Download or read book Effects of Perpetrator and Victim Gender Rape Myths and Report Timing on Blame Attributions Following Sexual Assault written by Katherine E. Kennon and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Previous research examined the effects of victim gender, perpetrator gender, and rape myth acceptance on victim blaming attribution; however, fewer studies explore victim and perpetrator gender at the same time, and even fewer studies examined the relevance of factors like timing of reporting (immediate or delayed) or rurality. The primary purpose of the study, therefore, was to explore the effect of victim gender, perpetrator gender, and report timing (same day vs. six months later) on victim blaming attributions. The study also examined the role of rape myth acceptance on victim blame and compared levels of rape myth acceptance across participant rurality. The current study recruited 803 undergraduate college students for an anonymous online study involving an evaluation of a short scenario describing a sexual assault. The variables manipulated in the scenarios were victim gender (man or woman), perpetrator gender (man or woman), and timing of victim's report to the police (same night or six months later). Participants completed questionnaires related to rape myth acceptance and demographics, including rural residence. A between-subjects ANOVA revealed a trend toward significance of blame toward male victims and an interaction between victim gender and timing of report on participants' ratings of victim blame. A follow-up ANOVA was used to examine the main and interaction effects between victim gender, perpetrator gender, and report timing on ratings of victim blame again, but adding two categorical variables (high/low female and male rape myth acceptance). Results showed significant main effects of both female and male rape myth acceptance on ratings of victim blame. Additional analyses revealed higher acceptance of female and male rape myths among men compared to women and no difference in rape myth acceptance across participant rurality. Supplemental findings showed high rates of experiencing sexual assault and very low rates of reporting sexual assault among study participants. These findings and others are discussed. Being able to understand factors contributing to victim blame may help clinicians and educators create effective interventions.

Download or read book The Effect of Rape Myths on Blame Attributions in Sexual Assault Cases written by Judith Guevara and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sexual assault is unfortunately prevalent in our society and culture. Moreover, about a quarter of women and one in ten men have reported sexual assault in their lifetimes, but only about a quarter of reported cases are ever prosecuted. Culture and promotion of sex roles contribute to the increased myths about rape in our society. As such, people who are victims of rape tend to not report their assault for fear of rejection, retraumatization, and the possibility that law enforcement will not refer the case for prosecution. Moreover, research shows that legal personnel frequently respond to victims in a cold or impersonal manner, express disbelief, blame the victim, and may even deny services. This study aims to determine the underlying factors that contribute to rape myths and how these biases affect jury decisions in sexual assault cases. Findings indicated that myths about rape may have a significant impact on verdicts in sexual assault cases. It was found that most verdicts appeared to correspond with myths about blaming the victim and excusing the perpetrator. The hope is that this study may provide views on how to change policy in order to attain more justice for victims of sexual assault.

Download or read book Rape Myths written by Sofia Persson and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2022-07-21 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rape Myths: Understanding, Assessing, and Preventing is ideal for anyone wishing to know more about their theoretical background, prevalence, assessment, and functions. Outlining their meaning and foundations, this book also considers their conceptualisation and the construct of rape myth acceptance.

Download or read book Women Lie and Other Myths written by Kathryn Rebecca Klement and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has indicated a consistent link between rape myth acceptance and sexual assault victim blaming, where individuals reporting higher levels of rape myth acceptance also report higher levels of victim blaming. To this point, however, this relationship has only been explored correlationally. The current studies were designed to test whether participants, if presented with rape myth information or with accurate information about rape, would report higher levels of victim blaming or lower levels of victim blaming, respectively. In six studies, I manipulated victim and assailant gender (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2: female victim, male assailant; Studies 3a, 3b, and 4: male victim, female assailant) and rape myth information (Studies 1a and 1b: women often lie about rape; Studies 2 and 4: real rape is perpetrated by strangers and is violent; Studies 3a and 3b: men's erections signal consent). Participants read scenarios of a sexual assault case and were randomly assigned to a control condition, a rape myth information condition, or an accurate information condition; they also reported their level of rape myth acceptance (congruent with the gender of victim). Across all studies, there were no consistent effects of condition, though participants' rape myth acceptance often predicted the dependent variables. Moderation analyses indicated that in some cases, rape myth acceptance moderated the relationship between condition and dependent variable. I discuss the implications for the lack of effects of the manipulations, particularly in light of designing interventions to reduce sexual violence.

