Download or read book Effects of Xenobiotics on Gut Microbiota and Related Bile Acid Metabolism written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Use of New Approach Methodologies NAMs to Study the Effects of Antibiotics on Bile Acidhomeostasis written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gut microbiota has huge impact on health, well-being and disease of the host organism. The microbiota is crucial in many physiological processes including bile acid synthesis, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, antimicrobial protection and immunomodulation. Bile acids not only regulate the digestion and absorption of cholesterol, and dietary fat and vitamins, but also play an important role in host health and disease. Bile acid homeostasis is closely related to gut microbiota dynamics, and this homeostasis can be altered by xenobiotics such as for example antibiotics which are known to affect gut microbiota. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for studies on the effects of antibiotics on bile acid homoeostasis. First, combined taxonomic profiling and bile acid profiling were performed showing that the in vitro anaerobic fecal incubation model is a reliable tool to study the effects of xenobiotics on gut microbiota and related metabolism. Given that the enterohepatic circulation is a highly efficient pathway and important in bile acid homeostasis, the in vitro Caco-2 cell transwell model was used to study the intestinal reuptake of bile acids. These two in vitro models provided alternative testing strategies to illustrate the effects of the antibiotics on gut microbiota and bile acid kinetics. In addition, an in silico approach was used to link the in vitro data to in vivo human plasma bile acid concentrations by PBK modeling simulations. Taking all together the thesis shows that it is feasible to apply new approach methodologies (NAMs) to study the role of the gut microbiota and intestinal transporters in bile acid metabolism and homeostasis in the host. .

Download or read book Metabolomics Reveals the Impact of Xenobiotics on the Host metabolite microbiome Interaction written by Jingwei Cai and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity and composition of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to the evolutionary fitness of the host through its role in extracting energy from diet and producing signaling molecules (e.g., short chain fatty acid [SCFA] and bile acid) to regulate metabolic and immunological function. Further, the gut microbiome composition and function can be perturbed by environmental stressors (xenobiotics, toxicants, drugs), change in diet (nutrition) or lifestyle (smoking, exercise, stress), and thus greatly influence the host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. A better understanding of how the xenobiotic-microbiome-host interaction contributes to disease risk may identify new therapeutic targets for metabolic and inflammatory disorders like obesity and diabetes.High-throughput metabolomics approaches including liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy inform metabolic changes by creating a metabolite dictionary to decipher the metabolite chatter between the host and the gut microbiota. Moreover, robust genomics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, provide an additional perspective to view and understand the microbiome community structure and function. By combining those approaches, the correlation between microbial community structure, metabolic profiles and phenotypes of microbiome and host can be established to develop a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interaction. Therefore, the central hypothesis of the dissertation is metabolomics in addition with other informative techniques enables the comprehensive and complementary understanding of the mechanistic