Download or read book Effects of Ocean Acidification and Temperature on the Physiology of Juvenile Scleractinian Corals written by Christopher Wall and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Elevated Ocean Acidity and Temperature on the Physiological Integrity of the Larvae of the Cauliflower Coral Pocillopora Damicornis written by Emily Bethana Rivest and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean acidification (OA) and rising sea surface temperatures will likely shape the structure and function of coral reefs in the future (Fig. 1). Understanding the sensitivity of corals to ongoing shifts in pCO2 and temperature is imperative as coral are the engineers of the coral reef ecosystem. Specifically, coral larvae may be a life history stage of corals that is particularly vulnerable to environmental stress. Shifts in physiological processes in response to environmental conditions may affect the success of larval dispersal and recruitment.

Download or read book The Future of Coral Reefs Subject to Rapid Climate Change Lessons from Natural Extreme Environments written by Emma F. Camp and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination of corals and reef-associated organisms which endure in extreme coral reef environments is challenging our understanding of the conditions that organisms can survive under. By studying individuals naturally adapted to unfavorable conditions, we begin to better understand the important traits required to survive rapid environmental and climate change. This Research Topic, comprising reviews, and original research articles, demonstrates the current state of knowledge regarding the diversity of extreme coral habitats, the species that have been studied, and the knowledge to-date on the mechanisms, traits and trade-offs that have facilitated survival.

Download or read book The Effects of Light Temperature and Ocean Acidification on the Physiology and Ecology of Tropical Crustose Coralline Algae written by Amy A. Briggs and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physiological Responses in Aquatic Organisms Adapted to Extreme or Changing Environments written by Alexssandro Geferson Becker and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-29 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Ocean Acidification and Increased Temperature on the Settlement and Early Development of Two Atlantic Corals written by Alexander B. Dillon and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multiple Stressor Effects on Coral Physiology and Biogeochemistry written by Kerri L. Dobson and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increases in atmospheric CO2 are causing the planet to warm. As such, corals are living closer to their upper thermal tolerance limits, leading to decreased coral health and increased mortality. Increasing sea surface temperatures alter the symbiotic relationship between the coral host and endosymbiotic algae, causing coral bleaching. Such mass bleaching events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity over the next few decades. To protect at least 50% of coral reefs, warming would have to be limited to no more than 1.2°C. Thus, global warming presents an immediate threat to coral reefs. The continuing release of anthropogenic CO2 is also leading to ocean acidification (OA): the net dissolution of atmospheric CO2 into the surface ocean leading to decreases in seawater pH, net increases in total dissolved inorganic carbon and bicarbonate species, and a net decrease in carbonate species. OA is known to cause decreases in calcification in some, but not all corals, and can also be dose-dependent. Thus, the increasing temperature and OA in the ocean co-occur. While OA can exacerbate the negative effects of temperature stress on the physiological responses of some coral species, but not others, it is unknown if OA will impede or slow coral recovery from bleaching. Previous studies have shown that coral feeding on zooplankton may serve to mitigate bleaching or OA stress and enhance recovery from such events in some species. Corals acquire fixed carbon (i.e. food) and nutrients in three ways: 1) via photosynthetically fixed carbon translocated to the coral host from the endosymbiotic algae, 2) uptake of dissolved organic carbon by the coral animal’s polyps, and 3) active eating of zooplankton and particulate organic matter by the coral polyps. While photosynthetically derived fixed carbon is critical to maintaining daily metabolism and calcification, heterotrophically derived food is critical for building lipid reserves and tissue growth. It is unknown if heterotrophy could help recovery from bleaching while also under OA conditions, or whether the thermal and pH history of corals may lay the foundation for coral capacity to acclimate to future ocean conditions. In addition, continued coastal development is leading to decreases in coastal water clarity (i.e. the amount of light penetrating the surface) and increases in nutrient concentrations due to anthropogenic run-off. Evidence suggests that modest increases in any one of temperature, nutrients, or light alone is typically beneficial to coral health, while dramatic increases in any one of these variables can have detrimental effects. For corals in the future, moderate increases in nutrients and/or nutrition might mitigate much of the negative impact of OA on coral calcification. Therefore, coral health is directly related to temperature, light, and nutrients acquired from seawater and zooplankton. However, it is unknown whether a slight increase in food availability and decrease in light level could act synergistically in coastal environments to protect corals from elevated temperature and OA stress and provide a refugia from future ocean conditions. Here, I study combinations of the interactive effects of temperature, ocean acidification, food availability, moderate nutrients, and light on corals through three studies to examine the following: 1) the physiological and biogeochemical responses of three coral species to predicted future coastal ocean conditions, 2) the interactive effects of ocean acidification, temperature, and moderate nutrients on coral physiology and biogeochemistry, and 3) the effect of ocean acidification and feeding on recovery rates of corals following single and annual bleaching.

