Download or read book Developing Charging Infrastructure and Technologies for Electric Vehicles written by Alam, Mohammad Saad and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increase in air pollution and vehicular emissions has led to the development of the renewable energy-based generation and electrification of transportation. Further, the electrification shift faces an enormous challenge due to limited driving range, long charging time, and high initial cost of deployment. Firstly, there has been a discussion on renewable energy such as how wind power and solar power can be generated by wind turbines and photovoltaics, respectively, while these are intermittent in nature. The combination of these renewable energy resources with available power generation system will make electric vehicle (EV) charging sustainable and viable after the payback period. Recently, there has also been a significant discussion focused on various EV charging types and the level of power for charging to minimize the charging time. By focusing on both sustainable and renewable energy, as well as charging infrastructures and technologies, the future for EV can be explored. Developing Charging Infrastructure and Technologies for Electric Vehicles reviews and discusses the state of the art in electric vehicle charging technologies, their applications, economic, environmental, and social impact, and integration with renewable energy. This book captures the state of the art in electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment, their applications, architectures, and relevant technologies. In addition, this book identifies potential research directions and technologies that facilitate insights on EV charging in various charging places such as smart home charging, parking EV charging, and charging stations. This book will be essential for power system architects, mechanics, electrical engineers, practitioners, developers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the problems and solutions to the state-of-the-art status of electric vehicles.

Download or read book Solar Powered Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles written by Larry E. Erickson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Paris Agreement on Climate Change adopted on December 12, 2015 is a voluntary effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reach the goals of this agreement, there is a need to generate electricity without greenhouse gas emissions and to electrify transportation. An infrastructure of SPCSs can help accomplish both of these transitions. Globally, expenditures associated with the generation, transmission, and use of electricity are more than one trillion dollars per year. Annual transportation expenditures are also more than one trillion dollars per year. Almost everyone will be impacted by these changes in transportation, solar power generation, and smart grid developments. The benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions will differ with location, but all will be impacted. This book is about the benefits associated with adding solar panels to parking lots to generate electricity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide shade and shelter from rain and snow. The electricity can flow into the power grid or be used to charge electric vehicles (EVs). Solar powered charging stations (SPCSs) are already in many parking lots in many countries of the world. The prices of solar panels have decreased recently, and about 30% of the new U.S. electrical generating capacity in 2015 was from solar energy. More than one million EVs are in service in 2016, and there are significant benefits associated with a convenient charging infrastructure of SPCSs to support transportation with electric vehicles. Solar Powered Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: A Sustainable Development aims to share information on pathways from our present situation to a world with a more sustainable transportation system with EVs, SPCSs, a modernized smart power grid with energy storage, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and better urban air quality. Covering 200 million parking spaces with solar panels can generate about 1/4 of the electricity that was generated in 2014 in the United States. Millions of EVs with 20 to 50 kWh of battery storage can help with the transition to wind and solar power generation through owners responding to time-of-use prices. Written for all audiences, high school and college teachers and students, those in industry and government, and those involved in community issues will benefit by learning more about the topics addressed in the book. Those working with electrical power and transportation, who will be in the middle of the transition, will want to learn about all of the challenges and developments that are addressed here.

Download or read book Fast Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles written by Sivaraman Palanisamy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-06-28 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Comprehensive resource describing fast-charging infrastructure in electric vehicles, including various subsystems involved in the power system architecture needed for fast-charging Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles presents various aspects of fast-charging infrastructure, including the location of fast-charging stations, revenue models and tariff structures, power electronic converters, power quality problems such as harmonics & supraharmonics, energy storage systems, and wireless-charging, electrical distribution infrastructures and planning. This book serves as a guide to learn recent advanced technologies with examples and case studies. It also considers problems that arise, and the mitigation methods involved, in fast-charging stations in global aspects and provides tools for analysis. Sample topics covered in Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles include: Selection of fast-charging stations, advanced power electronic converter topologies for EV fast-charging, wireless charging for plug-in HEV/EVs, and batteries for fast-charging infrastructure Standards for fast-charging infrastructure and power quality issues (analysis of harmonic injection and system resonance conditions due to large-scale penetration of EVs and supraharmonic injection) For professionals in electric vehicle technology, along with graduate and senior undergraduates, professors, and researchers in related fields, Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles is a useful, comprehensive, and accessible guide to gain an overview of the current state of the art.

