Download or read book Encryption Export Controls written by Jeanne J. Grimmett and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Encryption Export Controls written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encryption exports are controlled under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) and the Export Administration Act (EAA), the latter statute to expire August 20, 2001. The more stringent AECA controls, administered by the State Department, apply to encryption items classified as defense articles or services. Items not so classified are subject to regulation by the Department of Commerce (DOC) under the extended EAA authorities. DOC requires licenses for certain commodities and software, but allows other encryption items to be exported under license exceptions. The U.S. Government has traditionally maintained that controls over strong encryption are necessary for national security, foreign policy, and law enforcement reasons. Industry has argued that federal regulatory policies insufficiently address rapid technological developments, prevent manufacturers from marketing products available abroad, and harm U.S. national interests by making strong U.S. encryption unobtainable by legitimate users worldwide. While most encryption was originally controlled under the AECA, in late 1996 the President transferred jurisdiction over nonmilitary items to DOC, which at the same time eased controls over commercial encryption that used a key recovery feature or was destined for financial institutions. In 1998 the Administration further relaxed controls over 56-bit technology generally and stronger encryption destined for U.S. subsidiaries, insurance companies, and other end-users, retreating from earlier key recovery requirements. Further modifications were announced in September 1999, allowing license exceptions for the export of encryption of any key length after a technical review to most end-users in all but terrorist countries; draft regulations were issued in late 1999. Following criticism by companies, privacy groups and Internet proponents, DOC expanded aspects of its original proposal and issued new regulations in January 2000. Regulations issued in October 2000 further streamlined controls over encryption exports to 23 countries including European Member states. Restrictive export licensing regulations have raised constitutional concerns, some arguing that they impose a prior restraint on speech in violation of the First Amendment. Federal courts have both upheld and dismissed First Amendment challenges to export controls, the outcome generally turning on whether the court viewed the encryption item and its export as essentially expressive or functional. Courts in California and Ohio have allowed challenges to proceed, holding that encryption source code is protected speech for First Amendment purposes. Legislation introduced in the 106th Congress would have required increased liberalization of encryption export controls. H.R. 850, the Security and Freedom Through Encryption (SAFE) Act, was reported from the House Judiciary Committee, House Commerce Committee (as amended), and House International Relations Committee (as amended); significantly more restrictive versions of the bill had been reported by the House Armed Services Committee and House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (H.Rept. 106-117, Pts 1-5). S. 798, the Promote Reliable On-Line Transactions to Encourage Commerce and Trade (PROTECT) Act of 1999, was reported favorably and without amendment by the Senate Commerce Committee (S.Rept. 106-142). No further action was taken on these bills. This report will be updated periodically.

Download or read book United States Export Controls written by John R. Liebman and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2011-11-22 with total page 1175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There should be no question in the mind of any exporter about the government'sintention to enforce applicable legislation and regulations. The penaltiesimposed by export laws and regulations are severe. Violations often lead toheavy fines and, in serious cases, to debarment from contracting with the U.S.Government, and possibly imprisonment. Additionally, the privilege ofexporting can be withdrawn from firms or individuals who have violated theregulations, either for specified periods or indefinitely. Ample resources aredevoted by the government to the detection and prosecution of violators. TheDepartments of Defense, Commerce, Homeland Security, Justice, and the severalintelligence agencies cooperate in this endeavor. Knowing and willfulviolations receive, of course, the heaviest sanctions, but unintentionalviolations are by no means exempt from penalties. Parties to an exporttransaction are expected to know and comply with the regulations.United States Export Controls, Sixth Edition provides areference to which exporters, and those who work closely with them, can referin their daily business operations in order to comply with the myriad exportrules and regulations. Thorough knowledge of the regulations is essential infinding practical solutions to export licensing problems related to specifictransactions, in formulating export marketing plans to minimize the impact ofcontrols, and in the organizing company resources to deal correctly andefficiently with both the legal requirements and the day-to-day operationaldemands of the export control regulations.

