Download or read book Enabling New Approaches to Low cost Dopant Patterning for Interdigitated Back Contact Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells written by W.R. Fahrner and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2006-08-15 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world of today must face up to two contradictory energy problems: on the one hand, there is the sharply growing consumer demand in countries such as China and India. On the other hand, natural resources are dwindling. Moreover, many of those countries which still possess substantial gas and oil supplies are politically unstable. As a result, renewable natural energy sources have received great attention. Among these, solar-cell technology is one of the most promising candidates. However, there still remains the problem of the manufacturing costs of such cells. Many attempts have been made to reduce the production costs of “conventional” solar cells (manufactured from monocrystalline silicon using diffusion methods) by instead using cheaper grades of silicon, and simpler pn-junction fabrication. That is the ‘hero’ of this book; the heterojunction solar cell.

Download or read book Photovoltaic Solar Energy written by Angèle Reinders and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key features: Written by leading specialists active in concurrent developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D. Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV. Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells. Presents a compendium of PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies. Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering. Ideal for industrial engineers and scientists beginning careers in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research and high-level undergraduate students.

Download or read book Introduction to Microfabrication written by Sami Franssila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-10-29 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This accessible text is now fully revised and updated, providing an overview of fabrication technologies and materials needed to realize modern microdevices. It demonstrates how common microfabrication principles can be applied in different applications, to create devices ranging from nanometer probe tips to meter scale solar cells, and a host of microelectronic, mechanical, optical and fluidic devices in between. Latest developments in wafer engineering, patterning, thin films, surface preparation and bonding are covered. This second edition includes: expanded sections on MEMS and microfluidics related fabrication issues new chapters on polymer and glass microprocessing, as well as serial processing techniques 200 completely new and 200 modified figures more coverage of imprinting techniques, process integration and economics of microfabrication 300 homework exercises including conceptual thinking assignments, order of magnitude estimates, standard calculations, and device design and process analysis problems solutions to homework problems on the complementary website, as well as PDF slides of the figures and tables within the book With clear sections separating basic principles from more advanced material, this is a valuable textbook for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students wanting to understand the fundamentals of microfabrication. The book also serves as a handy desk reference for practicing electrical engineers, materials scientists, chemists and physicists alike. www.wiley.com/go/Franssila_Micro2e

Download or read book Solar Power Generation written by P. Jayarama Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-22 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a global perspective of the current state of affairs in the field of solar power engineering. In four parts, this well-researched volume informs about: Established solar PV (photovoltaic) technologies Third-generation PV technologies based on new materials with potential for low-cost large-scale production Solar cell technology based on new (third-generation) concepts, such as quantum dot solar cells and nano wire solar cells using silicon and compound semiconductors Economic implications and effects, as well as policies and incentives in various countries of the world involved with solar energy implementation In addition to discussing manufacturing facts and implementation issues, this book emphasizes the implications of policy measures in countries with good PV activity, such as Japan, China, India, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the United States, and Canada. This volume is intended as a reference for a global audience of advanced students and R&D and industry professionals, as well as investors and policy-makers with fundamental knowledge of photovoltaic technology.

