Download or read book Electrochemical Evaluation of Ionic Liquids for Biphasic Extraction of Metal Ions Common to Spent Nuclear Fue written by Thomas J. Stockmann and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 30 years electrochemistry at a liquid liquid interface has been used to observe and quantify simple ion transfer (IT) as well as ligand assisted, or facilitated ion transfer (FIT) reactions. Liquid liquid electrochemistry has developed to where valuable thermodynamic constants – for example, the metal ion to ligand stoichiometry and overall complexation constant, in FIT - can be evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have shown greater metal ion extraction efficiencies in water-IL biphasic separations relative to conventional molecular organic solvents. In this way, they are of interest to the nuclear industry for applications in spent nuclear fuel (sometimes called nuclear waste) recycling. Herein, liquid liquid electrochemistry has been used to investigate FIT of metal ions typically found in SNF at traditional water organic solvent (w/o) and novel water ionic liquid (w/o and w/o interface. For example, [SrCMPO3]+ had equal to 5.5 × 1025 and 1.3 × 1034 for the w/o and w.
Download or read book Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction of Metal Complexes written by Y. Marcus and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1969 with total page 1064 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis written by Mihkel Koel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-10-09 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Overview of a Rapidly Expanding Area in Chemistry Exploring the future in chemical analysis research, Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis focuses on materials that promise entirely new ways to perform solution chemistry. It provides a broad overview of the applications of ionic liquids in various areas of analytical chemistry, in
Download or read book Ionic Liquids in Separation Technology written by Antonia Perez De Los Rios and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-08-08 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ionic Liquids in Separation Technology reports on the most important fundamental and technological advances in separation processes using ionic liquids. It brings together the latest developments in this fascinating field, supplements them with numerous practical tips, and thus provides those working in both research and industry with an indispensable source of information. The book covers fundamental topics of physical, thermal, and optical properties of ionic liquids, including green aspects. It then moves on to contexts and applications, including separation of proteins, reduction of environmental pollutants, separation of metal ions and organic compounds, use in electrochromic devices, and much more. For the specialist audience the book serves as a recompilation of the most important knowledge in this field, whereas for starting researchers in ionic liquid separation technology the book is a great introduction to the field. - First book in the marketplace dedicated to ionic liquids in separation technology - Contributions from scientists in academia and researchers in industry ensure the coverage of both scientific fundamentals and industrial applications - Covers a broad collection of applications in separation technology which makes the book a single source of information - Includes many practical tips for researchers in industry and scientists who apply ionic liquids in their work
Download or read book Electrochemical Recovery of Rare Earth Elements in Molten Salt Systems written by Stephanie Castro Baldivieso and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fission products are generated from the production of nuclear energy via the nuclear fission of uranium atoms. Used nuclear fuel (UNF) constitutes of fission products, where U and Pu isotopes represent the majority, and a small portion of this fuel contains actinides, rare-earth elements, and alkaline earth elements. The UNF is not recycled: it is stored in cooling pools due to its heat emanation and radioactivity from the actinides, and later it is kept in dry casting underground storage. Pyroprocessing of UNF allows the recycling of U and Pu from the waste, and it consists of 4 different stages: (1) oxide reduction unit, (2) electro refiner, (3) cathode processor and (4) fuel fabrication furnace. In the first stage, the oxide reduction unit, the UNF oxide gets reduced to metal at the cathode in molten LiCl-Li2O. This process is feasible for most of the fission products in the molten salt. However, rare-earths are very stable in their oxide form (e.g., Nd2O3) in chloride salts and it is very challenging to reduce them to metal. Electrochemical recovery and reduction pathways in which rare earth oxides (e.g., La2O3) can be readily reduced are investigated in this dissertation by mixing these oxides with transition metal oxides (e.g., NiO). At first, the feasibility of reducing transition metal oxides (e.g., NiO) was evaluated to characterize the standard reduction