Download or read book Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure written by Graham Evans and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deployments of EV Charging Stations are critical in enabling widespread adoption of electric plugin vehicles. It is clear that DC fast charging is becoming the favored means for supporting rapid recharging for electric vehicles (EVs), removing much of the range anxiety and enabling long-distance EV travel along key transportation arteries. This report features both the IHS Markit EV Charging Infrastructure Forecast database, and an accompanying document designed to give definitions, explain key trends, and present the market outlook for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. In researching for this report and forecast database, IHS Markit interviewed a wide range of: Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) manufacturers, Charging station operators, Utility companies, Vehicle OEMs.

Download or read book Planning the Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in Cities and Regions written by Wirges, Johannes and published by KIT Scientific Publishing. This book was released on 2016-08-15 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planning the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles (EVs) is a new challenging task. This book treats all involved aspects: charging technologies and norms, interactions with the electricity system, electrical installation, demand for charging infrastructure, economics of public infrastructure provision, policies in Germany and the EU, external effects, stakeholder cooperation, spatial planning on the regional and street level, operation and maintenance, and long term spatial planning.

Download or read book Overcoming Barriers to Electric Vehicle Deployment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-06-18 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric vehicle offers many promises-increasing U.S. energy security by reducing petroleum dependence, contributing to climate-change initiatives by decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, stimulating long-term economic growth through the development of new technologies and industries, and improving public health by improving local air quality. There are, however, substantial technical, social, and economic barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles, including vehicle cost, small driving range, long charging times, and the need for a charging infrastructure. In addition, people are unfamiliar with electric vehicles, are uncertain about their costs and benefits, and have diverse needs that current electric vehicles might not meet. Although a person might derive some personal benefits from ownership, the costs of achieving the social benefits, such as reduced GHG emissions, are borne largely by the people who purchase the vehicles. Given the recognized barriers to electric-vehicle adoption, Congress asked the Department of Energy (DOE) to commission a study by the National Academies to address market barriers that are slowing the purchase of electric vehicles and hindering the deployment of supporting infrastructure. As a result of the request, the National Research Council (NRC)-a part of the National Academies-appointed the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment. This committee documented their findings in two reports-a short interim report focused on near-term options, and a final comprehensive report. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment fulfills the request for the short interim report that addresses specifically the following issues: infrastructure needs for electric vehicles, barriers to deploying the infrastructure, and possible roles of the federal government in overcoming the barriers. This report also includes an initial discussion of the pros and cons of the possible roles. This interim report does not address the committee's full statement of task and does not offer any recommendations because the committee is still in its early stages of data-gathering. The committee will continue to gather and review information and conduct analyses through late spring 2014 and will issue its final report in late summer 2014. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment focuses on the light-duty vehicle sector in the United States and restricts its discussion of electric vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The common feature of these vehicles is that their batteries are charged by being plugged into the electric grid. BEVs differ from PHEVs because they operate solely on electricity stored in a battery (that is, there is no other power source); PHEVs have internal combustion engines that can supplement the electric power train. Although this report considers PEVs generally, the committee recognizes that there are fundamental differences between PHEVs and BEVs.

Download or read book Three Revolutions written by Daniel Sperling and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2018-03 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Front Cover -- About Island Press -- Subscribe -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Will the Transportation Revolutions Improve Our Lives-- or Make Them Worse? -- 2. Electric Vehicles: Approaching the Tipping Point -- 3. Shared Mobility: The Potential of Ridehailing and Pooling -- 4. Vehicle Automation: Our Best Shot at a Transportation Do-Over? -- 5. Upgrading Transit for the Twenty-First Century -- 6. Bridging the Gap between Mobility Haves and Have-Nots -- 7. Remaking the Auto Industry -- 8. The Dark Horse: Will China Win the Electric, Automated, Shared Mobility Race? -- Epilogue -- Notes -- About the Contributors -- Index -- IP Board of Directors

Download or read book Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug in Electric Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers? At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance.

