Download or read book Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement on Efficiency and NOx Emissions of Lean and EGR diluted Mixtures in a SI Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Hydrogen Energy written by S.A. Sherif and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-07-29 with total page 1062 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can hydrogen and electricity supply all of the world’s energy needs? Handbook of Hydrogen Energy thoroughly explores the notion of a hydrogen economy and addresses this question. The handbook considers hydrogen and electricity as a permanent energy system and provides factual information based on science. The text focuses on a large cross section of applications such as fuel cells and catalytic combustion of hydrogen. The book also includes information on inversion curves, physical and thermodynamic tables, and properties of storage materials, data on specific heats, and compressibility and temperature–entropy charts and more. Analyzes the principles of hydrogen energy production, storage, and utilization Examines electrolysis, thermolysis, photolysis, thermochemical cycles, and production from biomass and other hydrogen production methods Covers all modes of hydrogen storage: gaseous, liquid, slush, and metal hydride storage Handbook of Hydrogen Energy serves as a resource for graduate students, as well as a reference for energy and environmental engineers and scientists.
Download or read book Energetic Materials Research Applications and New Technologies written by Goncalves, Rene Francisco Boschi and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2017-12-29 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade, there has been an influx in the development of new technologies for deep space exploration. Countries all around the world are investing in resources to create advanced energetic materials and propulsion systems for their aerospace initiatives. Energetic Materials Research, Applications, and New Technologies is an essential reference source of the latest research in aerospace engineering and its application in space exploration. Featuring comprehensive coverage across a range of related topics, such as molecular dynamics, rocket engine models, propellants and explosives, and quantum chemistry calculations, this book is an ideal reference source for academicians, researchers, advanced-level students, and technology developers seeking innovative research in aerospace engineering.
Download or read book Annual Index abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of Turbulent Nonpremixed Hydrogen Combustion with Different Levels of Modelling and Computation written by Prasad V. R. K. S. Pokkunuri and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the Spring Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division written by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Spring Technical Conference and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment in Internal Combustion Engines written by Eddie Allan Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment of ethanol at ultra-lean operating regimes utilizing both experimental and computational methods. A 0.745 liter 2-cylinder SI engine was modified to operate on both hydrogen and ethanol fuels. The study looked at part throttle, fixed RPM operation of 0%, 15%, and 30% hydrogen fuel mixtures operating in ultra-lean operating regimes. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and Wiebe burn fraction curves. The data from the experiments were used to develop an empirically based computational engine model utilizing Ricardo's WAVE. Once calibrated, WAVE combustion software was shown to be capable of accurately predicting the results of power and emissions of the ultra-lean hydrogen and ethanol mixtures. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment of ethanol demonstrated an ability to reduce NOx and stabilize and accelerate the combustion process. Both the model and experiments showed that operating near the LOL at both 15% and 30% hydrogen by volume reduced engine out NOx emissions by more than 95% as compared to stoichiometric gasoline operation. This reduction is comparable to the efficiency of modern three-way catalyst and could offer an alternative to current NOx reduction technologies. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not affected by the hydrogen mixture at a given equivalence ratio. However, hydrogen addition allowed an increase in the lean operating limit which helped further reduce NOx emissions, but at reduced power and thermal efficiency.
Download or read book Lean burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer written by Edward Joseph Tully and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Performance Knock Behaviour and Emissions of an SI Engine Operating at Lean Air fuel Ratios written by Yu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is contradictory literature about whether hydrogen (H2) supplementation may increase or decrease the likelihood of knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Such contradictory literature may correlate to the fast laminar flame speed property of H2, which increases the burning rate. Faster combustion allows less time for end-gas autoignition to occur, but also increases the end-gas pressure and temperature, which may reduce the time required for autoignition. Firstly, via experiments, this thesis demonstrates that "knocking cycles are the cycles with faster burning rate when they are compared with normal cycles". Then, via simulations, it is verified that faster combustion promotes knock. Secondly, the thesis shows that H2 supplementation practically promotes knock in an experimental manner. This implies that the knock promotion effects of the fast laminar flame speed and the lower heat capacity of H2 dominate the knock suppression effect of the high research octane number rating. Therefore, from the knock perspective, H2 is not an ideal supplement for gasoline SI engines. Thirdly, an alternative use of H2 supplementation has been studied, i.e. for idle condition. In this part, both performance and emissions are studied. In performance, it is demonstrated that H2 supplementation reduces the cycle-to-cycle variation by increasing the burning rate. Net indicated efficiency, as well as fuel economy, are significantly improved with H2 supplementation. In emissions, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon are greatly reduced with H2 supplementation. On the other hand, due to the high adiabatic flame temperature of H2, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increased. However, this is less important as the idle NOx emissions are very small relative to the normal operation condition.