potentials and how efficient the transition metal oxide can be reduced in molten LiCl-Li2O electrolyte at 650 °C. Secondly, NiO was mixed with La2O3 respectively, using their atomic ratios (1:5) according to its phase diagram (La-Ni) and sintered into pellet materials. Furthermore, the reduction pathways of this alloy by electrolysis were investigated in LiCl, and LiCl-Li2O. In the next stage of the pyroprocess, the metallic UNF is used in the electrorefiner as the anode, and it is dissolved into a LiCl-KCl molten salt electrolyte, which allows the recovery of U and Pu at the cathode using an inert metal rod. However, the process becomes inefficient over time due to the accumulation of impurities (e.g., remaining fission products) in the molten salt electrolyte. The accumulation of these impurities reduces the recovery efficiency of U over time. The recovery of the rare earth fission products from the molten LiCl-KCl-RECl3 electrolyte used in the electrorefiner unit is investigated in this dissertation by evaluating the recovery efficiency of rare earth elements (specifically Gd) using liquid metal electrodes (e.g., Bi). At first, thermodynamic properties of Gd-Bi were determined using electromotive force (emf) measurements, in which enthalpies, entropies, activity and activity coefficients of Gd-Bi alloys were evaluated. The inconsistencies of the Gd-Bi phase diagrams were also evaluated using x-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and coulometric titrations to examine the solubility of Gd in liquid Bi. The low activity of Gd-Bi alloys indicate strong interactions between the rare earths and liquid metals, and the kinetic properties (e.g., diffusivity, coulombic efficiencies, resistances) probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry, and deposition-removal cycles suggest a reversible process of Gd(III) ions in the molten LiCl-KCl-GdCl3 salt using an inert cathode; and Gd(III) ions maintain a constant ohmic and charge transfer resistances when deposited into Bi at different range of temperatures. This work will provide fundamental knowledge on how rare earth oxides can be reduced in a feasible manner to metals by alloy formation with transition metals, and how feasible is to recover Gd using liquid Bi electrode by studying its thermodynamic and kinetic properties in the molten salt electrolyte. Rare earth oxide reduction also provides cheaper alternatives to fabricate alloy systems used in Ni-metal hydride batteries (LaNi5 alloys).
Download or read book Reduction of Metal Oxide to Metal Using Ionic Liquids written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A novel pathway for the high efficiency production of metal from metal oxide means of electrolysis in ionic liquids at low temperature was investigated. The main emphasis was to eliminate the use of carbon and high temperature application in the reduction of metal oxides to metals. The emphasis of this research was to produce metals such as Zn, and Pb that are normally produced by the application of very high temperatures. The reduction of zinc oxide to zinc and lead oxide to lead were investigated. This study involved three steps in accomplishing the final goal of reduction of metal oxide to metal using ionic liquids: 1) Dissolution of metal oxide in an ionic liquid, 2) Determination of reduction potential using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 3) Reduction of the dissolved metal oxide. Ionic liquids provide additional advantage by offering a wide potential range for the deposition. In each and every step of the process, more than one process variable has been examined. Experimental results for electrochemical extraction of Zn from ZnO and Pb from PbO using eutectic mixtures of Urea ((NH2)2CO) and Choline chloride (HOC2H4N(CH3)3+Cl- ) or (ChCl) in a molar ratio 2:1, varying voltage and temperatures were carried out. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy studies of ionic liquids with and without metal oxide additions were conducted. FTIR and induction coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICPS) was used in the characterization of the metal oxide dissolved ionic liquid. Electrochemical experiments were conducted using EG & G potentiostat/galvanostat with three electrode cell systems. Cyclic voltammetry was used in the determination of reduction potentials for the deposition of metals. Chronoamperometric experiments were carried out in the potential range of -0.6V to -1.9V for lead and -1.4V to -1.9V for zinc. The deposits were characterized using XRD and SEM-EDS for phase, morphological and elemental analysis. The results showed that pure metal was deposited on the cathode. Successful extraction of metal from metal oxide dissolved in Urea/ChCl (2:1) was accomplished. The current efficiencies were relatively high in both the metal deposition processes with current efficiency greater than 86% for lead and 95% for zinc. This technology will advance the metal oxide reduction process by increasing the process efficiency and also eliminate the production of CO2 which makes this an environmentally benign technology for metal extraction.
