general corrosion rate of X65 pipeline steel. Samples of X65 steel cold-rolled to 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% plastic deformation were tested using linear polarization methods in a 10% NaCl, CO2 saturated environment. It was found that there was no impact from the amount of plastic strain on the general corrosion rate of the X65 steel.

Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking written by Russell H. Jones and published by ASM International(OH). This book was released on 1992 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Details the many conditions under which stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) can occur, the parameters which control SCC, and the methodologies for mitigating and testing for SCC, plus information on mechanisms of SCC with experimental data on a variety of materials. Contains information about environmen