Download or read book Characterization and Fundamental Investigation of Laser Doping for Silicon Solar Cells written by Lujia Xu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced structures with localized contacts can enable high efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells, but they are complex and costly to fabricate using conventional techniques. Hence, the development of new, cheaper processes to produce localized contact regions is of great interest. One of the most promising processes is laser doping. This thesis explores three main areas related to the challenges of laser doping, in particular the characterization of the laser-doped regions, the degradation of the silicon/dielectric interface in the vicinity of the laser-doped regions, and the degradation of the laser processed silicon. A technique named secondary electron microscopy dopant contrast imaging (SEMDCI) is firstly introduced for the characterisation of the cross-section/top-surface of laser-doped samples. This technique can be used for a large range of different dopant sources and different laser doping methods. The technique can be employed to obtain quantitative dopant density images for p-type laser-doped regions, albeit currently over a limited range of dopant densities and with relatively large error. Using this technique, the risk of metallization shunts near the edges of dielectric film windows opened by the laser can be evaluated. Furthermore, this technique is useful for understanding the interaction between different materials during the laser doping process. The impact of the silicon nitride layer thickness in silicon dioxide / silicon nitride stacks on the properties of laser-doped lines is investigated through measurement of the doping profile near the edge of the dielectric window which is an important factor in determining the likelihood of high recombination or even shunting from the subsequent metallization process. Fundamentally, a problem of exposed and undoped silicon near the dielectric window is identified for most of the investigated parameter range. However, optimization of the laser parameters and dielectric film conditions is shown to be capable of preventing or at least minimizing this problem. Beside this problem, the residual dielectrics close to the edge might be degraded after laser process. Therefore, experimental methods are proposed to detect this possible degradation. In the last part of the thesis, boron diffused samples capped with different dielectric films (including bare surfaces) are processed using laser pulses and characterized by photoluminescence imaging (PL) to study the degradation of the electronic properties of the processed regions. In this way, without the interference of a dopant precursor, the thermal and dielectric effects are separately investigated. It is found that the thermal effects do not lead to significant damage and additional recombination, provided no severe silicon evaporation occurs. However, when a dielectric film is present, a considerable increase in recombination is observed irrespective of laser parameters. The magnitude of the increase in recombination varies substantially depending on the dielectric used. It is demonstrated that both sufficient silicon melting and low recombination can in principle be achieved, particularly using long pulse durations and small pulse distances. In addition, nitrogen gas annealing after laser process was proved to be an effective way to reduce the defects induced by both the thermal effects and dielectrics.

Download or read book Interdigitated Back contact Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells Development of Patterning Techniques and Applications in Tandem Devices written by Philipp Wagner and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Functional Materials for Sustainable Energy Applications written by J A Kilner and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global demand for low cost, efficient and sustainable energy production is ever increasing. Driven by recent discoveries and innovation in the science and technology of materials, applications based on functional materials are becoming increasingly important. Functional materials for sustainable energy applications provides an essential guide to the development and application of these materials in sustainable energy production.Part one reviews functional materials for solar power, including silicon-based, thin-film, and dye sensitized photovoltaic solar cells, thermophotovoltaic device modelling and photoelectrochemical cells. Part two focuses on functional materials for hydrogen production and storage. Functional materials for fuel cells are then explored in part three where developments in membranes, catalysts and membrane electrode assemblies for polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells are discussed, alongside electrolytes and ion conductors, novel cathodes, anodes, thin films and proton conductors for solid oxide fuel cells. Part four considers functional materials for demand reduction and energy storage, before the book concludes in part five with an investigation into computer simulation studies of functional materials.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Functional materials for sustainable energy applications is an indispensable tool for anyone involved in the research, development, manufacture and application of materials for sustainable energy production, including materials engineers, scientists and academics in the rapidly developing, interdisciplinary field of sustainable energy. - An essential guide to the development and application of functional materials in sustainable energy production - Reviews functional materials for solar power - Focuses on functional materials for hydrogen production and storage, fuel cells, demand reduction and energy storage

Download or read book Fabrication of Jet Printed Interdigitated Back Contact Solar Cells written by Guadalupe Lydia Alvarez-Camacho and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Interdigitated back contact solar cells were fabricated by a process in which patterned photoresist is jet printed directly on the wafer instead of by lithography. The patterned photoresist is used as a barrier for phosphorous and boron implantation as well as for contacts and metal etching. Control solar cells were fabricated by lithography in order to compare the performance of each patterning method. It was found that some of the jet printed photoresist films had non-uniformity issues with respect to the minimal thickness required for implant masking. When these thin zones are not present, structures obtained by jet printed are very similar to those obtained by lithography. With appropriate manufacturing development this technology has been shown to be feasible for lower-cost high volume production of solar cells."--Abstract.

