Download or read book Entry and Exit in a Liberalised Market written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Trade Policy Issues and Empirical Analysis written by Robert E. Baldwin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in U.S. trade policy has been stimulated in recent years by the massive American trade deficit, by the belief that intervention by foreign governments in international markets has given other countries a competitive edge over the United States, and by concern about the increase in protectionism among industrial countries. In turn, major analytical developments in international economics have revolutionized trade theory, broadening its scope both by introducing in a more formal manner such concepts as imperfect competition, increasing returns, product differentiation, and learning effects and by including the study of political and economic factors that shape trade policy decisions. This collection of papers—the result of a conference held by the NBER—applies these "new" trade theories to existing world cases and also presents complementary empirical studies that are grounded in more traditional trade theories. The volume is divided into four parts. The papers in part 1 consider the problem of imperfect competition, empirically assessing the economic effect of various trade policies introduced in industries in which the "new" trade theory seems to apply. Those in part 2 isolate the effects of protection from the influences of the many economic changes that accompany actual periods of protection and also examine how the effects from exogenous changes in economic conditions vary with the form of protection. Part 3 provides new empirical evidence on the effect of foreign production by a country's firms on the home country's exports. Finally, in part 4, two key bilateral issues are analyzed: recent U.S.-Japanese trade tensions and the incident involving the threat of the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on Canadian softwood lumber.

Download or read book Liberalization in Aviation written by Hartmut Wolf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-06 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last few decades have witnessed substantial liberalization trends in various industries and countries. Starting with the deregulation of the US airline industry in 1978, regulatory restructuring took place in further network industries such as telecommunications, electricity or railways in various countries around the world. Although most of the liberalization movements were initially triggered by the worrying performances of the respective regulatory frameworks, increases in competition and corresponding improvements in allocative and productive efficiency were typically associated with the respective liberalization efforts. From an academic perspective, the transition from regulated industries to liberalized industries has attracted a substantial amount of research reflected in many books and research articles which can be distilled to three main questions: (1) What are the forces that have given rise to regulatory reform? (2) What is the structure of the regulatory change which has occurred to date and is likely to occur in the immediate future? (3) What have been the effects on industry efficiency, prices and profits of the reforms which have occurred to date? Liberalization in Aviation brings together renowned academics and practitioners from around the world to address all three questions and draw policy conclusions. The book is divided into five sections, in turn dealing with aspects of competition in various liberalized markets, the emergence and growth of low-cost carriers, horizontal mergers and alliances, infrastructures, and concluding with economic assessments of liberalization steps so far and proposed steps in the future.

Download or read book Liberalisation of Natural Gas Markets written by Onur Demir and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-21 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates the overall natural gas reform performance of Turkey, addressing both shortfalls and setbacks that have prevented Turkey from the fulfillment of the regulatory implementation since 2001, and how the prospectively liberalised natural gas market can effectively operate at all levels. Although eighteen years have passed since the introduction of the first legislation as a basis for a more liberalised Turkish natural gas market, the completion of the reform process still suffers from a lack of enforcement. The book offers recommendations to address this, the main one being that policy makers should give due consideration to the consolidation of EMRA’s independent role with appropriate safeguards laid out to prevent attempts of regulatory misuse. The book concludes by suggesting that there is a compelling need to move forward with a consolidated reform sooner rather than later if Turkey genuinely wishes to take a leadership position in the race to become an efficient gas hub and be part of Europe’s single energy market.

Download or read book The World Bank Research Observer written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Input Trade Liberalization in China written by Wei Tian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-15 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on input trade liberalization in China and discusses the underlying causes and profound effects of Chinese enterprises facing import liberalization of intermediate input. The content of this book includes ten chapters. The analysis of this book mainly uses academic research, with policy study for a few chapters. Most chapters in this book apply the standard method of contemporary economic systems, integrating into the most advanced economic theories of international trade. The author uses theoretical models to obtain predictions which receive empirical support and carries out strict empirical research using data of China's manufacturing enterprises and China's customs to analyze the causes which affect Chinese enterprises facing import liberalization of intermediate input after China’s reform and opening-up. The suggested readership would be the public who are willing to understand the issues closely related to China’s input trade liberalization and opening-up policy, and basic knowledge in economics would be necessary in understanding the academic research part of the book. Meanwhile, this book is also specifically compelling to business persons and policy makers in that it enables deeper understanding on issues about outward foreign investment of enterprises and China’s opening-up policy and facilitates their decision-making process.