Download or read book Effects of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of Caribbean Scleractinian Corals written by Rebecca Albright and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in acidity (decrease in pH) of the ocean's surface waters resulting from oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Mounting experimental evidence suggests that OA threatens numerous marine organisms, including reef-building corals; however, few studies have focused on the effects on early life history stages. Coral recruitment is critical to the persistence and resilience of coral reefs and is regulated by several early life processes, including: larval availability (gamete production, fertilization, etc.), larval settlement, post-settlement growth, and survival. Environmental factors that disrupt these early life processes can result in compromised or failed recruitment and profoundly affect future population dynamics. To evaluate the effects of OA on the sexual recruitment of corals, sexual reproduction (including fertilization and sperm swimming speeds) and several critical early life history stages (including larval metabolism, larval settlement, and post-settlement growth) were tested in common Caribbean coral species. Three pCO2 levels were used: ambient seawater (380 [mu]atm) and two pCO2 scenarios that are projected to occur by the middle (560 [mu]atm) and end (800 [mu]atm) of the century as determined by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. Results show that fertilization success, larval metabolic rates, larval settlement rates, and post-settlement growth rates are all compromised with increasing pCO2. This dissertation demonstrates that OA has the potential to negatively impact sexual reproduction and multiple early life history processes of several common Caribbean coral species and may contribute to substantial declines in sexual recruitment that are felt at the community and/or ecosystem scale.

Download or read book The Cellular Stress Response and Physiological Adaptations of Corals Subjected to Environmental Stressors and Pollutants volume II written by Davide Seveso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-06 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the success of the first edition of The Cellular Stress Response and Physiological Adaptations of Corals Subjected to Environmental Stressors and Pollutants and the continuing advances in the field, we are pleased to announce the Volume II. Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse and economically important ecosystems on the planet, providing several ecosystem services that are vital to humans. However, the health of corals worldwide is seriously threatened by a multitude of factors. Biotic stressors, such as predation outbreaks and epizootic diseases, and abiotic factors, including abnormally elevated and low sea temperatures, ocean acidification, high UV radiations, changes in salinity, are increasing the occurrence of local and mass coral bleaching events. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as industrial pollution, coastal development, nutrient input, and recreational activities are leading to further reef degradation and mortality around the world.

Download or read book The Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Physiology of Coral Recruits written by Aaron Matthew Dufault and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean acidification (OA), caused by the dissolution of anthropogenic CO2 into the surface waters of the ocean, threatens the fate of calcifying marine organisms. The effects of OA on adult coral calcification have been well-studied over the past decade and generally results in decreased calcification rates with increasing pCO2, although the effects of OA on early life history stages are less well-studied. This thesis addresses the effects of OA on coral recruit physiology with an emphasis on filling key gaps in the ecological relevance of previous manipulative OA coral studies. Together the findings provide novel insight into the physiology of corals exposed to OA under ecologically relevant seawater chemistry and light conditions. Coral recruits are biologically quite different than their adult counterparts therefore further work is needed to determine the extent to which these results apply to adult corals.

Download or read book Stressors in the Marine Environment written by Martin Solan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multitude of direct and indirect human influences have significantly altered the environmental conditions, composition, and diversity of marine communities. However, understanding and predicting the combined impacts of single and multiple stressors is particularly challenging because observed ecological feedbacks are underpinned by a number of physiological and behavioural responses that reflect stressor type, severity, and timing. Furthermore, integration between the traditional domains of physiology and ecology tends to be fragmented and focused towards the effects of a specific stressor or set of circumstances. This novel volume summarises the latest research in the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a comprehensive range of marine stressors, including chemical and noise pollution, ocean acidification, hypoxia, UV radiation, thermal and salinity stress before providing a perspective on future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today. Stressors in the Marine Environment synthesises the combined expertise of a range of international researchers, providing a truly interdisciplinary and accessible summary of the field. It is essential reading for graduate students as well as professional researchers in environmental physiology, ecology, marine biology, conservation biology, and marine resource management. It will also be of particular relevance and use to the regulatory agencies and authorities tasked with managing the marine environment, including social scientists and environmental economists.