Download or read book Attributions of Blame and Social Reactions to Scenarios of Sexual Assault of Adult Women written by Marie L. Skanis and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alaska consistently has the highest rate of sexual assault in the nation, yet research within the state has focused on stranger rape or assaults which were reported to medical or law enforcement professionals. National research suggests these characteristics are not representative of most victims. The current study fills a gap in research by examining the attitudes and reactions towards victims of stranger and acquaintance rape who have disclosed their assault to friends rather than authorities. Attribution theory was hypothesized to underlie relationships between attributions, emotional reactions, and social behaviors that victims encounter. Using an experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to read either a scenario of realistic acquaintance (common) or stereotypical (rare) stranger rape. The stereotypical assault scenario depicted a victim who was attacked outdoors by a stranger in a physically violent manner. The acquaintance rape scenario, in which a woman experiences assault inside her home by a known acquaintance who uses coercive verbal tactics, reflects characteristics of sexual assault that are experienced by most victims. The influences of type of rape, modern sexism, rape myth acceptance, expected peer rape myth acceptance, gender, training, or experience responding to disclosures of sexual assault on participant reactions were explored. It was hypothesized that participants reading the acquaintance rape scenario, participants with higher acceptance of negative attitudes (rape myths and modern sexism) and expectations that peers accept high levels of rape myths, male participants, and those who lack training or experience responding to disclosures would report more negative attributions (high fault and blame), emotional reactions (low empathy and high anger), and social reactions to the victim and positive reactions towards the perpetrator (low attributions of fault and blame, high empathy and low anger). Results revealed that acceptance of modern sexism, rape myths, and expecting that friends accept rape myths were associated with higher attributions of fault and blame to the victim, more anger towards the victim, more empathy felt for the perpetrator, and increased likelihood of offering the victim negative social responses. When asked what would improve response to sexual assault at UAF, participants indicated that changes in training, the UAF community, Title IX processes, awareness, resources, and demonstrating trustworthiness are important. Given these results, recommendations for stakeholders include communicating that most students do not accept modern sexism or rape myths to combat pluralistic ignorance and targeting the most prevalent rape myths in training. Changes to education and awareness efforts are recommended, including conducting sessions in-person, over several sessions, within single-gender groups, and utilization of pre- and post-training outcomes assessments to measure a variety of biases (such as rape myths). Stakeholders are encouraged to use existing research as a framework for teaching students about different types of reactions to disclosures of sexual assault, emphasizing which reactions victims experience as helpful and hurtful. Limitations and strengths of the study are also discussed.

Download or read book International Approaches to Rape written by Westmarland, Nicole and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2012-04-04 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Approaches to Rape gives an overview of rape law and policy in nine different countries, including the United States and Canada. Many governments have begun to take rape more seriously than in the past and have started to implement wide-ranging reforms; this book describes those reforms and assesses the degree to which they have been successful. Introducing readers to various national perspectives on rape, the contributors outline a comparative approach that highlights the similarities and differences between countries, contexts, laws, issues, policies, and interventions.

Download or read book A Scientific Framework for Compassion and Social Justice written by Jacob A. Sadavoy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Scientific Framework for Compassion and Social Justice provides readers with an in-depth understanding of the behavior analytic principles that maintain social justice issues and highlights behavior analytic principles that promote self-awareness and compassion. Expanding on the goals of the field of applied behavioral analysis (ABA), this collection of essays from subject-matter experts in various fields combines personal experiences, scientific explanations, and effective strategies to promote a better existence; a better world. Chapters investigate the self-imposed barriers that contribute to human suffering and offer scientific explanations as to how the environment can systematically be shaped and generate a sociocultural system that promotes harmony, equality, fulfilment, and love. The goal of this text is to help the reader focus overwhelming feelings of confusion and upheaval into action and to make a stand for social justice while mobilizing others to take value-based actions. The lifelong benefit of these essays extends beyond ABA practitioners to readers in gender studies, diversity studies, education, public health, and other mental health fields.