Download or read book The Law and Regulation of Airspace Liberalisation in Brazil written by Delphine Defossez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-05-30 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book starts from the premise that the current aviation framework, in Brazil, cannot sustain a full liberalisation in the long run. While the competition rules in place offer a strong framework, which only requires small modifications, these rules are not "enough" to foster a "healthy" liberalisation. In fact, until recently, Brazilian airlines were operating in a homogenous market, where competition was artificial. This artificial competition, obtained through the imposition of a legal obligation to provide water and a snack and grant a 23kg bag allowance, has resulted in a highly concentrated domestic market with very few players. Compared to other same size markets, such as China or India, Brazil is far behind in terms of airlines operating at national level. Consequently, the opening of the domestic market must be closely regulated to avoid national carriers suffocating under external pressure. For this reason, state intervention during the liberalisation process is crucial. State intervention is also with regard to the protection of passengers. The other major problem is the protection framework for passengers which is much too uncertain and burdensome. In a sense, it is detrimental to the domestic market and passengers. Indeed, there is no harmonisation of passenger compensation leading to contradictory judgments and possible high moral damages which hinders legal certainty for airlines. Compared to the situation in the EU, in Brazil, airlines have a limited range of defences, which are often dismissed by courts. This book, therefore, critically analyses the policies and regulations in place by mainly comparing the Brazilian framework to the European one. This choice has been motivated by the fact that European liberalisation is considered the best so far, and as Brazil is starting this process much later, it could benefit from the European experience. This book will be of particular interest to scholars and practitioners interested in the Brazilian system.

Download or read book ITF Research Reports Liberalisation of Air Transport written by International Transport Forum and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aviation is one of the most regulated industries in the world. Much of this regulation is safety-related, to mitigate the inherent risks tied with air transport. But aviation is also subject to economic regulation that influences which airline flies which route, at which frequency, capacity and price. It even stipulates the nationality of its owners and decision makers. Aviation has freed itself from some restrictions over the past three decades, with many benefits to society. Yet liberalisation has also raised issues with regard to maintaining fair competition, high labour standards and mitigating aviation’s growing environmental impact.

Download or read book Development Policy in the Twenty First Century written by Ben Fine and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-05-09 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This excellent book, newly available in paperback, addresses the growing dissatisfaction with the neo-liberal post-Washington consensus. The concern of the contributors in writing this collection was that this consensus has established itself as a new orthodoxy, more powerful and widespread than its predecessor. This broad-ranging critique explains that without a much broader political economy the consensus is unlikely to provide a coherent framework for successful development policies. Development Policy in the 21st Century is unique in its depth and assesses the postures of the new consensus topic by topic, whilst posing strong alternatives. It will improve and stimulate the reader's understanding of this important area, and is required reading for any student, academic or interested reader that wishes to understand one of the most important issues in international economics.

Download or read book OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform Regulatory Reform in Greece 2001 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-05-30 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This review of regulatory reform in Greece presents an integrated assessment of areas such as the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. It also contains chapters on sectors such as telecommunications, electricity, domestic ferries and trucking.

Download or read book Regulating Gas Supply to Power Markets written by Tade Oyewunmi and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural gas, a vital primary source of energy for the twenty-first century economy, is poised to play a major role in the medium- to long-term outlook of energy systems worldwide. Its supply to power markets for electricity generation and other energy purposes through the stages of exploration, production, gathering, processing, transmission, and distribution have been a key driver in gas commercialisation over the past two to three decades. This book discusses insights from law and economics pertaining to gas and energy supply contracts, regulation, and institutions. It provides an in-depth ‘law-in-context’ analysis of the approaches to developing competitive and secure gas-to-power markets in an increasingly international, interrelated, and interconnected value chain. Recognising a general move towards structural reforms and economic regulation of gas and energy markets globally, the author incisively addresses the following questions: – Is there a single ‘ideal’ model or approach for ensuring effectiveness in the restructuring and regulation of gas supply to power markets? If not, then what constitutes the matrix of models and approaches? – What are the underlying principles, assumptions, and institutional structures that will enhance the modern approaches to developing competitive, secure, and sustainable gas supply to power markets? – What are the factors that determine or affect the effectiveness and efficiency of such approaches and regulatory frameworks? The book critically explores the instrumental role of regulation and organisational institutions in the restructuring and development of gas supply markets. It examines the evolution of economic approaches to regulation, competitiveness, and security of gas supply in the United States and the United Kingdom. It considers the EU as a supranational union of developed economies and Nigeria as a developing economy, in the process of applying these paradigms of economic regulation and restructuring of gas-to-power markets. In a law and policy environment where training and educational centres, lawyers, and public and corporate energy advisors are becoming more concerned about competitiveness and efficiency in gas resource allocation and pricing – and about high-quality governance frameworks for industries that depend on reliable gas supplies – this vital book will be warmly welcomed by lawyers, policymakers, energy consultants, analysts, regulators, corporate investors, academics, and institutions concerned with and engaged in the business of exploration, production, and supply of gas for energy purposes.

Download or read book OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform Regulatory Reform in Ireland 2001 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-04-20 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OECD's 2001 review of regulatory reform in Ireland.