Download or read book Highway Statistics written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Solar Powered Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles written by Larry E. Erickson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Paris Agreement on Climate Change adopted on December 12, 2015 is a voluntary effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to reach the goals of this agreement, there is a need to generate electricity without greenhouse gas emissions and to electrify transportation. An infrastructure of SPCSs can help accomplish both of these transitions. Globally, expenditures associated with the generation, transmission, and use of electricity are more than one trillion dollars per year. Annual transportation expenditures are also more than one trillion dollars per year. Almost everyone will be impacted by these changes in transportation, solar power generation, and smart grid developments. The benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions will differ with location, but all will be impacted. This book is about the benefits associated with adding solar panels to parking lots to generate electricity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and provide shade and shelter from rain and snow. The electricity can flow into the power grid or be used to charge electric vehicles (EVs). Solar powered charging stations (SPCSs) are already in many parking lots in many countries of the world. The prices of solar panels have decreased recently, and about 30% of the new U.S. electrical generating capacity in 2015 was from solar energy. More than one million EVs are in service in 2016, and there are significant benefits associated with a convenient charging infrastructure of SPCSs to support transportation with electric vehicles. Solar Powered Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: A Sustainable Development aims to share information on pathways from our present situation to a world with a more sustainable transportation system with EVs, SPCSs, a modernized smart power grid with energy storage, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and better urban air quality. Covering 200 million parking spaces with solar panels can generate about 1/4 of the electricity that was generated in 2014 in the United States. Millions of EVs with 20 to 50 kWh of battery storage can help with the transition to wind and solar power generation through owners responding to time-of-use prices. Written for all audiences, high school and college teachers and students, those in industry and government, and those involved in community issues will benefit by learning more about the topics addressed in the book. Those working with electrical power and transportation, who will be in the middle of the transition, will want to learn about all of the challenges and developments that are addressed here.

Download or read book Code of Practice for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation written by The Institution of Engineering and Technology and published by . This book was released on 2018-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Code of Practice provides a clear overview of EV charging equipment, as well as setting out the considerations needed prior to installation and the necessary physical and electrical installation requirements. It also details what needs to be considered when installing electric vehicle charging equipment in various different locations - such as domestic dwellings, on-street locations, and commercial and industrial premises. Key changes from the second edition include: Two completely new sections Vehicles as Energy Storage Integration with smart metering and control, automation and monitoring systems A new Annex A complete update to the new requirements in BS 7671:2018 Bringing the Code in line with revised regulations and good practice The risk assessments and checklists have also been reviewed and revised. This very well established Code of Practice, supported by all the major stakeholders in the industry, is essential reading for anyone involved in the rapid expansion of EV charging points, and those involved in maintenance, extension, modification and periodic verification of electrical installations that incorporate EV charging.

Download or read book Optimizing Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in the City of Austin written by Akik Bharat Patel and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2011, the U.S. Presidential Administration set the goal of having a million electric vehicles in the U.S. by 2015. In order to support these goals, the U.S federal government introduced several incentive programs (includes purchasing tax credits) and policies (installing public charging stations) to encourage EV adoption and ease dependence on gasoline consumption. Since the introduction of these policies and mass-marketing of EVs in 2010-11, the sale of commercial electric vehicles in the U.S between 2011 and 2015 has been more than 300,000. However, EVs accounts for less than 1 percent of total light-duty vehicles sales. One of the reasons for the low adoption rate for EV is “range anxiety”. This is created among consumers due to lack of publicly available charging infrastructure and this prohibits users to travel between and within cities. Thus, in order to promote EVs as a primary vehicle for drivers, more charging stations should be made available to the public. The main objective of this research is to identify suitable locations for installing public Electric Vehicle charging stations in the City of Austin. At present, Austin Energy doesn’t have any standard method to identify demand for public charging stations and locate them appropriately to optimize its usage. In order to determine land parcel suitable for installing public charging stations, a set of geo-spatial data were identified from an extensive review of existing literature and similar studies conducted across the globe. These data sets were then edited to form individual raster layers. Each raster data is further classified by assigning scores to each raster value (within a raster layer) based on simple logic. For example, a higher score will be assigned to a raster cell which is closer to a Food establishment and a lower score as we move further away. The higher score basically defines a higher suitability of installing a charging station and vice versa. Further, a map indicating the optimal parcels in the city for installing EV charging infrastructure is created using map algebra which is based on assigning different weighting factors to each raster layer.