Download or read book Full Report of the Prevalence Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women written by Patricia Tjaden and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2012-07-19 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on violence against women has exploded in the past 20 years, particularly in the areas of intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Despite this outpouring of research, many gaps exist in our understanding of violence against women. For instance, reliable information on minority women's experiences with violence is still lacking. Few empirical data exist on the relationship between different forms of violence against women, such as victimization in childhood and subsequent victimization. Finally, empirical data on the consequences of violence against women, including their injury rates and use of medical services, are lacking. To further understanding of violence against women, the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention jointly sponsored, through a grant to the Center for Policy Research, a national survey that was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996. The National Violence Against Women (NVAW) Survey sampled both women and men and thus provides comparable data on women's and men's experiences with violent victimization. Respondents to the survey were asked about: Physical assault they experienced as children by adult caretakers; Physical assault they experienced as adults by any type of assailant; Forcible rape and stalking they experienced at any time in their life by any type of perpetrator. Respondents who disclosed that they had been victimized were asked detailed questions about the characteristics and consequences of their victimization, including injuries they sustained and their use of medical services. This NIJ Research Report presents findings from the NVAW Survey on the prevalence and incidence of rape, physical assault, and stalking; the rate of injury among rape and physical assault victims; and injured victims' use of medical services. The data show that violence is more widespread and injurious to women's and men's health than previously thought—an important finding for legislators, policymakers, intervention planners, and researchers as well as the public health and criminal justice communities.

Download or read book Sexual Assault and Harassment in America written by Sarah Koon-Magnin and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2022-05-18 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This wide-ranging resource uses evidence-based documentation to examine claims and beliefs—and provide the facts—about sexual assault and harassment and other forms of sexual violence in the United States. Each title in the Contemporary Debates series examines the veracity of controversial claims or beliefs surrounding a major political/cultural issue in the United States. They do so to give readers a clear and unbiased understanding of current issues by informing them about falsehoods, half-truths, and misconceptions—and confirming the factual validity of other assertions—that have gained traction in AmericA&Rsquo;s political and cultural discourse. Ultimately, this series has been crafted to give readers the tools for a fuller understanding of issues, events, policies, and laws that occupy center stage in American life and politics. This volume in the series addresses the issue of sexual violence in the U.S. It includes chapters devoted to quantifying the extent of the problems of sexual assault and harassment; demographic groups most likely to experience sexual violence; physical, emotional, and societal impacts of sexual assault; how investigations of sex-related charges are conducted; laws and policies pertaining to both victims and offenders; and sexual violence prevention and response services outside of the criminal justice system.

Download or read book Me Too Political Science written by Nadia Brown and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Me Too Political Science explores the multiple manifestations and implications of gendered biases in Political Science by "connecting the dots" between the sexual harassment described in the recent report on 2017 American Political Science Association’s Survey on Sexual Harassment at Annual Meetings and other problematic issues. Started by Tarana Burke in 2007 to stand with young women of color who survived sexual assault, the MeToo campaign was intended to let women know that they were not alone. In turn, the Women’s Caucus for Political Science used #MeTooPoliSci to bring awareness to sexual harassment, assault and misconduct in the discipline. The essays in this book and the authors’ scholarly activism, harnessed a collective power to dispel the shame, embarrassment and secrecy that surrounds these issues. They focus in particular on bullying, entitled and toxic forms of masculinity; systematic discounting of and dismissiveness and derision toward work on gender and sexuality; biases and inequities associated with hiring, teaching evaluations, service loads, and tenure and promotion; and related and often intersecting forms of harassment but not only those related to race and sexuality. The essays in this volume stem for the 2018 pre-conference held by the Women’s Caucus for Political Science at the American Political Science Association’s annual meeting. Me Too Political Science is of great importance not only to scholars interested in Gender and Women’s Studies, but all those working in the Political Science discipline – and even beyond, to academia as a whole. The chapters were originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Women, Politics and Policy.

Download or read book The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender written by Kevin L. Nadal and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2017-04-15 with total page 2043 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender is an innovative exploration of the intersection of gender and psychology—topics that resonate across disciplines and inform our everyday lives. This encyclopedia looks at issues of gender, identity, and psychological processes at the individual as well as the societal level, exploring topics such as how gender intersects with developmental processes both in infancy and childhood and throughout later life stages; the evolution of feminism and the men’s movement; the ways in which gender can affect psychological outcomes and influence behavior; and more. With articles written by experts across a variety of disciplines, this encyclopedia delivers insights on the psychology of gender through the lens of developmental science, social science, clinical and counseling psychology, sociology, and more. This encyclopedia will provide librarians, students, and professionals with ready access to up-to-date information that informs some of today’s key contemporary issues and debates. These are the sorts of questions we plan for this encyclopedia to address: What is gender nonconformity? What are some of the evolutionary sex differences between men and women? How does gender-based workplace harassment affect health outcomes? How are gender roles viewed in different cultures? What is third-wave feminism?