Download or read book Entry barriers into the European Civil Aviation markets written by Mirko Schnell and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 1999-02-15 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The contestability hypothesis has extensively been tested for the liberalised US airline markets. Entry barriers render US airline markets non-contestable. However, these studies do not allow an empirically based conclusion whether entry barriers are differently effective in preventing entry. Moreover, since previous studies exhibit no intra-firm perspective, they cannot ascertain whether a particular entry impediment prevents entry equally effective irrespective of potential entrant's characteristics. Comparable studies about the recently liberalised European airline markets are not available. This study fills these gaps by investigating European airline managers' perception of entry barriers. It turn out that some barriers are perceived to be significantly more effective than others. The perception of the effectiveness of a certain entry barrier, however, varies considerably among airline managers. Airlines' and respondents' characteristics contribute to explain this variance. Einleitung: Diese Arbeit untersucht mit Hilfe einer eigenen erhobenen empirischen Basis die Existenz von Markteintrittsbarrieren im europäischen Passagierluftverkehr nach dessen vollständiger Liberalisierung im Jahre 1997. Als Markteintrittsbarrieren werden alle Charakteristika eines an sich gewinnträchtigen Streckenmarktes betrachtet, die eine Fluggesellschaft davon abhalten, in diesen Markt einzutreten. Folgende Forschungsfragen werden beantwortet: - Welche Markteintrittsbarrieren nehmen europäische Fluggesellschaften wahr? - Sind alle Markteintrittsbarrieren aus Sicht der europäischen Airlines gleich wirksam? - Betrachten alle europäischen Fluggesellschaften eine bestimmte Markteintrittsbarriere als gleich wirksam und worauf sind mögliche Unterschiede zurückzuführen? Gang der Untersuchung: Kapitel 1 gibt eine kurze Einführung in die Problemstellung des Themas und definiert die verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten. Kapitel 2 stellt den bereits in den Literatur zugänglichen Wissensstand dar. Zunächst diskutiert es die Grundlagen der Theorie des bestreitbaren Marktes ( contestability theory ). Die praktische Bedeutung von Markteintrittsbarrieren für die Qualität des Wettbewerbs wird verdeutlicht. Anschließend werden die Forschungsmethode und Ergebnisse von 29 Studien zum Test der Contestability Hypothese im nordamerikanischen Luftverkehr vorgestellt. Fast alle dieser Studien weisen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen aufgrund von Markteintrittsbarrieren in [...]

Download or read book Globalisation and its Economic Consequences written by Shujiro Urata and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the rising criticisms of and growing doubts about globalisation, this timely edited volume looks at globalisation and its economic impact on eight countries in Asia and the Pacific region, namely Australia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, the United States (US), and Vietnam. The eight selected countries are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and yet the economies of these member countries have benefited differently from globalisation. This book summarises findings from existing academic literature in a coherent framework and reviews them critically to provide a balanced analysis. It also identifies the mechanisms through which globalisation impacts economies and explains how understanding of such mechanisms can be useful for formulating policies, which would benefit from globalisation while achieving inclusive economic growth in the context of rising nationalism and protectionism. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/10.4324/9781003138501, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Download or read book Trade Policy in Developing Countries written by Edward F. Buffie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-01-15 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyzes trade policy in an integrated theoretical framework based on optimizing dynamic models.

Download or read book OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform Regulatory Reform in the Czech Republic 2001 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2001-06-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OECD's review of regulatory reform in the Czech Republic.

Download or read book Price Determination In Theory And RealityLessons For Liberalisation And Globalisation Policy written by Fred Haber and published by Atlantic Publishers & Dist. This book was released on 2000 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do The Prices Paid For The Goods And Services People Need Or The Money Received For Work They Do Correspond To Their Real Value? Most Individuals, After A Moment Of Consideration, Would Probably Answer No. If So, Why Not? Don T The Economic Laws Of Supply And Demand Govern The Prices Paid For Goods And Services In The Competitive Market?Fred Haber Has Looked At This Fundamental Question And Found Distortions In The Way Market Economies Actually Function. He Finds The Distortions Are Caused By The Influence Of Power And Notes That The Most Powerful Entities In An Economy Not Only Have The Capability To Set And Enforce Price, But Can Influence The Distribution Of Their Products As Well. Just As Significantly, The Author Finds That Great Amounts Of Capital Are Being Diverted To Speculative Ends In Real Estate, On Stock Exchanges, In Foreign Currency. When This Happens, Less Capital Is Available For Productive Activities And The Creation Of Meaningful Work Opportunities. Where Free Competition Used To Restrict The Exercise Of Power In The Market, The Global Economy Has Given Rise To Consolidations To Massive Forces Whose Power Now Determines Ultimate Success.To Prove His Case, Haber Examines The Theories Of A Number Of Prominent Economists And Compares These Theories With Economic Reality. The Author Has Invested His Work With The Kind Of Rigorous Scholarship Demanded Of An Academic Study. There Is A Reason Behind This Approach.