Download or read book Emission Control and Fuel Economy written by John H Johnson and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2005-06-27 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emission and fuel economy regulations and standards are compelling manufacturers to build ultra-low emission vehicles. As a result, engineers must develop spark-ignition engines with integrated emission control systems that use reformulated low-sulfur fuel. Emission Control and Fuel Economy for Port and Direct Injected SI Engines is a collection of SAE technical papers that covers the fundamentals of gasoline direct injection (DI) engine emissions and fuel economy, design variable effects on HC emissions, and advanced emission control technology and modeling approaches. All papers contained in this book were selected by an accomplished expert as the best in the field; reprinted in their entirety, they present a pathway to integrated emission control systems that meet 2004-2009 EPA standards for light-duty vehicles.
Download or read book Natural Gas Engines written by Kalyan Kumar Srinivasan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-03 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the various advanced reciprocating combustion engine technologies that utilize natural gas and alternative fuels for transportation and power generation applications. It is divided into three major sections consisting of both fundamental and applied technologies to identify (but not limited to) clean, high-efficiency opportunities with natural gas fueling that have been developed through experimental protocols, numerical and high-performance computational simulations, and zero-dimensional, multizone combustion simulations. Particular emphasis is placed on statutes to monitor fine particulate emissions from tailpipe of engines operating on natural gas and alternative fuels.
Download or read book Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project written by Robert R. Adt and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their invention, internal combustion engines have played a major role in the social and economic development of many countries by allowing people and goods to move from one place to another for longer distances and in shorter times. However, the negative environmental impacts of the widespread use of internal combustion engines in private and commercial vehicles have reached alarming values, with future prospects being much worse. In addition, fuel consumption and the dependency on oil imports of many countries have increased sharply in the past years as vehicle populations and use increased. The current trends are clearly unsustainable and thus new technologies are to be sought that can reduce both engine tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Hydrogen enhanced combustion has the potential of doing this. For this reason three engines - a carburetted petrol engine, a fuel injection petrol engine and a diesel engine - have been tested to investigate the effects of adding small amounts of hydrogen to the air intake of the engines on performance and HC, CO and CO2 emissions. The engines were tested at different engine speeds and loads to simulate normal on-the-road operating conditions. The hydrogen was produced from the electrolysis of a solution of distilled water and sodium hydroxide using two different electrolyser designs. Both the hydrogen and oxygen that were produced by electrolysis were added to the engine's intake during the tests. The results show that the addition of hydrogen-oxygen is most effective in stabilizing and enhancing the combustion of lean air-fuel mixtures inside the petrol injected engine, allowing for lower HC, CO and CO2 emissions. Thus hydrogen enhanced combustion could play a role in stabilizing lean burn petrol engines. However, it also transpired that a major drawback of the technology is the energy input required to produce the hydrogen, which in most cases was higher than the increase in output resulting from the more efficient combustion. Thus system optimization and alternative means of energy input would be required to ensure that a net positive effect is achieved.