interplay between the host and microbiome.Given the biological and clinical significance of microbiota and microbial-derived metabolites like SCFAs and bile acids, reliable and efficient metabolomics platforms and methods to provide robust detection and quantitation results with improved analytical confidence is highly demanded. Four different methods for SCFA extraction and quantitation were evaluated and compared using two independent platforms GC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. MS-based methods, especially after derivatization, have incomparable sensitivity and precision thus they are highly recommended for trace/ultratrace detection. GC-MS acidified water method, because of the easier sample preparation and short run time is most suitable for studies with large sample numbers. Alternatively, NMR-based methods, while exhibiting high repeatability and relatively low sensitivity, are suitable for cecal and fecal samples with both global and target analysis purpose. The application of three mutually independent methods, GC-MS, NMR, and bomb calorimetry in the germ free (GF) mice study showed consistent results, demonstrating the feasibility of the techniques used in metabolomics studies and the critical role that gut microbiome play in host energy balance and metabolic status.To investigate the metabolic functional roles of gut microbiome and how to target the microbiome for potential pharmaceutical application, a typical xenobiotic and antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) with anti-obesity and microbiome-modulation effect was investigated in conventionally-raised (CONV-R) and GF mouse models. The metabolic changes were evaluated with metabolomics tools combined with biochemistry and molecular biological techniques. The results demonstrated tempol exerts its metabolic regulatory role on host through changing gut microbiota metabolism. Tempol decreases gut energy availability by inhibiting bacterial SCFAs production in a dose-dependent manner, and the restricted gut SCFAs availability impacts overall host metabolism by promoting energy expenditure. This study provides insight into a possible mechanism for the anti-obesity effect of tempol mediated by gut-microbiota, which sheds light on the pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of tempol for obesity treatment and prevention.The gut microbiome affects the bioavailability and toxicity of xenobiotics and can be modulated physiologically, compositionally and metabolically by xenobiotics. To further investigate the causal relationship between xenobiotic exposure and changes in gut microbiota metabolism, a novel approach combining in vitro bacterial incubation, single-cell flow cytometry, and global metabolomics tools including Orbitrap LC-MS and 1H NMR were developed to elucidate the direct impact of xenobiotics on the microbiome physiology and metabolism. This multi-platform approach identified the unique physiological and metabolic biomarkers for microbial membrane damage and metabolism disruption. The result also revealed that the disrupted metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is strongly correlated with the bacterial membrane damage by direct xenobiotic exposure. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo results were highly consistent thus indicating the in vitro methods can be a convenient, economic approach to better understand and/or predict in vivo physiological and metabolic responses to xenobiotics for future screening and risk assessment application. Together, the research presented in the dissertation demonstrates valuable metabolomics tools combined with other techniques are elegant approaches to study xenobiotics-microbiome-host interactions, therefore opening up avenues for better risk assessment and toxicity study during drug discovery to minimize undesirable side effects.

