Download or read book Effects of Occupant Size Military Gear Seatbelt Type and Advanced Seatbelt Features on Occupant Kinematics in Tactical Vehicles During Frontal Crashes written by Jingwen Hu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Statistical models from a previous study that predict male and female femur geometry as functions of age, body mass index (BMI), and femur length were updated as part of an effort to develop lower-extremity finite element models with geometries that are parametric with subject characteristics. The process for updating these models involved extracting femur geometry from clinical CT scans of an additional 8 men and 36 women (previous models used CT scans from 62 men and 36 women for a new total of 70 men and 72 women), using all of the scans for fitting a template finite element femur mesh to the surface geometry of each patient, and then programmatically determining thickness at each nodal location. Principal component analysis was then performed on the thickness and geometry nodal coordinates, and linear regression models were developed to predict principal component scores as functions of age, BMI, and femur length. The results from the updated models were compared to the previous study, and the only improvement was in the R2 value for the female models (0.74 to 0.82). The largest differences between the original models and the previous models occurred in the ends of the femur, where the largest errors in model predictions occurred.

Download or read book Effects of Crash Pulse Impact Angle Occupant Size Front Seat Location and Restraint System on Rear Seat Occupant Protection written by Jingwen Hu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, two sled series were conducted with a sled buck representing a compact vehicle. The first series of tests focused on the effects of crash pulse, impact angle, occupant size, and front seat location on rear seat occupant restraint with a generic rear-seat belt system without pre-tensioner or load limiter. The second series of tests focused on investigating the benefit of using advanced features for rear-seat occupant restraint in the most severe crash condition in the first sled series.--The first series of tests include 16 test conditions with two impact angles (0° and 15°), two sled pulse (soft and severe), and four ATD sizes (HIII 6YO, HIII 5th female, HIII 95th male, and THOR-NT) with two ATDs in each test. The driver seat was located at the mid position, while the front passenger seat was positioned such that a constant distance between the ATD knee and the front seat is achieved. In all the tests, a generic rear-seat belt system without pre-tensioner, load limiter or dynamic locking tongue (DLT) was used.

Download or read book Second Report to Congress written by United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Estimating the Benefits from Increased Safety Belt Use written by Lawrence J. Blincoe and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Understanding the Effects of Age and Safety Countermeasures on Occupant Kinematics in Low Acceleration Time Extended Events written by Christine Holt and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A significant role of safety countermeasures and vehicle restraints is to minimize contact between the occupant and vehicle interior; thereby significantly reducing the risk and incidence of injury. Current testing protocols evaluate restraint performance with an optimally positioned ATDs or HBMs (e.g., seated upright against the seat back, gaze forward and hands on the lap); however, occupant position may be influenced by pre-crash maneuvers. Low-acceleration time-extended (LATE) events, such as evasive swerving, often precede a crash event. The inertial forces during LATE events have the potential to cause changes to the occupant's initial state (initial posture, position, muscle tension). Evasive swerving can displace occupants away from idealized seating positions and may induce bracing or muscle tensing as inherent reaction strategies. In turn, the occupant's pre-crash state may compromise the restraint system's performance and its contribution to occupant protection during the crash phase. Common out-of-position or sub-optimal positions and the injury risks associated with them have yet to be determined. In addition, the level of restraint robustness to accommodate changes in occupant size and state remains largely unknown. Hence, it is imperative to study occupant kinematics during pre-crash events because the optimal performance of restraint systems requires an accurate assessment of the pre-crash position of the occupant. Developmental differences that occur between adolescence to adulthood may also affect occupant kinematic responses. Therefore, the objective of this study is to quantify the kinematic response of restrained pediatric, young adult and adult human volunteers during a simulated evasive swerving maneuver and evaluate the effects of age, two safety countermeasures (e.g., pre-pretensioning and inflated torso bolsters), and muscle response, on occupant kinematics. This research was approved by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Drexel University Institutional Review Boards. A novel laboratory device was custom constructed for this study to expose human subjects to non-injurious loading conditions that mimic real-world evasive swerving events. A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted to determine the appropriate oscillatory acceleration and magnitude that is safe for human subject testing and also representative of dynamic pre-crash field data. The acceleration pulse was determined to be safe and repeatable and exposed subjects to oscillatory peak lateral accelerations of 0.72 ℗ł 0.04 g. Healthy male subjects were selected such that they resembled the broad range of occupant ages and sizes found in the second-row passenger seat of a motor vehicle. In total, 40 male human volunteers, ages 9-11 years (n=10), 12-14 years (n=10), 15-17 years (n=10) and 18-40 years (n=10), were tested. Each subject was exposed to a series of test conditions (relaxed, braced, pre-pretensioned seat belt, sculpted vehicle seat with and without inflated torso bolsters) while their kinematics were captured using 3D motion0́0capture and muscle activity was recorded. The implementation of a pre-pretensioner, otherwise known as a reversible motorized seat belt, was an effective vehicle countermeasure during a simulated evasive swerving maneuver as it substantially reduced lateral head and trunk displacement as well as limited transverse trunk rotation by approximately 50%. Kinematic differences were observed across the subsequent cycles of the test; the first cycle, likely representing an unaware occupant, experienced the largest lateral displacement, despite having the lowest lateral acceleration. Bracing was studied as a volunteer induced countermeasure, and it significantly reduced peak lateral head and trunk displacement by approximately 40%, independent of age. Analysis of the mean muscle response aligned with the resulting kinematics. These results suggest that the occupants employ various neuromuscular strategies to counteract motion as they become more aware of the loading condition. Last, some subjects employed transverse trunk rotation during the cyclic maneuver; however, this kinematic strategy did not have age-specific implications. Findings from this data set can help guide the implementation of safety countermeasures that are relevant to the pre-crash phase. Additionally, acquisition of such data, which includes a broad range of occupant ages and sizes, is essential for the validation of computational human body models and anthropomorphic testing devices. Although such data has an automotive focus, this research emphasizes the study of biomechanics is at the interface of active and passive safety.