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment and Thermochemical Recuperation in Internal Combustion Engines written by David R. Vernon and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thermochemical recuperation process uses endothermic reformation reactions to upgrade a portion of an engine's primary fuel into a hydrogen-rich gas, thereby converting part of the exhaust heat from an internal combustion engine into chemical potential energy. Enriching the primary fuel air mixture of the internal combustion engine with this hydrogen-rich gas potentially enables combustion with very lean or dilute mixtures, resulting in higher efficiency and lower emissions as compared to standard combustion regimes. It may be possible to simplify thermochemical recuperation system architecture by directly mixing exhaust gases with the fuel in the reformation process to supply a significant portion of the heat and water required. To evaluate the effect of direct exhaust gas mixing on ethanol autothermal reformation, this work experimentally and theoretically investigated dilution with a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide to simulate an exhaust composition, in combination with a range of inlet temperatures, to simulate exhaust gas temperatures, at a constant steam to carbon ratio. Parameters such as the chemical coefficient of performance, chemical energy output divided by chemical energy input, are introduced to better enable quantification of thermochemical recuperation. Trends in yield and performance metrics for ethanol autothermal reformation were observed under operating conditions across a range of oxygen to carbon ratio, a range of dilution amount, and a range of inlet temperature. For high inlet temperature cases, dilution increases hydrogen yield and chemical coefficient of performance suggesting that direct exhaust mixing would be beneficial. However, for low inlet temperatures, dilution decreased hydrogen yield and other performance metrics suggesting that direct exhaust mixing would not be beneficial. Dilution decreased methane production for many conditions. High inlet temperature conditions were found to cause homogeneous oxidation and homogenous conversion of ethanol upstream of the catalyst leading to high conversions of ethanol and high methane yields before reaching the catalyst. Coke formation rates varied over two orders of magnitude, with high coke formation rates for the high inlet temperature cases and low coke formation rates for the low inlet temperature cases. Dilution decreased the rate of coke formation. Models of intrinsic rate phenomenon were constructed in this study. The models predict that mass transport rates will be faster than the rate of chemical reaction kinetics over the range of ethanol concentrations and temperatures measured in the catalyst monolith both with and without dilution. Bounding cases for heat generation and transfer rates indicate that these phenomena could be the rate limiting mechanism or could be faster than both chemical kinetics and mass transport rates depending upon the distribution of oxidation heat between the catalyst and gas stream. Based on these results direct exhaust gas mixing is expected to be a practical method for supplying heat and water vapor for ethanol autothermal reformation in thermochemical recuperation systems when exhaust temperatures are above a certain threshold. For low exhaust temperatures direct exhaust gas mixing can supply water vapor but reduces other performance metrics.
Download or read book Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines written by Fred Schäfer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last several years, there has been much discussion on the interrelation of CO2 emissions with the global warming phenomenon. This in turn has increased pressure to develop and produce more fuel efficient engines and vehicles. This is the central topic of this book. It covers the underlying processes which cause pollutant emissions and the possibilities of reducing them, as well as the fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel engines, including direct injection diesel engines. As well as the engine-related causes of pollution, which is found in the raw exhaust, there is also a description of systems and methods for exhaust post treatment. The significant influence of fuels and lubricants (both conventional and alternative fuels) on emission behavior is also covered. In addition to the conventional gasoline and diesel engines, lean-burn and direct injection gasoline engines and two-stroke gasoline and diesel engines are included. The potential for reducing fuel consumption and pollution is described as well as the related reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, a detailed summary of the most important laws and regulations pertaining to pollutant emissions and consumption limits is presented. This book is intended for practising engineers involved in research and applied sciences as well as for interested engineering students.
Download or read book Combined Effects of Fuel and Dilution Type on Efficiency Gains of Lean Well Mixed DISI Engine Operation with Enhanced Ignition and Intake Heating for Enabling Mixed Mode Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment for the Extension of the Lean Limit and Enhanced Combustion in an Alcohol fueled Spark ignition Engine written by Jason Brian Greenwood and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment in the lean combustion regime for ethanol and to determine if it could extend the lean operating limit for both ethanol and methanol. In this study, a 0.745 liter 2-cylinder Kawasaki engine was modified to operate with both alcohol and hydrogen fuels. Hydrogen concentrations of 0%, 15%, and 30% by volume hydrogen in the primary fuel were fumigated into the intake before the throttle; the engine was operated at 2000 RPM and part throttle. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, exhaust gas temperature, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and flame development and rapid burning angles. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment demonstrated an ability to not only decrease NO emissions, but also stabilize and accelerate the combustion process in the lean combustion regime. At a given equivalence ratio, hydrogen addition decreased NO emissions; this decrease was attributed to a change in dominate NO production mechanism(s) under lean operating conditions. Hydrogen enabled a marginal extension of the lean operating limit (LOL) for both fuels, with the potential of further extending the LOL if the stability criteria are changed. Hydrogen enrichment at both 15% and 30% by volume reduced engine-out NO emissions near the lean operating limit by more than 95% relative to stoichiometric ethanol operation while both the COV and HC emissions were kept low, making it a potentially competitive alternative to NO reduction through traditional three-way catalytic after-treatment. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not significantly affected by hydrogen addition at a given equivalence ratio; however, if hydrogen addition is used to decrease the lean operating limit, decreases in power and thermal efficiency were observed. Power in the lean combustion regime decreased by between 31 and 37% when compared to stoichiometric operation without hydrogen.