Download or read book Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells written by Adolf Goetzberger and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Heavily Doped Carrier selective Regions for Silicon Solar Cells written by Di Yan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While heavily doped regions are an integral part of conventional silicon solar cells for carrier separation and selective transport, they also introduce deleterious effects that constrain their performance. This thesis addresses the fundamental limitations imposed by heavy doping in silicon solar cells and explores the potential of utilising doping in a manner that circumvents them. In particular, selectively doped regions and novel carrier-selective passivating contacts are developed. In heavily doped silicon, energy band gap narrowing (BGN) occurs. Subsequently, the pn product in equilibrium increases, which tends to limit the performance of silicon solar cells. In principle, heavily doped silicon should be analyzed using Fermi-Dirac statistics coupled with a BGN model. Nevertheless, applying Schenk's theoretical BGN model to experimental samples underestimates their corresponding recombination current parameters. Based on a large number of samples and using well-proven models for Auger recombination and carrier mobility, updated empirical expressions for the BGN are derived here for both n-type and p-type silicon. The study confirms that the BGN values in p-type silicon are slightly larger than in n-type silicon. Both updated BGN models contribute to a more complete understanding of the losses and ramifications caused by heavily doped regions in silicon solar cells. A possible approach to reduce the impact of heavily doped regions is to reduce the area they occupy, restricting it to underneath the metal contacts. In this thesis a process to implement such selectively doped (SD) silicon solar cells is developed. The process, based on a controlled etch-back of the diffused region offers the advantage of being self-aligned, which avoids the critical mask alignment step. The TMAH based etch-back solution used here provides a well-controlled etching rate, uniformly etched surface and selectivity to metallic layers (Al or Ag). The poof-of-concept SD silicon solar cells have reached a conversion efficiency of 17.5%. Inspired by silicon heterojunction solar cells and polysilicon emitter BJT, carrier-selective passivating contacts based on heavily doped silicon films are developed. Two approaches of depositing intrinsic polysilicon or amorphous silicon are demonstrated. In both cases, a thermal diffusion process is used to dope and recrystallise the films. The diffusion processes, the intrinsic silicon film thickness, and the interfacial layer conditions are optimized in terms of the trade-off between the recombination current parameter and the contact resistivity. The interfacial layer is found to be critical for blocking the penetration of dopants, for stopping the epitaxial regrowth between the top silicon film and the underlying crystalline silicon, as well as for enhancing the response to a subsequent hydrogenation treatment. Examination of these carrier-selective passivating contact structures before and after the thermal diffusion processes by using XRD, micro-PL and XPS indicates that allowing a moderate level of phosphorus into the silicon oxide and into the silicon substrate is necessary to achieve a low recombination and a low contact resistivity. The electron-selective passivating contacts have been successfully implemented at the rear of n-type silicon solar cells, showing open circuit voltage of > 672 mV and efficiency values up to 20.8%.

Download or read book Solar Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1981-04 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sixteenth European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sustainable Solar Electricity written by Antonio Urbina and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-11 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed life cycle assessment of photovoltaic technologies in order to analyse the environmental and socioeconomic impacts that a large deployment of solar photovoltaic systems will produce in the near future. Including both commercial and emerging technologies, the book presents the energy and materials requirements to manufacture solar electricity power systems at the order of the TeraWatt scale deployment as is envisaged by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) for the near future. It discusses current manufacturing practices and how these may be adapted in the future including: reuse and recycling of components and materials; raw material supply chains to the manufacturing factories; and end-of-life procedures including recycling and landfilling of modules. The environmental and socioeconomic impacts of solar energy are analysed in detail, providing recommendations for standardization and regulations in order to make photovoltaic technologies, both current and emerging, a really sustainable alternative for the supply of “greener” electricity.