Download or read book Cryptography s Role in Securing the Information Society written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-11-29 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For every opportunity presented by the information age, there is an opening to invade the privacy and threaten the security of the nation, U.S. businesses, and citizens in their private lives. The more information that is transmitted in computer-readable form, the more vulnerable we become to automated spying. It's been estimated that some 10 billion words of computer-readable data can be searched for as little as $1. Rival companies can glean proprietary secrets . . . anti-U.S. terrorists can research targets . . . network hackers can do anything from charging purchases on someone else's credit card to accessing military installations. With patience and persistence, numerous pieces of data can be assembled into a revealing mosaic. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society addresses the urgent need for a strong national policy on cryptography that promotes and encourages the widespread use of this powerful tool for protecting of the information interests of individuals, businesses, and the nation as a whole, while respecting legitimate national needs of law enforcement and intelligence for national security and foreign policy purposes. This book presents a comprehensive examination of cryptographyâ€"the representation of messages in codeâ€"and its transformation from a national security tool to a key component of the global information superhighway. The committee enlarges the scope of policy options and offers specific conclusions and recommendations for decision makers. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society explores how all of us are affected by information security issues: private companies and businesses; law enforcement and other agencies; people in their private lives. This volume takes a realistic look at what cryptography can and cannot do and how its development has been shaped by the forces of supply and demand. How can a business ensure that employees use encryption to protect proprietary data but not to conceal illegal actions? Is encryption of voice traffic a serious threat to legitimate law enforcement wiretaps? What is the systemic threat to the nation's information infrastructure? These and other thought-provoking questions are explored. Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society provides a detailed review of the Escrowed Encryption Standard (known informally as the Clipper chip proposal), a federal cryptography standard for telephony promulgated in 1994 that raised nationwide controversy over its "Big Brother" implications. The committee examines the strategy of export control over cryptography: although this tool has been used for years in support of national security, it is increasingly criticized by the vendors who are subject to federal export regulation. The book also examines other less well known but nevertheless critical issues in national cryptography policy such as digital telephony and the interplay between international and national issues. The themes of Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society are illustrated throughout with many examplesâ€"some alarming and all instructiveâ€"from the worlds of government and business as well as the international network of hackers. This book will be of critical importance to everyone concerned about electronic security: policymakers, regulators, attorneys, security officials, law enforcement agents, business leaders, information managers, program developers, privacy advocates, and Internet users.

Download or read book Encryption Export Controls Revision of License Exception Enc and Mass Market Eligibility Submission Procedures Reporting Requirements Etc Us Bureau of Industry and Security Regulation Bis 2018 Edition written by The Law The Law Library and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-11 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encryption Export Controls - Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures, Reporting Requirements, etc. (US Bureau of Industry and Security Regulation) (BIS) (2018 Edition) The Law Library presents the complete text of the Encryption Export Controls - Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures, Reporting Requirements, etc. (US Bureau of Industry and Security Regulation) (BIS) (2018 Edition). Updated as of May 29, 2018 The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is amending the Export Administration Regulations (EAR or Regulations) to modify the requirements of License Exception ENC, "Encryption Commodities, Software and Technology," and the requirements for qualifying an encryption item as mass market. BIS is also amending specific license requirements for encryption items. With respect to encryption products of lesser national security concern, this rule replaces the requirement to wait 30 days for a technical review before exporting such products and the requirement to file semi-annual post-export sales and distribution reports with a provision that allows immediate authorization to export and reexport these products after electronic submission to BIS of an encryption registration. A condition of this new authorization for less sensitive products is submission of an annual self-classification report on these commodities and software exported under License Exception ENC. With respect to most mass market encryption products, this rule similarly replaces the requirement to wait 30 days for a technical review before exporting and reexporting such products with a provision that allows immediate authorization to export and reexport these products after electronic submission to BIS of an encryption registration, subject to annual self-classification reporting for exported encryption products. Only a few categories of License Exception ENC and mass market encryption products will continue to require submission of a 30-day classification request. Encryption items that are more strictly controlled continue to be authorized for immediate export and reexport to most end-users located in close ally countries upon submission of an encryption registration and classification request to BIS. This rule also eases licensing requirements for the export and reexport of many types of technology necessary for the development and use of encryption products, except to countries subject to export or reexport license requirements for national security reasons or anti-terrorism reasons, or that are subject to embargo or sanctions. This rule also removes the requirement to file separate encryption classification requests (formerly encryption review requests) with both BIS and the ENC Encryption Request Coordinator (Ft. Meade, MD). This book contains: - The complete text of the Encryption Export Controls - Revision of License Exception ENC and Mass Market Eligibility, Submission Procedures, Reporting Requirements, etc. (US Bureau of Industry and Security Regulation) (BIS) (2018 Edition) - A table of contents with the page number of each section