Download or read book Cal Poly Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Initiative written by California Energy Commission and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-09-19 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a low cost print edition of a government publication. This report describes the results of the installation of 12 Level 2 electric vehicle charging portswith 12 dedicated parking spaces in two campus parking lots at California PolytechnicUniversity State University in San Luis Obispo. The goal of the project was to bring electricvehicle charging infrastructure to the university to increase the use of electric vehicles andthus reduce emissions associated with transportation by increasing workplace and destinationcharging. Usage data were collected from the stations over a 13-month period ending April 30,2016, to determine equivalent emission reductions as well as various vehicle and userstatistics. Specific objectives to increase workplace charging to eight users and destinationcharging to 150 users were set.The installation included 12 electric vehicle charging ports (six dual-charging stations)consisting of four Chargepoint CT4025 8-foot bollard dual charging stations and two CT40236-foot wall-mount dual charging stations. Greenhouse gas emission reductions were based onthe number of electric vehicle miles traveled. The internal combustion engine miles displacedwas determined by the measurement of energy delivered by the electric vehicle chargingstations and the energy use per mile of an average electric vehicle. The estimated greenhousegas emission reductions over the data collection period were more than 30,000 kilograms ofcarbon dioxide equivalent emissions and it is estimated that over the 15-year life of theproject, the reductions will reach 500,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalent througheventual displacement of 1.6 million internal combustion engine vehicle miles.By the end of the 13-month data collection period, the number of workplace charging users oncampus has risen to 31 users, and destination charging users have reached 163 users.

Download or read book Grid to Vehicle G2V and Vehicle to Grid V2G Technologies written by Sekyung Han and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-03-16 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue “Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies” was in session from 1 May 2019 to 31 May 2020. For this Special issue, we invited articles on current state-of-the-art technologies and solutions in G2V and V2G, including but not limited to the operation and control of gridable vehicles, energy storage and management systems, charging infrastructure and chargers, EV demand and load forecasting, V2G interfaces and applications, V2G and energy reliability and security, environmental impacts, and economic benefits as well as demonstration projects and case studies in the aforementioned areas. Articles that deal with the latest hot topics in V2G are of particular interest, such as V2G and demand-side response control technique, smart charging infrastructure and grid planning, advanced power electronics for V2G systems, adaptation of V2G systems in the smart grid, adaptation of smart cities for a large number of EVs, integration, and the optimization of V2G systems, utilities and transportation assets for advanced V2G systems, wireless power transfer systems for advanced V2G systems, fault detection, maintenance and diagnostics in V2G processes, communications protocols for V2G systems, energy management system (EMS) in V2G systems, IoT for V2G systems, distributed energy and storage systems for V2G, transportation networks and V2G, energy management for V2G, smart charging/discharging stations for efficient V2G, environmental and socio-economic benefits and challenges of V2G systems, and building integrated V2G systems (BIV2G). Five manuscripts are published in this Special Issue, including “An Ensemble Stochastic Forecasting Framework for Variable Distributed Demand Loads” by Agyeman et al., “Where Will You Park? Predicting Vehicle Locations for Vehicle-to-Grid, An MPC Scheme with Enhanced Active Voltage Vector Region for V2G Inverter” by Shipman et al., “Electric Vehicles Energy Management with V2G/G2V Multifactor Optimization of Smart Grids” by Xia et al., and “A Review on Communication Standards and Charging Topologies of V2G and V2H Operation Strategies” by Savitti et al.