Download or read book Liquid Phase Extraction written by Colin F. Poole and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-08-29 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid Phase Extraction thoroughly presents both existing and new techniques in liquid phase extraction. It not only provides all information laboratory scientists need for choosing and utilizing suitable sample preparation procedures for any kind of sample, but also showcases the contemporary uses of sample preparation techniques in the most important industrial and academic project environments, including countercurrent chromatography, pressurized-liquid extraction, single-drop Microextraction, and more. Written by recognized experts in their respective fields, it serves as a one-stop reference for those who need to know which technique to choose for liquid phase extraction. Used in conjunction with a similar release, Solid Phase Extraction, it allows users to master this crucial aspect of sample preparation. - Defines the current state-of-the-art in extraction techniques and the methods and procedures for implementing them in laboratory practice - Includes extensive referencing that facilitates the identification of key information - Aimed at both entry-level scientists and those who want to explore new techniques and methods
Download or read book Structures and Interactions of Ionic Liquids written by Suojiang Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structures, Bonding and Hydrogen Bonds, by Kun Dong, Qian Wang, Xingmei Lu, Suojiang Zhang Aggregation in System of Ionic Liquids, by Jianji Wang, Huiyong Wang Dissolution of Biomass Using Ionic Liquids, by Hui Wang, Gabriela Gurau, Robin D. Rogers Effect of the Structures of Ionic Liquids on Their Physical-Chemical Properties, by Yu-Feng Hu, Xiao-Ming Peng Microstructure study of Ionic liquids by spectroscopy, by Haoran Li Structures and Thermodynamic Properties of Ionic Liquids, by Tiancheng Mu, Buxing Han
Download or read book Catalysis in Ionic Liquids written by Chris Hardacre and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2014-03-20 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although ionic liquids have only been studied in depth during the last decades, the field is now maturing to such a degree that the focus is on larger scale applications for use in real processes such as catalysis. Current information is scattered across the literature and Catalysis in Ionic Liquids provides a critical analysis of the research published to date on ionic solvents in all areas of the catalytic science. The book covers both catalyst synthesis using ionic liquids as solvents and green syntheses using both ionic liquids as well as mixtures of ionic liquids and carbon dioxide (as a subcritical and supercritical liquid), including enzymatic, homogeneous, and heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis and organocatalysis. As well as the catalysis community, the book will also be of interest to postgraduates, postdoctoral workers and researchers in academia and industry working in organic synthesis, new materials synthesis, renewable sources of energy and electrochemistry. Written by leading experts in the field, this is the reference source to find about catalysis in ionic liquids.
Download or read book Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids written by Robin D. Rogers and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the lecture notes for the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on th Green Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids held April 12th_16 , 2000 in Heraklion, Crete, Greece. This was the fIrst international meeting devoted to research in the area of ionic liquids (salts with melting points below 100 0c), and was intended to explore the promise of ionic liquids as well as to set a research agenda for the fIeld. It was the fIrst international meeting dedicated to the study and application of ionic liquids as solvents, and forty-one scientists and engineers from academia, industry, and government research laboratories (as well as six industry observers and four student assistants) met to discuss the current and future status of the application of ionic liquids to new green industrial technologies. It was immediately clear that the number of organic chemists and engineers working in the fIeld needed to be increased. It was also clear that the declining interest in high temperature molten salts and subsequent increase in low melting ionic liquid solvents had not yet taken hold in Eastern Europe. Participants from NATO Partner Countries contributed signifIcant expertise in high temperature molten salts and were able to take back a new awareness and interest in ionic liquid solvents.
