Download or read book Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Chronic Warming on Nitrogen N Uptake and Assimilatory Proteins of Tomato Roots Provided Different Forms of Inorganic N nitrate and Ammonium written by Dileepa M. Jayawardena and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric CO2 enrichment is expected to benefit plant growth, despite causing global warming and nitrogen (N) dilution in plants. Most plants procure most of their N as two inorganic forms, nitrate (NO3- ) or ammonium (NH4+), using membrane-localized transport proteins in roots which are key targets of improving N-use efficiency in plants. Though it is expected that there will be interactive effects of elevated CO2, chronic warming, and N form on root N relations, this has not been studied. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Big Boy) plants were grown at two levels of CO2 (ambient=400 ppm vs. elevated=700 ppm) and under two temperature regimes (30oC vs. 37oC), while providing either NO3- (1.5 mM) or NH4+ (1.5 mM) as the sole N source. To assess plant N relations under these conditions, plant biomass (shoot, root, total), %N (shoot, root, total), root N-uptake rate, the concentration of total root proteins, and the concentration of N uptake and assimilatory proteins in roots per unit total root protein and per gram of dry root mass were measured. Elevated CO2 and chronic warming acted synergistically to severely inhibit the growth of plants, regardless of N form, while individually, these factors slightly increased growth. Although %N in roots among all treatments was similar, the combination of elevated CO2 and warming decreased (1) the rate of N uptake by roots, (2) the concentration of total protein in roots, indicating an inhibition of N assimilation (especially in NH4+-treated plants), and (3) shoot %N, indicating a possible negative effect on N translocation from roots to shoots (especially in NO3--treated plants). However, for the most part, the concentrations in roots of the main N-uptake and N-assimilation proteins were little affected by elevated CO2 and warming, and when affected, were not correlated with root total protein or N-uptake rate; hence, N uptake and assimilation in roots were controlled by the activities of these proteins rather than their concentrations. Taken together, these results indicate that elevated CO2 and chronic warming will act synergistically to decrease plant N uptake and assimilation, thereby decreasing growth and protein concentration; thus, future global warming may potentially decrease both crop production and its food quality.

Download or read book Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Plus Chronic Warming on Plant Nitrogen Relations and Leaf Hyponasty written by Dileepa Madushanka Jayawardena and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric carbon-dioxide (CO2) enrichment is largely the cause of current global warming. Hence, in the future, organisms will experience the interactive effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and chronic warming rather than their individual effects. Though individual effects of eCO2 or chronic warming on plant responses have been studied in some detail, interactive effects of eCO2 and chronic warming on plant responses such as nitrogen (N) relations (uptake, translocation, assimilation) and leaf hyponasty (upward bending of leaves) have been rarely studied. Therefore, the goals of my dissertation work included (1) investigation of eCO2 plus chronic warming on plant N relations, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Big Boy) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Glenn) followed by a meta-analytic review, and (2) investigation of eCO2 plus chronic warming on leaf hyponasty and subsequent effects of hyponasty on plant growth, using tomato and other economically-important species. These goals were achieved by growing plants in a full-factorial experimental design, using two levels of CO2 (ambient vs. elevated) and two temperature regimes (near-optimal vs. supra-optimal) in controlled-environment growth chambers. In all experimental trials conducted, eCO2 plus warming inhibited tomato vegetative growth, whereas warming alone inhibited growth to a smaller extent, and eCO2 alone increased growth. One potential reason for inhibition of plant growth at eCO2 plus warming could be the observed increase in leaf hyponasty. Warming or eCO2 alone caused modest leaf hyponasty, whereas eCO2 plus warming caused severe leaf hyponasty, which correlated with decreased leaf area and biomass. This could be explained by decreased light interception, and thus in situ photosynthesis, as leaves became more vertically-oriented. Severe hyponasty driven by eCO2 plus warming was observed only in the compound-leaved species tested, but not in the simple-leaved species tested. Tomato plants grown at eCO2 plus warming also had the lowest nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) -uptake rates, as well as the lowest root-to-shoot net-N translocation. Moreover, eCO2 plus warming decreased whole-plant N assimilation in tomato, which was mainly driven by the inhibition of whole-plant NO3- assimilation. However, tomato plants grown at eCO2 plus warming had higher in vitro activities of key N-assimilation enzymes (an index of assimilation capacity) and higher % carbon (C) and N levels in roots, indicating that inhibition of N assimilation was not due to the damage to these enzymes nor due to resource limitation for root functions. Thus, in tomato, eCO2 plus warming may decrease N uptake and assimilation in large part because of reduced whole-plant growth, and thus N demand, caused by leaf hyponasty. In wheat, plant growth, %N, protein concentration, and root N-uptake rates were each significantly affected only by CO2, while N- and NO3--assimilation were significantly affected only by warming. However, plants grown at eCO2 plus warming had the lowest concentrations of N and protein, and, hence, lower nutritional quality, with decreased protein concentration at eCO2 plus warming likely due to the inhibition of N assimilation. A comprehensive meta-analysis of the effects of eCO2 plus warming on plant N relations further supported the above-mentioned experimental observations. According to the meta-analysis, eCO2 alone or in combination with warming reduced shoot %N (more so at ≥300 vs.