Download or read book Xenobiotics and the Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease written by Stephen J. Pandol and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-14 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hormones and Resistance written by Hans Selye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 1158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 7 If so, the individual members of each class thus identified could then be subjected to a more profound pharmacokinetic analysis. In other words, we had to determine first which hormone protects against which drug, before we could explore how it did this. We had to know first that a hormone has adaptive value before we could ask whether this is due to a syntoxic or a catatoxic mechanism. Such observations, as the fact that an indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcer can be prevented by ethylestrenol, orthat cortisol aggravates certain infections, reveal nothing about how these hormones work; but only findings of this type can tell us where further research would be rewarding. Of course, scientists can rarely identify by direct observation the tbings that they are looking for; most of the time they have to be guided by indirect indices. The ebernist often first detects a compound, or even a particular functional group in its molecule, by inference from a color reaction, a revealing X-ray diffraction pattern or the formation of a characteristic precipitate. The physician must first suspect the presence of a microbe through certain clinical signs and symptoms before he can verify his diagnosis by looking for a particular organism. It is perhaps not too daring to hope that in our first efforts to clarify the role of hormones in resistance, simple, directly visible indicators might also serve us best.

Download or read book Regulation of Hepatic Drug Metabolism by the Interaction of Host and Gut Microbiome derived Bile Acids and Hepatic LncRNAs written by Joseph Leo Dempsey and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver is a critical organ for nutrient homeostasis and xenobiotic biotransformation. The gut microbiome regulates important host metabolic pathways in liver including xenobiotic metabolism and intermediary metabolism, such as the conversion of primary bile acids (BAs) into secondary BAs and is an important factor of healthy development. The nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR/NR1I2) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR/Nr1i3) are well-known regulators for xenobiotic metabolism and disposition in liver. However, little is known regarding the age specificity of secondary BA metabolism or other microbial metabolites and the potential effects of PXR and CAR on the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Additionally, altered expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) by environmental chemicals modulates the expression of xenobiotic metabolizing genes and transporters; yet little is known regarding how lncRNAs are regulated by PXR, affecting xenobiotic metabolism. Therefore, the goal of my dissertation was to use a multi-omics approach, including transcriptomics (RNA-seq), targeted metabolomics (UPLC-MS/MS for BAs and GC-MS/MS for short-chain fatty acids), targeted proteomics (LC-MS), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as well as bioinformatics, to strategically investigate the modulation of hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing genes through gut microbiome-mediated, age-dependent, and transcriptional mechanisms. To achieve this goal, multi-omics analysis of various tissues were performed in male and female conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice at various ages: postnatal days 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 60, and 120. With increasing age, the gut microbiome in mice become more diverse and had increased functional capacity to produce secondary BAs, including the family S24-7. Twenty-seven bacteria were positively associated with secondary unconjugated, deoxy, and keto BAs with nine of these BAs only produced in CV mice. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were found in livers of CV mice only with six SCFAs increasing with age. Global analysis of hepatic RNA expression showed an age-specific enrichment of KEGG pathways, including xenobiotic metabolism for adult CV and GF mice. Differentially expressed drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters exhibited age and sex specific expression patters with more genes differentially expressed with increasing age. Overall, the age-specific gut microbiome impacts host xenobiotic metabolism likely through circulation of metabolites (e.g. BAs and SCFAs). Inversely, to test how the liver (specifically PXR and CAR) regulates gut microbiota and secondary BA synthesis, nine-week-old male CV and GF mice were orally gavaged with corn oil, PXR agonist pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN; 75 mg/kg), or CAR agonist 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, 3,3' ,5,5' -tetrachloro-1,4 bis(pyridyloxy)benzene (TCPOBOP; 3 mg/kg) once daily for four days. PCN and TCPOBOP decreased two taxa in the Bifidobacterium genus, which corresponded with decreased gene abundance of the BA-deconjugating enzyme bile salt hydrolase (bsh). In liver and small intestinal content of GF mice, there was a TCPOBOP-mediated increase in total, primary, and conjugated BAs corresponding with increased Cyp7a1 mRNA. Bacteria from the genera Bifidobacterium, Dorea, Peptociccaceae, Anaeroplasma, and Ruminococcus positively correlated with T-UDCA in LIC, but negatively correlated with T-CDCA in serum. Therefore, PXR and CAR activation down-regulates BA-metabolizing bacteria in the intestine and modulates BA homeostasis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. To understand how lncRNAs may impact hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, RNA-Seq was performed from livers of adult male C57BL/6 mice treated with corn oil, the PXR agonist PCN, or the CAR agonist TCPOBOP. PXR activation differentially regulated 193 lncRNAs with 40% also regulated by CAR. Among differentially expressed lncRNAs, the lncRNA-PCG pairs displayed a high co-regulatory pattern by PXR and CAR activation. Combining the RNA-Seq data with a published PXR ChIP-Seq dataset (Cui et al., 2010b), 774 expressed lncRNAs with direct PXR-DNA binding sites, and 26.8% of differentially expressed lncRNAs had changes in PXR-DNA binding following PCN exposure. Therefore, some lncRNAs are regulated by PXR and CAR activation and that they may be important regulators of xenobiotic metabolism. Taken together, there is an age-dependent interaction in the gut-liver axis that exhibits a circulatory patter such that BA homeostasis is both governed by both the gut microbiome and the host liver, with modifications to either biocompartment impacting the other biocompartment. Targeting the gut-liver axis and lncRNAs may lead to the design of novel therapies alleviated toxicities through control of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism.