Download or read book Chiral Recognition in Separation Methods written by Alain Berthod and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-16 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What drives a scientist to edit a book on a speci c scienti c subject such as chiral mechanisms in separation methods? Until December 2005, the journal Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society (Washington, DC) had an A-page section that was dedicated to simple and clear presentations of the most recent te- niques or the state of the art in a particular eld or topic. The “A-page” section was prepared for a broad audience of chemists including industrial professionals, s- dents as well as academics looking for information outside their eld of expertise. 1 Daniel W. Armstrong, one of the editors of this journal and a twenty-year+ long friend, invited me to present my view on chiral recognition mechanisms in a simple and clear way in an “A-page” article. In 2006, the “A-page” section was maintained as the rst articles at the beginning of each rst bi-monthly issue but the pagination was no longer page distinguished from the regular research articles published by the journal. During the time between the invitation and the submission, the A-page section was integrated into the rest of the journal and the article appeared as (2006) Anal Chem (78):2093–2099.
Download or read book Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry written by David A. Atwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-10-17 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth's natural resources are finite and easily compromised by contamination from industrial chemicals and byproducts from the degradation of consumer products. The growing field of green and sustainable chemistry seeks to address this through the development of products and processes that are environmentally benign while remaining economically viable. Inorganic chemistry plays a critical role in this endeavor in areas such as resource extraction and isolation, renewable energy, catalytic processes, waste minimization and avoidance, and renewable industrial feedstocks. Sustainable Inorganic Chemistry presents a comprehensive overview of the many new developments taking place in this rapidly expanding field, in articles that discuss fundamental concepts alongside cutting-edge developments and applications. The volume includes educational reviews from leading scientists on a broad range of topics including: inorganic resources, sustainable synthetic methods, alternative reaction conditions, heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, sustainable nanomaterials, renewable and clean fuels, water treatment and remediation, waste valorization and life cycle sustainability assessment. The content from this book will be added online to the Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry.
Download or read book Oligomerization of Chemical and Biological Compounds written by Claire Lesieur and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2014-06-18 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many thanks to the authors for high quality chapters and to the referees for helping improve the manuscripts. The book is interdisciplinary, it covers fields from organic chemistry to mathematics, and raises different aspects of oligomerization. It is a great source of information as every chapter introduces general knowledge and deep details. Mixing communities is to instigate novel ideas and hopefully help looking at oligomerization with new eyes.
Download or read book Ionic Liquids in Synthesis written by Peter Wasserscheid and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The second, completely revised and enlarged edition of what has become the standard reference work in this fascinating field brings together the latest developments, supplemented by numerous practical tips, providing those working in both research and industry with an indispensable source of information. New contributions have been added, to reflect the fact that industrial processes are already established, and ionic liquids are now commercially available. A must for everyone working in the field."--Publisher's description.
Download or read book Applications of Radiation Chemistry in the Fields of Industry Biotechnology and Environment written by Margherita Venturi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-06 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.
Download or read book Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice Revised and Expanded written by Jan Rydberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-03-03 with total page 1216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A complete and up-to-date presentation of the fundamental theoretical principles and many applications of solvent extraction, this enhanced Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice, Second Edition includes new coverage of the recent developments in solvent extraction processes, the use of solvent extraction in analytical applications and waste re
Download or read book Supported Ionic Liquids written by Rasmus Fehrmann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-03-24 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book gives a timely overview about the fundamentals and applications of supported ionic liquids in modern organic synthesis. It introduces the concept and synthesis of SILP materials and presents important applications in the field of catalysis (e.g. hydroformylation, hydrogenation, coupling reactions, fine chemical synthesis) as well as energy technology and gas separation. Written by pioneers in the field, this book is an invaluable reference book for organic chemists in academia or industry.