Download or read book Effect of Climate Change on Nutrient Uptake and Nutrient uptake Proteins in Roots written by Deepesh Raj Bista and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), which are increasing due to human activities, might reach 500-900 ppm by 2100, and this will typically increase plant growth and reproduction. However, with increases in CO2, the Earth's surface temperature also will increase, which will cause many regions of the Earth to experience increases in evapo-transpiration and increases in the frequency, intensity, and duration of drought. In addition to decreasing plant growth and reproduction, drought also decreases the concentration (%) of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in plant tissues. The growth of plants in elevated CO2, compared to current levels, also decreases plant %N and %P, but such decreases might be offset by increased fertilization. I investigated if declines in plant nutrient concentration during drought or with elevated CO2 were associated with decreases in the rate at which roots take up nutrients from the soil, and if this is related to the concentration of the major nutrient-uptake proteins found in roots- something that has never been investigated. In my first study, I found that drought reduced %N and %P in roots and shoots, and this decrease was associated with decreases in root N- and P-uptake rate and a decrease in the concentration of the major P-, but not N-, uptake protein in roots. In my second study, both drought and elevated CO2 decreased plant %N and %P in most cases, and their effects were additive for shoot tissue. Root N- and P-uptake rates were strongly decreased by drought, but were not significantly affected by CO2. Moreover, elevated CO2 exacerbated the decrease in plant nutrient concentration during drought, despite increasing the expression or activity of nutrient-uptake proteins. In my third study, I found that elevated CO2 increased biomass, but reduced %N, indicating that there was a dilution of N with elevated CO2. Root N-uptake rate was unaffected by CO2 at low N, but was decreased at high N. At low and medium N levels, high CO2 caused a decrease in the main N-uptake protein (NRT1), both per unit total root protein and per gram root, whereas NRT1 levels increased at high N with elevated CO2. Thus, decreases in plant N concentration, and hence food quality, with elevated CO2 were not caused by decreases in the concentration of N-uptake proteins in roots, and increases in NRT1 at high N could not prevent a decrease in %N at high CO2. So, if we "connect the dots", the above results indicate that increases drought stress with climate change will decrease plant nutrient concentration, and hence food quality, at least in part, by decreases in the rate of nutrient uptake by roots, which is only sometimes associated with decreases in the concentration of nutrient-uptake proteins in roots. High CO2 with drought would only exacerbate the decline in plant %N and %P with drought. Moreover, improving plant nutrient concentration during drought in a high-CO2 world cannot be accomplished simply by increasing fertilizer rates or breeding crops to express higher levels of nutrient-uptake proteins.

Download or read book Plant Nitrogen written by Peter J. Lea and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jointly published with INRA, Paris. This book covers all aspects of the transfer of nitrogen from the soil and air to a final resting place in the seed protein of a crop plant. It describes the physiological and molecular mechanisms of ammonium and nitrate transport and assimilation, including symbiotic nitrogen fixation by the Rhizobiacea. Amino acid metabolism and nitrogen traffic during plant growth and development and details of protein biosynthesis in the seeds are also extensively covered. Finally, the effects of the application of nitrogen fertilisers on plant growth, crop yield and the environment are discussed. Written by international experts in their field, Plant Nitrogen is essential reading for all plant biochemists, biotechnologists, molecular biologists and physiologists as well as plant breeders, agricultural engineers, agronomists and phytochemists.

Download or read book Some Effects of PH on Ammonium Assimilation by Tomatoes written by Robert Arthur Pierpont and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 1810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Signaling in Plants written by František Baluška and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive monograph on all emerging topics in plant signaling. The book addresses diverse aspects of signaling at all levels of plant organization. Emphasis is placed on the integrative aspects of signaling.

Download or read book Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants written by Horst Marschner and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1995 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. For this second edition more emphasis has been placed on root water relations and functions of micronutrients as well as external and internal factors on root growth and the root-soil interface.