Download or read book Photovoltaic Solar Energy written by Angèle Reinders and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar PV is now the third most important renewable energy source, after hydro and wind power, in terms of global installed capacity. Bringing together the expertise of international PV specialists Photovoltaic Solar Energy: From Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of existing PV technologies in conjunction with an assessment of technological developments. Key features: Written by leading specialists active in concurrent developments in material sciences, solar cell research and application-driven R&D. Provides a basic knowledge base in light, photons and solar irradiance and basic functional principles of PV. Covers characterization techniques, economics and applications of PV such as silicon, thin-film and hybrid solar cells. Presents a compendium of PV technologies including: crystalline silicon technologies; chalcogenide thin film solar cells; thin-film silicon based PV technologies; organic PV and III-Vs; PV concentrator technologies; space technologies and economics, life-cycle and user aspects of PV technologies. Each chapter presents basic principles and formulas as well as major technological developments in a contemporary context with a look at future developments in this rapidly changing field of science and engineering. Ideal for industrial engineers and scientists beginning careers in PV as well as graduate students undertaking PV research and high-level undergraduate students.

Download or read book Addressing Optical Recombination and Resistive Losses in Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells written by Thomas Gerald Allen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of any photovoltaic device is determined by its ability to mitigate optical, recombination, and resistive energy losses. This thesis investigates new materials and nascent technologies to address these energy loss mechanisms in crystalline silicon solar cells. Optical losses, specifically the suppression of energy losses resulting from front surface reflection, are first analysed. The use of reactive ion etched black silicon texturing, a nano-scale surface texture, is assessed with respect to the two conventional texturing processes: isotexture and random pyramids. While nano-scale surface textures offer a means of almost eliminating front surface reflection, relatively poor internal optical properties (i.e. light trapping) compared to both conventional textures can compromise any optical gains realised on the front surface. It is also shown that enhanced recombination losses remains a barrier to the application of black silicon texturing to further improve high performance devices, though this will likely have less of an impact on multi-crystalline silicon cells where bulk recombination dominates.The suppression of recombination losses at surface defects by gallium oxide (Ga2O3), an alternative to aluminium oxide (Al2O3), is also investigated. It is demonstrated that, as in Al2O3, thin films of amorphous Ga2O3 can passivate surface defects through a direct reduction of recombination active defects and via the establishment of a high negative charge density. Further investigations demonstrate that Ga2O3 is applicable to random pyramid surfaces textures, and is compatible with plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited silicon nitride (SiNx) capping for anti-reflection purposes. Indeed, the Ga2O3 / SiNx stack is shown to result in enhanced thermal stability and surface passivation properties comparable to state-of-the-art Al2O3 films. In addition, it is also shown that Ga2O3 can act as a Ga source in a laser doping process, as demonstrated by a proof-of-concept p-type laser doped partial rear contact solar cell with an efficiency of 19.2%. Finally, the resistive losses associated with metal / silicon contacts are addressed. It is demonstrated that a significant asymmetry in the work function of the electron and hole contact materials is sufficient to induce carrier selectivity without the need for heavy doping. This had recently been demonstrated for hole contacts with the high work function material molybdenum oxide. In this thesis specific attention is given to finding a suitable low work function material for the electron contact. Calcium, a common low work function electrode in organic electronic devices, is shown to act as a low resistance Ohmic contact to crystalline silicon without the need for heavy doping. Fabrication of n-type solar cells with partial rear calcium contacts resulted in a device efficiency of 20.3%, limited largely by recombination at the Ca / Si interface. This limitation to device efficiency is shown to be partially alleviated by the application of a passivating titania (TiOx) interlayer into the cell structure, resulting in an increase in device efficiency to 21.8% -- the highest reported efficiency for a TiOx-based heterojunction solar cell to date.

Download or read book High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cells written by Martin A. Green and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 1987-01-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The early chapters comprehensively review the optical and transport properties of silicon. Light trapping is described in detail. Limits on the efficiency of silicon cells are discussed as well as material requirements necessary to approach these limits. The status of current approaches to passifying surfaces, contacts and bulk regions is reviewed. The final section of the book describes the most practical approaches to the fabrication of high-efficiency cells capable of meeting the efficiency targets for both concentrated and non-concentrated sunlight, including a discussion of design and processing approaches for non-crystalline silicon.