Download or read book Modification of Gut Microbiota by VSL 3 written by Stefania Rainaldi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Disruptions in Hepatic One Carbon Metabolism and the Gut Microbiome During the Progression of Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease written by Russell Ryan Fling and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is complex, with multiple contributing factors including dietary, environmental, gut microbiome and genetic mechanisms. Accumulating evidence suggests exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and similar compounds may increases risk for NAFLD development. These environmentally persistent dioxin-like compounds bind and activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a transcription factor that regulates intestinal homeostasis, xenobiotic and central metabolism. In a AhR-dependent manner, mice orally gavaged with 2,3,7,8-tetracholordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exhibit steatosis progressing to steatohepatitis with fibrosis akin to NAFLD progression. NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is also closely correlated with dysregulation of central metabolism e.g., hepatic one carbon metabolism (OCM), and gut dysbiosis contributing to NAFLD progression and worsening prognosis. This report investigates mechanisms involved in the dysregulation of the gut microbiome and OCM associated pathways relevant to NAFLD progression through comparisons of molecular analyses of TCDD-treated mice to human NAFLD and HCC. OCM describes the biosynthesis, homeostasis, and utilization of the cell's main methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) including high flux anabolic biosynthesis of polyamines, phosphatidylcholine and creatine. In later stages of NAFLD, OCM is dysregulated with altered OCM gene expression as well as SAM and s-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels. To assess TCDD-elicited effects on OCM, mice were orally gavaged with TCDD every 4 days for 28 days. Serum and livers collected at early (8 days) and late (28 days) time points were subjected to metabolomic analyses with integration of chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, transcriptomics and protein levels. Results from these studies suggest AhR-mediated repression of OCM required prolonged repeated TCDD-treatment and indirect effects elicited by AhR activation e.g., oxidative stress.Gut dysbiosis with disrupted enterohepatic bile acid metabolism is commonly associated with NAFLD and recapitulated in TCDD-treated mice. Similar to NAFLD, TCDD also increases systematic levels of secondary bile acids. These microbial transformed secondary bile acids are involved in modulation of host bile acid signaling pathways relevant to NAFLD. To investigate the effects of TCDD on the gut microbiota, the cecum contents of TCDD-treated mice were subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Taxonomic analysis identified dose-dependent increases in Lactobacillus species, notably Lactobacillus reuteri. Top enriched species were also associated with increased abundances of bile salt hydrolase sequences, responsible for the initial deconjugation reaction in secondary bile acid metabolism. L. reuteri levels were also attributed to enrichment of mevalonate-dependent isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) biosynthesis genes, a pathway that was also elevated in cirrhosis patients. These results extend the role of Lactobacilli in the AhR/intestinal axis and NAFLD progression as well as highlight the similarities between TCDD-elicited phenotypes in mice to human NAFLD. Collectively, these studies evaluated TCDD-elicited mechanisms involved in disruptions in host and microbial metabolism, highlighting the AhR's role in NAFLD progression.

Download or read book Bile Acids and Their Receptors written by Stefano Fiorucci and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-03 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focusses on the latest results related to the field of bile acids as signaling molecules and describes how these receptors have become a major pharmacological target. It covers all major areas of research in this field, from genetics, chemistry, in silico modeling, molecular biology to clinical applications, offering a cross-country view of the functional role of bile acids as signaling molecules, virtually acting on all major areas of metabolism. While FXR and GPBAR1 are essential bile acid sensors that integrate the de novo bile acid synthesis with intestinal microbiota and liver metabolism, in a broader sense, BARs play a pathogenic role in the development of common human alignments including liver, intestinal and metabolic disorders, such as steatosis (NAFLD) and steato-hepatitis (NASH), diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis.

Download or read book Role of gut bacteria in human toxicology and pharmacology written by Bradley Hillman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-01-14 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination of the composition and metabolic activity of microorganisms commonly found in the human gut. Chapters cover the effects gut flora have on ingested compounds, vitamin production and gastrointestinal disorders. Comparisons are also made between microbial and mammalian metabolism.

Download or read book The Chemistry of Microbiomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-19 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.

Download or read book Human Microbiome written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer written by I Rowland and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer examines the relationship between the gut microflora and its host. The aim is to provide a comprehensive view of the contribution of the gut flora to foreign compound metabolism in man and laboratory animals. The object has been to relate this bacterial metabolism to toxic events occurring in mammals and to consider the interrelationships of bacterial and mammalian metabolic pathways. The early chapters are set the scene and provide a background to the sections on metabolism of specific groups of compounds which follow. Subsequent chapters encompass the bacterial metabolism of both xenobiotics and food components, and concentrate on those reactions which have actual or potential toxicological and/or clinical importance. The concluding chapters provide assessments of the role of the gut flora in the etiology of cancer, in particular from the point of view of the formation of carcinogens, mutagens, and promotors within the large bowel.