Download or read book Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation written by Kenneth Train and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-06 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation. Researchers use these statistical methods to examine the choices that consumers, households, firms, and other agents make. Each of the major models is covered: logit, generalized extreme value, or GEV (including nested and cross-nested logits), probit, and mixed logit, plus a variety of specifications that build on these basics. Simulation-assisted estimation procedures are investigated and compared, including maximum stimulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and method of simulated scores. Procedures for drawing from densities are described, including variance reduction techniques such as anithetics and Halton draws. Recent advances in Bayesian procedures are explored, including the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and its variant Gibbs sampling. The second edition adds chapters on endogeneity and expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms. No other book incorporates all these fields, which have arisen in the past 25 years. The procedures are applicable in many fields, including energy, transportation, environmental studies, health, labor, and marketing.

Download or read book Charging infrastructure requirements to increase demand for electric vehicles in Germany E Mobility market development written by Claudia Peter and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2022-02-01 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic Paper from the year 2021 in the subject Economy - Environment economics, grade: 1,3, The FOM University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, language: English, abstract: The objective of this assignment is to research charging infrastructure requirements, that potentially increase the demand for electric vehicles. The scope of this work will be limited to the German market, except for the overview of the e-Mobility market development. To examine the objective a secondary research of current literature, statistical reports, media and regulations will be performed. First of all, the author will present theoretical foundations to better understand the subsequent chapters, following by an overview of the global e-Mobility market development. Hereafter, the components of charging infrastructure are examined and the current challenges regarding market penetration, following an in-depth research of the charging infrastructure requirements to increase the demand for electric vehicles. Finally, the author will summarize her conclusion and outlook. Climate change, new technologies and less dependence on fossil fuels are major drivers for the development of electric mobility. Electric mobility produces much less CO2, especially when operated using renewable based electricity and therefore seen as key element of the energy transition towards a CO2 neutral environment. In addition, the batteries of electric vehicles (EV) can be used as energy storage to offset fluctuations in solar and wind power. Thus, electric vehicles foster the market integration and expansion of these volatile energy sources. To support and promote research and development of electric vehicles the Federal Government has adopted a set of measures, e.g., the extension of charging infrastructure. The German Government set ambitious goals for the German charging infrastructure. In order to reach this goal, customers must be convinced that an EV is better than the conventional motor type cars. Slowly, but electric vehicles become more visible nowadays. The major current challenges still pose the range of batteries and the charging management. Through digitalization of traffic systems and the increasing automation of mobility in form of autonomous driving cars, the change will be further accelerated.

Download or read book Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles written by Sulabh Sachan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-02 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SMART CHARGING SOLUTIONS The most comprehensive and up-to-date study of smart charging solutions for hybrid and electric vehicles for engineers, scientists, students, and other professionals. As our dependence on fossil fuels continues to wane all over the world, demand for dependable and economically feasible energy sources continues to grow. As environmental regulations become more stringent, energy production is relying more and more heavily on locally available renewable resources. Furthermore, fuel consumption and emissions are facilitating the transition to sustainable transportation. The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has been increasing steadily over the past few years throughout the world. With the increasing popularity of EVs, a competitive market between charging stations (CSS) to attract more EVs is expected. This outstanding new volume is a resource for engineers, researchers, and practitioners interested in getting acquainted with smart charging for electric vehicles technologies. It includes many chapters dealing with the state-of-the-art studies on EV smart charging along with charging infrastructure. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this is a must-have volume for any library. Smart Charging Solutions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Presents the state of the art of smart charging for hybrid and electric vehicles, from a technological point of view Focuses on optimization and prospective solutions for practical problems Covers the most important recent developmental technologies related to renewable energy, to keep the engineer up to date and well informed Includes economic considerations, such as business models and price structures Covers standards and regulatory frameworks for smart charging solutions