Download or read book Effects of the Maternal Rearing Environment on Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum Trophic Interactions written by Jennifer M. Slater and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking account of MREs could provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the fitness of many organisms interacting in natural and managed ecosystems.
Download or read book Effects of the Maternal Rearing Environment on Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon Pisum Trophic Interactions written by Jennifer M. Slater and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vertical Transmission Dynamics of Pea Aphid Symbionts in Natural Settings written by Danielle Irene Rock and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several bacterial lineages contain members that are known only as symbionts of insects. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) harbors eight such bacterial symbionts, some of which have been shown to mediate interactions between aphids and natural enemies like parasitoids, predators and pathogens. These symbiotic relationships persist primarily through maternal transmission, with prior lab-based estimates suggesting near perfect passage of symbionts from mothers to offspring. Yet studies in other systems have noted imperfect maternal transfer of bacterial symbionts, with factors such as temperature and the presence of co-infecting microbes playing a role in this fidelity. Since the prevalence of symbionts in natural host populations will depend on their transmission efficiencies and effects on the hosts' fitness, it is important to understand transmission in a more natural context. In the pea aphid system, transmission rates could conceivably vary between symbiont species, across seasons, or based on the presence of co-infecting symbiont species. This would have implications for the known seasonal dynamics of these symbionts and their overall prevalence in aphid populations. In this study, we performed field sampling, lab rearing and extensive PCR screening to help identify transmission efficiency of pea aphid symbionts. Observations indicate imperfect maternal transfer in the field. While we find no strong evidence for an impact of temperature on transmission rates, the identities of co-infecting symbionts have a large impact on the efficiency of maternal transfer. Interestingly, symbionts living together often in the field appeared to improve each others' transmission upon coinfection. In contrast, pairings of rare symbiont partners were associated with reduced rates of transfer. In particular, results show statistically significant differences in transmission rates for Rickettsiella and Serratia inhabiting a pea aphid with and without the presence of Serratia and Rickettsiella, respectively. Evidence also suggests the presence of Spiroplasma in pea aphid microbiomes decreases transmission efficiency of other pea aphid facultative endosymbionts. Given the roles of these symbionts in aphid defense, and the frequent occurrence of inherited, defensive symbionts across plants and invertebrates, our findings on natural symbiont transmission dynamics in pea aphids could have broader implications of importance for many economically, medically, and agriculturally important organisms.
Download or read book The Evolution of Developmental Mechanisms written by Michael Akam and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Insect Diapause written by David L. Denlinger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-02-03 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our highly seasonal world restricts insect activity to brief portions of the year. This feature necessitates a sophisticated interpretation of seasonal changes and enactment of mechanisms for bringing development to a halt and then reinitiating it when the inimical season is past. The dormant state of diapause serves to bridge the unfavourable seasons, and its timing provides a powerful mechanism for synchronizing insect development. This book explores how seasonal signals are monitored and used by insects to enact specific molecular pathways that generate the diapause phenotype. The broad perspective offered here scales from the ecological to the molecular and thus provides a comprehensive view of this exciting and vibrant research field, offering insights on topics ranging from pest management, evolution, speciation, climate change and disease transmission, to human health, as well as analogies with other forms of invertebrate dormancy and mammalian hibernation.
Download or read book Parasitoids written by H. Charles J. Godfray and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-31 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoid found on earth. After a general introduction to parasitoid natural history and taxonomy, the first part of the book treats the different components of the reproductive strategy of parasitoids: searching for a host, host selection, clutch size, and the sex ratio. Subsequent chapters discuss pathogens and non-Mendelian genetic elements that affect sexual reproduction; evolutionary aspects of the physiological interactions between parasitoid and host; mating strategies; life history theory and community ecology. A special effort is made to discuss the theoretical background to the subject, but without the use of mathematics.