Download or read book Environmental Chemicals the Human Microbiome and Health Risk written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€"microbiome interactions.

Download or read book Organochloride Pesticides Modulated Gut Microbiota and Influenced Bile Acid Metabolism in Mice written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multi omics Insights Into Microbial Metabolism written by Bipin Rimal and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbiome studies continue to reveal the intricate relationship between gut bacteria and their host, with advancements in next-generation sequencing and metabolomics providing a deeper understanding of these interactions and uncovering novel roles. Shifting from traditional single omics approaches to multi-omics integration has led to new discoveries. In this study, a multi-omic approach was employed to uncover the novel role of bile salt hydrolase (BSH) as an amine N-acyl transferase. Bile acids, crucial mediators in host-microbiome communication, have been extensively studied, but their diversity is still being appreciated. This study found a correlation between the bsh gene and the ability of bacteria to produce bacterial bile acid amidates (BBAAs), a novel class of bile acids. Pharmacological inhibition of the BSH enzyme in Bifidobacterium longum reduced BBAAs production, while knockout of the bsh gene in Bacteroides fragilis eliminated BBAAs synthesis. Heterologous expression of the bsh gene in non-producing Escherichia coli facilitated BBAAs production, and purified BSH enzyme experiments with its substrate taurocholic acid (TCA) unequivocally demonstrated its essential role in BBAAs synthesis. In vivo observations in germ-free mice monocolonized with WT B. fragilis confirmed the presence of BBAAs, while their absence was observed in mice monocolonized with the bsh knockout strain. Furthermore, BBAAs were detected in growing infants, suggesting a correlation between their presence and the developing microbiome and colonization with bsh harboring bacteria. The early-life detection of these amidates raises questions about their impact on the host and their potential to shape the host metabolome. Initial studies indicated that these amidates activate host ligand-activated transcription factors, including the farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor, thereby potentially influencing host physiology. Additionally, through transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics, a putative intermediate in the production of these amidates was proposed. Moreover, the integration of multi-omics approaches provides insights into the intricate interplay between xenobiotics (such as persistent organic pollutants) and pharmaceutical drugs with the gut microbiome. By combining metabolomics with next-generation sequencing data, bi-directional effects of these environmental pollutants and medications on the gut microbiome have been uncovered. Notably, the identification of microbial metabolites with consequential effects on the host has been a significant outcome of these investigations. The integration of multi-omics approaches enhances our understanding of the complexity of interactions between xenobiotics, the microbiome, and host physiology. These findings emphasize the importance of considering multi-omics integration to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of environmental factors, microbial metabolism, and host health.

Download or read book Intestinal Lipid Metabolism written by Charles M. Mansbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-11-30 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was stimulated by the enthusiasm shown by attendees at the meetings in Saxon River, VT, sponsored by the Federation ofAmerican Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB), on the subject of the intestinal processing of lipids. When these meetings were first started in 1990, the original organizers, two of whom are editors ofthis volume (CMM and PT), had two major goals. The first was to bring together a diverse group ofinvestiga tors who had the common goal of gaining a better understanding of how the intestine ab sorbs lipids. The second was to stimulate the interest of younger individuals whom we wished to recruit into what we believed was an exciting and fruitful area ofresearch. Since that time, the field has opened up considerably with new questions being asked and new an swers obtained, suggesting that our original goals for the meetings were being met. In the same spirit, it occurred to us that there has not been a recentbook that draws to gethermuch ofthe informationavailableconcerninghow the intestineprocesses lipids. This book is intended to reach investigators with an interest in this area and their pre- and post doctoral students. The chapters are written by individuals who have a long-term interest in the areas about which they write, and many have been speakers at the subsequent FASEB conferences that have followed on the first.