Download or read book Impact of Ocean Acidification on the Reproduction Recruitment and Growth of Scleractinian Corals written by Sebastian Striewski and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biochemical Analysis of Coral Exposed to Possible Future Ocean Acidification and Thermal Stress Using 1H NMR Metabolomics written by Julie Lowenstein and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is altering the ocean environment by increasing ocean temperature and reducing pH, two factors to which scleractinian corals are very sensitive. Coral reefs have been in decline for the last several decades and so, to evaluate the cellular effects of elevated temperature and acidification, 1H NMR-based metabolomics was applied to coral in two different studies: (1) the Maug Shallow Hydrothermal Vent (MSHV), where exists a natural pH gradient with coral species Porites lobata, Porites rus, and Pocillopora eydouxi and (2) a chronic exposure, in a laboratory manipulation, to the cross of two temperature treatments (ambient and elevated) and two pH treatments (ambient and reduced) with Montipora capitata and Porites compressa. Data from the MSHV corals (1) revealed metabolic differentiation between the three pH environments for P. lobata corals but not for P. rus or P. eydouxi, indicating the latter two species may be more resilient to low pH environments. These data also led to the putative identification of carnitine and trigonelline in P. lobata corals, however, many of the spectral features that were important for differentiating between pH environments were unable to be identified. The MSHV study highlights that assembling a coral metabolomic library is essential for the progression of understanding coral physiology in general. Data from the laboratory manipulation (2) revealed no differences in coral metabolomes between the four treatment groups for either M. capitata or P. compressa. Environmental and laboratory factors may have induced a stressed state and therefore corals in all treatment groups were metabolically similar. This study sheds light on the strict considerations required in coral metabolomics in order isolate and accurately measure the intended response.

Download or read book The Effects of Ocean Acidification on Species Interactions Among Scleractinian Corals written by Nicolas Robin Evensen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Physiological and Ecological Consequences of Intraspecific Color Variation in Scleractinian Corals written by Jennifer Rachel Smolenski and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As anthropogenic climate change is having large repercussions on scleractinian corals, it is important to understand how species will respond to future environmental change if we are to accurately predict how corals will function under new ecological conditions. However, coral species are quite variable, both among species, as well as within species, making it difficult to calculate outcomes if we do not understand within-species heterogeneity. One way in which coral species are variable intraspecifically is through color morphotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological consequence of intraspecific color variation in scleractinian corals, and was divided into two parts. First, chapter 2 focuses on physiological differences of color morphotypes in response to abiotic factors. Coral color (other than brown) is the result of fluorescent and non-fluorescent pigmented, host proteins, which protect corals from the detrimental effects of high light intensity and UV radiation, however, they degrade under increased thermal regimes. I hypothesized that color morphotypes would have dissimilar metabolic responses to temperature and light extremes due to the combined effects of photoprotective properties, yet thermal sensitivities of host pigments. Green, blue, and brown color morphotypes of the coral Porites rus from Moorea, French Polynesia, were subjected to a combination of temperature and light treatments, and responses were measured using four dependent variables-calcification, enzyme activity, net and gross photosynthetic maximum, and aerobic respiration. All three color morphotypes exhibited similar responses for all dependent variables measured, with no differences observed when exposed to temperature and light treatments. Although previous literature suggests that variable physiological responses should occur, color morphotypes of Porites rus did not exhibit any of these predicted responses, which may showcase the robust nature of this species. Second, chapter 3 investigates differences in biotic interactions between color morphotypes and other invertebrate taxa. A key survival strategy for mounding corals is the removal of sediment from the colony surface, and brown morphotypes of the Caribbean coral Porites astreoides shed sediment faster than green color morphotypes. I hypothesized that this dissimilar removal of sediment would affect the abundance and distribution of endolithic invertebrates that must first settle onto the surface of P. astreoides colonies in order to commence their endolithic lifestyle. Surveys were conducted in the US Virgin Islands National Park, quantifying the distribution, abundance, and taxonomic diversity of endolithic invertebrates inhabiting brown and green color morphotypes. Green colonies harbored greater proportions of endolithic invertebrates, as well as, greater densities of endoliths per colony than brown morphotypes. Color morphotypes also were inhabited by different proportions and densities of taxonomically diverse endoliths. This is the first time that color morphotypes of a coral species has been shown to harbor different communities of endolithic invertebrates, and may call for greater examination of the habitat provisioning traits offered within a species. Together, the results presented in this thesis show that color morphotypes may not exhibit physiological differences in response to temperature and light, but can have different biotic interactions with other taxa.

Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.

Download or read book Effects of Eutrophication on Juvenile Scleractinian Corals written by Mark Wittenberg and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This study investigates effects of eutrophication on settlement, abundance, mortality and community structure of soleractinian corals on fringing reefs on the west coast of Barbados, W.I. Juvenile abundance was lower, but juvenile size larger, on eutrophic than less eutrophic reefs. The lower abundance results at least in part from a higher juvenile mortality on eutrophic reefs. Algae were more abundant and grazers (Diadema antillarum and herbivorous fish) less abundant on eutrophic reefs. Juvenile community structure on all reefs, and adult community structure on eutrophic reefs, was dominated by type 1 corals (high recruitment, high natural mortality). Type 2 corals (low recruitment, low natural mortality) were common in adult communities on less eutrophic reefs. Settlement of coral recruits on artificial substrates was lower on more eutrophic reefs." --