Download or read book Natural Enemies written by Ann E. Hajek and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-02-12 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description
Download or read book Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles Coccinellidae written by Ivo Hodek and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-19 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ladybirds are probably the best known predators of aphids and coccids in the world, though this greatly underestimates the diversity of their biology. Maximising their impact on their prey is an important element in modern conservation biological control of indigenous natural enemies in contrast to the classical approach of releasing alien species. Ivo Hodek is one of the most internationally respected experts on coccinellids who has researched these insects for his entire career. He has now brought together 14 scientists of international standing to author 12 chapters, making this book the definitive treatment of coccinellid biology and ecology. This volume covers the rapid scientific developments of recent years in the understanding of coccinellid phylogeny, the semiochemicals influencing their behaviour and of molecular genetics. Recent insights in relation to intraguild predation and the assessment of the predatory impact of coccinellids are also covered. Other special features of the volume are the extensive references covering the literature from both East and West and a taxonomic glossary of the up-to-date nomenclature for species of coccinellids as well as of other organisms mentioned in the text. While aimed at researchers, university teachers and agricultural entomologists, the book is readable and appropriate for others who just have a liking for these interesting and attractive insects.
Download or read book Insect Diets written by Allen Carson Cohen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Allen Carson Cohen's new edition of Insect Diets: Science and Technology continues to provide a current, integrated review of the field of insect diets. It reaffirms and expands upon the belief that the science of diet development and the technology of diet application in rearing programs require formal foundations and guidelines. Cohen argues
Download or read book Endosymbiosis of Animals with Plant Microorganisms written by P. Buchner and published by . This book was released on 1965-01-15 with total page 934 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Algal symbiosis. Symbiosis with fungi and bacteria. Wrong paths in symbiosis research. Symbiosis in insects feeding on cellulose, herbaceous plant parts, seeds, and similar substances. Symbiosis in animals which live in tree sap. Symbiosis in animals which suck plant juices. Symbiosis in animals sucking vertebrate blood and feeding on corneous substances. Symbiosis in luminous animals. Cases of symbiosis localized in excretory organs. Localization of the symbionts. Methods of transmission. Embryonic and postembryonic phenomena. Correlation between host organism and symbionts. Historical problems. The signioficance of endosymbiosis.
Download or read book Ecology written by Michael Begon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-17 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive guide to the depth and breadth of the ecological sciences, revised and updated The revised and updated fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems – now in full colour – offers students and practitioners a review of the ecological sciences. The previous editions of this book earned the authors the prestigious ‘Exceptional Life-time Achievement Award’ of the British Ecological Society – the aim for the fifth edition is not only to maintain standards but indeed to enhance its coverage of Ecology. In the first edition, 34 years ago, it seemed acceptable for ecologists to hold a comfortable, objective, not to say aloof position, from which the ecological communities around us were simply material for which we sought a scientific understanding. Now, we must accept the immediacy of the many environmental problems that threaten us and the responsibility of ecologists to play their full part in addressing these problems. This fifth edition addresses this challenge, with several chapters devoted entirely to applied topics, and examples of how ecological principles have been applied to problems facing us highlighted throughout the remaining nineteen chapters. Nonetheless, the authors remain wedded to the belief that environmental action can only ever be as sound as the ecological principles on which it is based. Hence, while trying harder than ever to help improve preparedness for addressing the environmental problems of the years ahead, the book remains, in its essence, an exposition of the science of ecology. This new edition incorporates the results from more than a thousand recent studies into a fully up-to-date text. Written for students of ecology, researchers and practitioners, the fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems is anessential reference to all aspects of ecology and addresses environmental problems of the future.
Download or read book Polyphagous Pests of Crops written by Omkar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-04 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyphagous pests are primarily agricultural pests that feed on economically important agricultural and horticultural crops of wide taxonomic diversity across the globe. They cause immense damage across different crop varieties owing to their generalist and voracious food habits. The advent of mono-crop culture in a huge area and the massive use of pesticides post green revolution have massively increased pest outbreaks all over the world. The Middle Eastern countries, African continent and even the Indian subcontinent is increasingly facing resurgences of polyphagus pests. This book compiles an inclusive account of polyphagous pests. It covers locusts, termites, aphids, whiteflies, mealybugs, scale insects, gram pod borer, fall armyworm, thrips, mites and rodents. The book discusses mode of spread, enormity of losses caused, mechanism of action, and also means to reduce the crop losses. It brings together a unique perspective for researchers to learn effective pest management practices across all crops. This book is a reference guide to researchers and also useful for academicians and students of entomology.
Download or read book Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests in Iran written by Javad Karimi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-28 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a reference to biological control of arthropod pests in agriculture and of public health importance in Iran. A quick glance over the literature shows a long history of biocontrol attempts in the country. Some historically important events highlighting the interest of Iranian academic, research and extension fields to the natural enemies and their applied aspects are provided. Iran, with an exception of the former USSR, was a pioneer in both basic and applied biocontrol in West Asia. The book consists of four parts: three parts for predators, parasitoids and pathogens, and last part for other approaches and analyses of the current state of biological control in Iran. The book provides the most up-to-date information on pest control and related topics of entomology in Iran. The chapters are written by scholars from major Universities and research centers in Iran.
Download or read book Defensive Mutualism in Microbial Symbiosis written by James F. White Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-05-26 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anemones and fish, ants and acacia trees, fungus and trees, buffaloes and oxpeckers--each of these unlikely duos is an inimitable partnership in which the species' coexistence is mutually beneficial. More specifically, they represent examples of defensive mutualism, when one species receives protection against predators or parasites in exchange for
Download or read book Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective written by František Baluška and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-05 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the concept of allelopathy was introduced almost 100 years ago, research has led to an understanding that plants are involved in complex communicative interactions. They use a battery of different signals that convey plant-relevant information within plant individuals as well as between plants of the same species or different species. The 13 chapters of this volume discuss all these topics from an ecological perspective. Communication between plants allows them to share physiological and ecological information relevant for their survival and ?tness. It is obvious that in these very early days of ecological plant communication research we are illuminating only the ‘tip of iceberg’ of the communicative nature of higher plants. Nevertheless, knowledge on the identity and informative value of volatiles used by plants for communication is increasing with breath-taking speed. Among the most spectacular examples are sit- tions where plant emitters warn neighbours about a danger, increasing their innate immunity, or when herbivore-attacked plants attract the enemies of the herbivores (‘cry for help’ and ‘plant bodyguards’ concepts). It is becoming obvious that plants use not only volatile signals but also diverse water soluble molecules, in the case of plant roots, to safeguard their evolutionary success and accomplish self/non-self kin rec- nition. Importantly, as with all the examples of biocommunication, irrespective of whether signals and signs are transmitted via physical or chemical pathways, plant communication is a rule-governed and sign-mediated process.
Download or read book Insect Pest Management written by David Dent and published by C A B International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a revised edition of an undergraduate textbook, which incorporates advances in insect pest management, and has been updated throughout to provide a more balanced, comprehensive coverage of the subject. Topics include a history of insect pest management, and a discussion of insecticides.
Download or read book Animal Dispersal written by N.C. Stenseth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 4.1.1 Demographic significance Confined populations grow more rapidly than populations from which dispersal is permitted (Lidicker, 1975; Krebs, 1979; Tamarin et at., 1984), and demography in island populations where dispersal is restricted differs greatly from nearby mainland populations (Lidicker, 1973; Tamarin, 1977, 1978; Gliwicz, 1980), clearly demonstrating the demographic signi ficance of dispersal. The prevalence of dispersal in rapidly expanding populations is held to be the best evidence for presaturation dispersal. Because dispersal reduces the growth rate of source populations, it is generally believed that emigration is not balanced by immigration, and that mortality of emigrants occurs as a result of movement into a 'sink' of unfavourable habitat. If such dispersal is age- or sex-biased, the demo graphy of the population is markedly affected, as a consequence of differ ences in mortality in the dispersive sex or age class. Habitat heterogeneity consequently underlies this interpretation of dispersal and its demographic consequences, although the spatial variability of environments is rarely assessed in dispersal studies.