Download or read book Motor Vehicle Safety written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Fully Seat Integrated Front Seat Belt Systems on Vehicle Occupants in Frontal Crashes written by J. Harberl and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, the entire worldwide production of BMW passenger cars has been equipped with 3-point belts installed in the front seats. It has been proven, through many theoretical and experimental investigations, that the ideal location for the lower seat belt anchorage points, is the seat frame itself rather than the conventional mounting to the chassis. In the case of seat frame mounting, the lower belt portion stays fixed in relation to the occupant in all seat adjustment positions, and accordingly provides optimum comfort and protection to the occupant. Additionally, a lap belt angle of approximately 60° from the horizontal has been proven to be the most effective.

Download or read book Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety written by David C Viano and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2002-10-25 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of the Seat in Rear Crash Safety addresses the historic debate over seatback stiffness, energy absorbing yielding, occupant retention and whiplash prevention; and it provides a scientific foundation for the direction GM pursued in the development and validation of future seat designs. It also describes the multi-year research study into the role of the seat in rear crash safety - first by addressing the need for occupant retention in the more severe rear crashes; and then by addressing the needs for an adequately positioned head restraint and changes in the compliance of the seatback to lower the risks of the whiplash in low-speed crashes.

Download or read book Effects of seat and seat belt design on car occupant response in frontal and rear impacts written by Gert Nilson and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Impact of Legislation Enforcement and Sanctions on Safety Belt Use written by James L. Nichols and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2008 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background -- Legislation -- Enforcement -- Sanctions -- Conclusions and discussions -- References -- Appendices.

Download or read book Modelling Occupants in Far side Impact Crashes written by Clay Douglas and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis highlighted that the most critical aspects of a far-side impact to model correctly are the occupant's interaction with the seat belt, head lateral displacement, and thorax deflection. Overall, it was shown that MOTHMO was generally capable of replicating: pelvis to console impacts; head lateral displacement; inboard mounted shoulder belt force when neck is directly loaded by the beltl; the belt slip/no-slip condition, and impacts from multiple directions. Through these studies, it was shown that WorldSID and MOTHMO were better able to replicate far-side kinematics and loading than Thor-NT. The most critical aspect being that Thor-NT could not predict any instances where the seat belt engaged the shoulder (rather than slipping off) in any oblique or lateral impacts. This characteristic limits the usability of Thor-NT as a far-side model. While MOTHMO was shown to model the interaction with the belt better than WorldSID, this was based on a small number of tests. Further biomechanical testing of WorldSID should be carried out to investigate its ability to model this interaction. While thorax loading due to the seat belt was highlighted as critically important in simulating occupant kinematics correctly, neither MOTHMO nor the ATDs tested could accurately replicate the magnitude of thoracic deflection seen in the far-side sled tests. This was consistent with findings earlier observed through the simulation of pendulum impacts to the upper abdomen. Therefore, improvements to both MOTHMO and the ATDs are recommended in order to better replicate this interaction, particularly the deflection in the oblique direction. Simulations using MOTHMO indicated that lowering the sash belt's D-ring and increasing pretension reduces the likelihood of the belt slipping off the shoulder. Results of this study also showed that anthropometry influences the restraint provided by the shoulder belt in far-side impacts. Furthermore, MOTHMO predicted instances where the belt may slip off the occupant's shoulder at impact angles greater than 40 degrees from frontal when no pretension is used. However, the addition of pretension allowed the shoulder to engage the belt in all impacts from 30 to 90 degrees. Based on the results of this thesis, combined with the model's previously deomonstrated lateral biofidelity by De Lange et al., (2005), it is claimed that MOTHMO has demonstrated sufficient human-like response to be recommended for use as a far-side occupant model. There is clear potential for using MOTHMO in the process of virtual testing vehicle restraints and far-side countermeasures. This model has been shown to be particularly useful for developing an understanding of the issues of belt geometry and pretension, which play a critical role in the occupant slipping out of the shoulder sash of the seat belt during impact.

Download or read book Sudden Impact An Occupant Protection Fact Book written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Traffic Fatalities in the First Eight States Exacting Seat Belt Laws written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Occupant Protection Program written by United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Restraint Systems Special Bibliography written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Aircraft Seat Belt Modeling Techniques on the Crash Dynamics and Injury Criteria for a Hybrid III 50th Percentile FAA Dummy written by Amit A. Deshpande and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To create the belts, various types of software and approaches are used and their results then are compared with the mechanical test or standards written by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This research attempts to find out how the belt models affects the injury level of an occupant during frontal crash impact in aviation accident.