Download or read book Biochar Application written by T. Komang Ralebitso-Senior and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-05-07 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochar Application: Essential Soil Microbial Ecology outlines the cutting-edge research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics, as well as the microbial ecology of biochar application to soil, the use of different phyto-chemical analyses, possibilities for future research, and recommendations for climate change policy. Biochar, or charcoal produced from plant matter and applied to soil, has become increasingly recognized as having the potential to address multiple contemporary concerns, such as agricultural productivity and contaminated ecosystem amelioration, primarily by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and improving soil functions. Biochar Application is the first reference to offer a complete assessment of the various impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems, and includes chapters analyzing all aspects of biochar technology and application to soil, from ecogenomic analyses and application ratios to nutrient cycling and next generation sequencing. Written by a team of international authors with interdisciplinary knowledge of biochar, this reference will provide a platform where collaborating teams can find a common resource to establish outcomes and identify future research needs throughout the world. - Includes multiple tables and figures per chapter to aid in analysis and understanding - Includes a comprehensive table of the methods used within the contents, ecosystems, contaminants, future research, and application opportunities explored in the book - Includes knowledge gaps and directions of future research to stimulate further discussion in the field and in climate change policy - Outlines the latest research on the interactions of complex microbial populations and their functional, structural, and compositional dynamics - Offers an assessment of the impacts of biochar on soil and ecosystems

Download or read book Livestock s Long Shadow written by Henning Steinfeld and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2006 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The assessment builds on the work of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative"--Pref.

Download or read book Amino Acids in Higher Plants written by J P F D'Mello and published by CABI. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino acids play a role in the defence mechanisms and stress responses of plants, as well as in food quality and safety for humans and animals. Recent advances in the field make a comprehensive overview of the information a necessity; this book collates chapters on plant enzymes and metabolism, modulation, molecular aspects and secondary products. Also including information on ecology, the environment and mammalian nutrition and toxicology, it provides an authoritative resource.

Download or read book Photosynthetic Nitrogen Assimilation and Associated Carbon and Respiratory Metabolism written by C.H. Foyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-12-31 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the very latest developments in our understanding of how plants use light energy and fixed carbon to assimilate nitrate and ammonium into the organic compounds required for growth. From the partitioning of organic nitrogen within the photosynthetic apparatus, through the primary processes of reduction of nitrate and nitrite and the assimilation of ammonium and its cycling in photorespiration, the complex interactions inherent in the crosstalk between carbon and nitrogen assimilation are considered and exciting new developments such as nitric oxide production evaluated. Attention is paid throughout to the close coordination of photosynthetic and respiratory processes in nitrogen assimilation. Emerging concepts of the interdependence of chloroplasts and mitochondria are described, and essential communication, transport and signalling processes are highlighted.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture with Subject Index written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1010 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Plant Responses to Drought Stress written by Ricardo Aroca and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple strategies that plants have developed to cope with drought, one of the most severe environmental stresses. Experts in the field present 17 chapters, each of which focuses on a basic concept as well as the latest findings. The following major aspects are covered in the book: · Morphological and anatomical adaptations · Physiological responses · Biochemical and molecular responses · Ecophysiological responses · Responses to drought under field conditions The contributions will serve as an invaluable source of information for researchers and advanced students in the fields of plant sciences, agriculture, ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology.

Download or read book Nitrogen in the Environment Sources Problems and Management written by R.F. Follett and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2001-12-03 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management is the first volume to provide a holistic perspective and comprehensive treatment of nitrogen from field, to ecosystem, to treatment of urban and rural drinking water supplies, while also including a historical overview, human health impacts and policy considerations. It provides a worldwide perspective on nitrogen and agriculture. Nitrogen is one of the most critical elements required in agricultural systems for the production of crops for feed, food and fiber. The ever-increasing world population requires increasing use of nitrogen in agriculture to supply human needs for dietary protein. Worldwide demand for nitrogen will increase as a direct response to increasing population. Strategies and perspectives are considered to improve nitrogen-use efficiency. Issues of nitrogen in crop and human nutrition, and transport and transformations along the continuum from farm field to ground water, watersheds, streams, rivers, and coastal marine environments are discussed. Described are aerial transport of nitrogen from livestock and agricultural systems and the potential for deposition and impacts. The current status of nitrogen in the environment in selected terrestrial and coastal environments and crop and forest ecosystems and development of emerging technologies to minimize nitrogen impacts on the environment are addressed. The nitrogen cycle provides a framework for assessing broad scale or even global strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Growing human populations are the driving force that requires increased nitrogen inputs. These increasing inputs into the food-production system directly result in increased livestock and human-excretory nitrogen contribution into the environment. The scope of this book is diverse, covering a range of topics and issues from furthering our understanding of nitrogen in the environment to policy considerations at both farm and national scales.

Download or read book Beneficial Plant microbial Interactions written by M. Belén Rodelas González and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beneficial Plant-microbial Interactions: Ecology and Applications provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the interactions of plants and microbes, the ecological relevance and roles of these symbioses, the adaptive mechanisms of plant-associated microorganisms to abiotic stress and their contribution to plant stress tolerance, and the poten