Download or read book Predictors of Blame Attribution to Victims of Sexual Assault and Other Crimes written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has indicated that many factors, including just world beliefs, rape myth acceptance, gender role norms, and sexism can increase victim-blaming toward sexual assault victims. However, these factors have not been studied together to predict victim-blaming. Additionally, past studies have shown discrepancies in victim-blaming based on the gender of the victim and the crime that is committed, though the research is inconclusive about the direction of the discrepancies. Our study assessed victim-blame towards victims of different genders and different crimes, just world beliefs, rape myth acceptance, gender role norms, and sexism to identify predictors of victim-blame. Rape myth acceptance, gender role norms, and sexism were predictive of victim-blame; just world beliefs were not. Additionally, victim-blame had an inverse relationship with perpetrator punishment. Crime and gender discrepancies are discussed. These constructs may impact sexual assault victims both personally and in the legal system and are worthy of further study.

Download or read book Judgements and Perceptions of Blame written by Theresa Claire Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Judgments and Perceptions of Blame written by Theresa Claire Kelly and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Observers' attributions of culpability in sexual assault cases have been studied in the context of psycholegal variables to explain how they come to their conclusions. Most research has revealed that there are differences between stranger and acquaintance rape, where victims of the latter are more likely to be blamed (Allgeier & Allgeier, 1995; Bridges & McGrail, 1989; Littleton, 2001; Mynatt & Allgeier, 1990; Scronce & Corcoran, 1995; Schuller & Klippenstine, 2004; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987). However, the work has been largely limited to examining rape myth acceptance and gender differences of observers. The present study addressed these limitations. The goals of this study were: (1) to examine judgments of perpetrator responsibility, (2) to examine the relationship between benevolent sexism and victim blame in an acquaintance rape, (3) to examine as to how benevolent sexism influences assailant blame, and (4) to examine differences between males and females on a sexism measure in relation to attribution of blame.This research utilized a community sample. Several groups of measures were utilized, including sexual assault vignettes with a questionnaire that assessed perceptions of sexual assault. Also administered were measures that assessed for social desirability, benevolent sexism, the preference for unequal relationships, and demographics. Two studies were conducted. The first one was a pilot study, which gathered qualitative and descriptive data for a measure designed specifically for this research. Participants (n= 20) reported that the measure was simple to read, understand and complete. The second study (200 participants) focused on the goals outlined and obtained reliability and principal components analysis information. Findings from study 2 revealed no significant differences between men and women in attribution of responsibility. However, assailant-victim relationship, and the presence of alcohol were statistically significant for blame. Although men scored higher on benevolent sexism in general, women obtained high scores when assailant-victim relationship and the presence of alcohol in the scenarios were taken into account. Similar to previous research (Abrams, Viki, Masser, & Bohner, 2003; Viki & Abrams, 2002; Viki, Masser, & Abrams, 2004), benevolent sexism was found to act as a moderator. Implications from results from this study were also discussed.

Download or read book Fashion Crimes written by Joanne Turney and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fashion is widely recognised as a site for social acceptance and rejection, and as a signifier of personal identity. What happens when people stray from 'appropriate' dress codes or associate garments with 'respectability' or deviance? How does fashion relate to criminality? In this interdisciplinary volume, leading scholars propose new ways of seeing everyday dress and the body in public space. Garments and individual or group wearers are used as case studies to explore the codification of clothing as criminal – hoodies, trench-coats, Norwegian Lustkoffe sweaters, low-slung trousers and Hip Hop styling are all untangled as garments with criminal significance. The book questions the point at which morality as a form of social control meets criminality, and suggests ways to renegotiate established dress codes and terms such as 'suitability' and 'glamour' through the study of what people wear in response to notions of criminality.

Download or read book Pornography and Sexual Aggression written by Neil M. Malamuth and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pornography and Sexual Aggression

Download or read book Male Victims of Sexual Assault written by Gillian C. Mezey and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely new edition provides an update on the advances in research, availability of data, and theoretical perspectives on the topic. The book continues to drive forward the debate on male sexual assault, co vering such issues as the prevelence pf sexual victimization, advances in the area of legel reform and the impact of these changes, and impr ovements in treatment for male victims of rape.