Download or read book US Export Controls written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Encryption Export Controls written by Jeanne J. Grimmett and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book PGP Source Code and Internals written by Philip R. Zimmermann and published by MIT Press (MA). This book was released on 1995 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is a computer program for the encryption of data and electronic mail, a powerful envelope that allows individuals the same privacy in their communications as enjoyed by governments and large corporations. PGP, which is freely available on the Internet, uses public-key cryptography - specifically the RSA algorithm, which is particularly well-suited to the needs of computer-mediated communications. This book contains a formatted vesion of the complete source code for the latest release (2.6.2) of PGP.

Download or read book Web Security Privacy Commerce written by Simson Garfinkel and published by "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". This book was released on 2002 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Web Security, Privacy & Commerce" cuts through the hype and the front page stories. It tells readers what the real risks are and explains how to minimize them. Whether a casual (but concerned) Web surfer or a system administrator responsible for the security of a critical Web server, this book will tells users what they need to know.

Download or read book The Export Administration Act written by James V. Weston and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides the statutory authority for export controls on sensitive dual-use goods and technologies, items that have both civilian and military applications, including those items that can contribute to the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weaponry. This new book examines the evolution, provisions, debate, controversy, prospects and reauthorisation of the EAA.

Download or read book Administration of Export Controls on Encryption Products Communication from the President written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Export Administration Bulletin written by United States. Bureau of Export Administration and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Encryption Export Policy Controversy Searching for Balance in the Information Age written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Information Age challenges old paradigms and severely tests the government's ability to devise appropriate and effective national policies. The federal government s encryption export policy highlights a complex information age issue involving seemingly insurmountable conflicts between national security, law enforcement, privacy, and business interests. Encryption employs mathematical algorithms, implemented in either hardware or software, to encode or scramble a sequence of data. Although cryptography has been used for centuries, the rise of the Internet and electronic commerce pushed the issue of encryption control to the forefront of public debate during the 1990s. Formerly the near-exclusive domain of governments, the majority of today's encryption products flow from private industry backed by private funding for use in the private sector. While encryption rose to increasing importance in cyberspace to secure communications and establish trustworthiness, the federal government continued to follow the traditional national security paradigm of export controls. A series of policy decisions by the Clinton Administration on encryption export controls during the 1990s ignited a heated public discourse and a continuing search for a balance between competing interests. The Administration s pursuit of balance apparently reached its end-state with an announcement on September 16, 1999 to reverse US export restrictions on strong encryption, a radical departure from previous reliance on export controls. The federal government's search for balance among competing interests in its encryption export policy illustrates the substantial difficulties facing policy makers in the Information Age. While the search for policy balance appears to prove the ultimate adequacy of the Constitutional framework and the policy making process to deal with complex issues in cyberspace, it clearly highlights the imperative for national policy makers to recognize Information Age realities. 7.

Download or read book A Common sense Approach to High technology Export Controls written by John R. Harvey and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book United States Export Controls on Encryption Technology written by Shirley Kon-Jean Hung and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) effort that eventually paid off in 1999. Interest group politics also factors into the actions of the national security establishment as they also lobby the Presidency and Congress to maintain restrictive encryption regulations. The study uses organizational culture to explain the motivations and some of the actions of the NSA, particularly with regard to its preference for secrecy, its placement of national security above other values, and its efforts to maintain control over all cryptology, whether government or civilian.

Download or read book Export Administration Regulations written by United States. Bureau of Export Administration and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Export Controls on Mass Market Software written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Economic Policy, Trade, and Environment and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: