Download or read book Effects of Dietary Leucine Supplementation on Whole body Nitrogen Utilization and Tissue Protein Synthesis in Pigs written by Marko Rudar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pigs raised under commercial conditions are routinely exposed to pathogens that cause immune system stimulation (ISS). During ISS, a diet can be provided to pigs that blunts the negative impact of ISS on whole-body amino acid (AA) metabolism and body protein deposition (PD). Dietary Leu supplementation may be beneficial due to its regulatory effects on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation, but its anabolic properties may be tempered by ISS. The research objectives of this thesis were to determine the effects of increasing the SID Leu: Lys ratio and ISS on whole-body nitrogen (N) utilization, whole-body protein turnover, and tissue protein synthesis in starter pigs. Whole-body N utilization and protein turnover were evaluated with an N-balance and continuous infusion of 15N-Gly. Protein deposition in pigs before ISS was affected by Leu in a dose-dependent manner: increasing the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu: Lys ratio (% Lys) to 150 reduced PD, which appeared to be reversed by further increasing the SID Leu: Lys ratio to 200. Moreover, a linear decrease in whole-body protein synthesis and degradation was observed with increasing SID Leu: Lys before ISS. Although whole-body protein synthesis and PD were reduced during ISS, there was no effect of Leu on whole-body protein synthesis, degradation, or PD. Given the high energetic cost of protein synthesis, and the relationship between protein turnover and a minimum level of AA catabolism, it can be implied that dietary Leu supplementation improves the efficiency of using energy for PD in healthy pigs. Liver and skeletal muscle protein syntheses were determined with a flooding dose of L-[ring-2H5]-Phe. The ISS-induced increase in liver protein synthesis was reversed with increasing SID Leu: Lys, whereas skeletal muscle protein synthesis was increased with increasing SID Leu: Lys. The Leu-induced alterations of liver protein and skeletal muscle protein synthesis may facilitate AA utilization in skeletal muscle for PD. Since dietary Leu supplementation did not affect PD during ISS, the optimum SID Leu: Lys ratio to minimize visceral PD and maximize skeletal muscle PD should be considered in order to optimize AA nutrition for diseased pigs.
Download or read book Protein Turnover in Muscle and the Whole Body written by Richard Anthony Roeder and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutritional and Physiological Functions of Amino Acids in Pigs written by Francois Blachier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-08 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides developmental data regarding piglets (with a focus on the gastrointestinal tract), data related to amino acid metabolism in pigs, data related to nutritional and physiological functions of amino acids in pigs, nutritional requirements for amino acids in pigs, signaling roles of amino acids, methodological aspects in amino acid research and the pig model for studying amino acid-related human diseases.
Download or read book Paired Effects of Dietary Leucine Supplementation and Overload on Protein Translational Signaling and Hypertrophy in Aged Rat Skeletal Muscle written by Hoke B. Whitworth and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sarcopenia is an age-associated disorder that causes loss of skeletal muscle mass, particularly in type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers. This loss in muscle mass can cause disability, reductions in the quality of life, and can contribute to the development of other more life-threatening morbidities and even death. Researchers have utilized muscle overloading and ergogenic aids, such as whey protein and essential amino acids (specifically leucine), in rats and humans in attempts to reduce or attenuate these losses as part of a primary prevention strategy. Unfortunately, there is also a loss of overload-induced growth capacity in aged fast-twitch skeletal muscle. However, no studies have explored the potential synergistic effect of leucine supplementation on overload-induced skeletal muscle growth in aged animals. To that end, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary leucine supplementation on protein translational signaling and hypertrophy in the overloaded fast-twitch skeletal muscles of aged animals. It was hypothesized that supplementing a standard chow diet with 5% leucine would enhance muscle hypertrophy in overloaded fast-twitch plantaris muscles of aged (33-month old) rats to levels observed in young adult (8-month old) rats. It was also hypothesized that 5% dietary leucine supplementation would enhance protein translational [70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2k), and eEF2] signaling in the overloaded fast-twitch plantaris muscles of aged rats to levels observed in young adult rats. Young adult and old male Fisher344 x Brown Norway F1 Hybrid (FBN) rats underwent a 1-week unilateral plantaris muscle overload via tenotomy of the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. Within each age group, animals were matched for body weight and separated into either a dietary leucine supplementation group (additional 5% leucine content in place of 5% of the carbohydrate content in normal rat chow starting 2 days prior to, and throughout, the overload intervention; n = 7/age group) or placebo group (normal rat chow; n = 6/age group). No differences in daily calorie consumption were observed between the placebo vs. leucine groups within each age group. Plantaris muscles were harvested at the end of the overload period. Dietary leucine enrichment significantly (p [equal or less than] 0.05) enhanced overload-induced fast-twitch plantaris muscle hypertrophy in old, but not in young adult, animals. Additionally, western blotting analyses revealed that phospho-p70S6k (Thr389) and phospho-rpS6 (Ser235/Ser236) were significantly lower in old vs. young overloaded muscles under placebo conditions, but leucine partially restored both phospho-p70S6k and phospho-rpS6 in old overloaded muscles to that of young adult overloaded muscles. Overload significantly increased eEF2k phosphorylation in young, but not in old animals, and leucine supplementation had no affect on eEF2k phosphorylation in either age group. Overload significantly increased total eEF2 content and decreased inhibitory eEF2 phosphorylation (Thr56; normalized to total eEF2) in young adult muscles regardless of leucine supplementation. Total eEF2 content was unaffected by overload in old placebo muscles, but leucine supplementation in old animals non-significantly (p = 0.09) restored the overload-induced increase in total eEF2 content. These novel findings indicate that a leucine-enriched diet may potentially enhance overload-induced growth of aged fast-twitch muscle, in part by enhancing pathways known to stimulate protein synthesis.
Download or read book Nutritional and Endocrine Effects on the Efficiency of Lysine and Protein Use in Growing Pigs written by Key Ung Lee and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health written by Guoyao Wu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino acids (AAs) are not only building blocks of protein, but are also signalling molecules as well as regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade. Additionally, AAs are key precursors for syntheses of hormones and low-molecular weight nitrogenous substances with each having enormous biological importance. For example, physiological concentrations of AA metabolites (e.g., nitric oxide, polyamines, glutathione, taurine, thyroid hormones, and serotonin) are required for cell functions. Growing evidence shows that humans and animals have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs. Mammals, birds and fish also have species- and age-dependent needs for some AA-related substances. However, elevated levels of other products (e.g., ammonia, homocysteine, H2S, and asymmetric dimethylarginine) are pathogenic factors for neurological disorders, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, optimal amounts of AAs and their ratios in diets and circulation are crucial for whole body homeostasis and health. Adequate provision of one or a mixture of functional AAs or metabolites may be beneficial for ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle (e.g., fetal growth restriction, neonatal morbidity and mortality, weaning-associated intestinal dysfunction and wasting syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome, and infertility). Dietary supplementation of these nutrients can also optimize the efficiency of metabolic transformations to enhance muscle growth, milk production, and athletic performance, while preventing excess fat deposition and reducing adiposity. Therefore, functional AAs hold great promise in improving the growth, health and well-being of individuals. Chapter 7 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-02-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years since the third edition of this indispensable reference was published, a great deal has been learned about the nutritional requirements of common laboratory species: rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, and vole. The Fourth Revised Edition presents the current expert understanding of the lipid, carbohydrate, protein, mineral, vitamin, and other nutritional needs of these animals. The extensive use of tables provides easy access to a wealth of comprehensive data and resource information. The volume also provides an expanded background discussion of general dietary considerations. In addition to a more user-friendly organization, new features in this edition include: A significantly expanded section on dietary requirements for rats, reporting substantial new findings. A new section on nutrients that are not required but that may produce beneficial results. New information on growth and reproductive performance among the most commonly used strains of rats and mice and on several hamster species. An expanded discussion of diet formulation and preparationâ€"including sample diets of both purified and natural ingredients. New information on mineral deficiency and toxicity, including warning signs. This authoritative resource will be important to researchers, laboratory technicians, and manufacturers of laboratory animal feed.
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Leucine Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Markers of Protein Degradation in Overloaded Skeletal Muscles of Young Adult and Aged Rats written by William Thomas Mixon and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hypertrophic response to overload in fast-twitch skeletal muscle is impaired in aged humans and rats, and upregulation of protein degradation pathways are hypothesized to be a contributing factor. Muscle growth occurs when protein synthesis is greater than protein degradation. Dietary supplementation of the essential amino acid leucine has been shown to reduce protein degradation in both young and aged skeletal muscle. Specifically, leucine acts in part by attenuating 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation as well as the translocation of the forkhead box transcription factor 3A (FoxO3, known to promote transcription of mRNAs encoding degradation pathway proteins) to the nucleus. Akt (a promoter of muscle growth) prevents translocation of FoxO3 into the nucleus by phosphorylating FoxO3 phosphorylation at Ser318/321. However, AMPK, inhibits Akt's phosphorylation of FoxO3, allowing it to enter the nucleus and increase transcription of protein degradation pathway genes encoding ubiquitin ligase proteins such as muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx, or Atrogin-1). During the aging process, AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation (and thus its activation) is increased, purportedly inhibiting gains in muscle mass and strength. Although dietary leucine supplementation has been shown to enhance muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training in young humans, the potential for leucine supplementation to enhance overload-induced muscle hypertrophy in aged humans or animal models has not been examined. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether dietary leucine supplementation can attenuate markers of protein degradation and rescue hypertrophy during overload in the fast-twitch skeletal muscles of aged rats to levels comparable to their younger counterparts. It was hypothesized that dietary leucine supplementation during 7 days of fast-twitch plantaris muscle overload would enhance plantaris muscle hypertrophy in aged rats to levels observed in young adult rats not receiving leucine. It was also hypothesized that dietary leucine supplementation during the overload period would alter markers of protein degradation (enhance FoxO3 phosphorylation and reduce the levels of AMPK phosphorylation, Atrogin-1 protein content, and MuRF1 protein content) in the overloaded fast-twitch plantaris muscles of the aged rats to levels observed in young adult rats not receiving leucine. Young adult (8 mo.) and old (33 mo.) male Fisher 344 x Brown Norway F1 Hybrid (FBN) rats underwent a 1-week unilateral overload of the fast-twitch plantaris muscles via tenotomy of the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. Within each age group, animals were matched for body weight and separated into either a dietary leucine supplementation group (normal rat chow supplemented by an additional 5% leucine content in place of 5% of the carbohydrate content; n = 7/age group) or placebo group (normal rat chow; n = 6/age group). The leucine groups started the leucine-enriched diet 2 days prior to, and throughout, the overload intervention. All animals had ad libitum access to water and chow during the entire experiment; no differences in daily calorie consumption were observed between the placebo vs. leucine groups within each age group. At the end of the overload period, sham-operated and overloaded plantaris muscles were harvested and analyzed via western blotting for the phosphorylations of AMPK and FoxO3 as well as total levels of Atrogin-1 and MuRF1. Dietary leucine enrichment significantly (p [equal or less than] 0.05) enhanced overload-induced plantaris muscle hypertrophy in old, but not in young adult, animals. Sham and overloaded plantaris muscle AMPK phosphorylation was significantly higher in aged animals receiving normal chow compared to young adult animals; however, leucine supplementation in old animals reduced this AMPK phosphorylation to levels similar to young adult animals. Compared to placebo, leucine also non-significantly (p = 0.07) enhanced FoxO3 phosphorylation in the overloaded muscles of both young adult and old animals (thus theoretically reducing FoxO3 translocation to the nucleus). Accordingly, leucine also non-significantly (p = 0.07) reversed the overload-induced increase (from a 22.8% increase to a 17.0% decrease) in Atrogin-1 content in aged muscles and non-significantly (p = 0.14) enhanced the overload-induced decrease in MuRF1 content in the muscles of both age groups. These findings indicate that a leucine-enriched diet may potentially enhance overload-induced growth of aged fast-twitch muscle, in part by suppressing pathways known to stimulate protein degradation.
Download or read book Nutritional Interventions with Protein Or Amino Acid Supplementation in Metabolic Stress written by Mengyin Hong and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: Metabolic responses to stress result in insulin resistance and net catabolism. Nutritional substrates, such as amino acids (AAs), are reprioritized from anabolism to support immune and stress responses, altering whole-body protein and glucose turnover, nitrogen balance, AA concentrations, hepatic protein synthesis, and glutathione (GSH) metabolism. Stress from inflammatory bowel disease, surgery, and critical illness share some metabolic characteristics. Therefore, a series of studies was designed to investigate: 1) protein and glucose metabolism under malnutrition superimposed with metabolic stress response; and 2) the nutritional and metabolic benefits of protein or AA supplementation. Methods: (Study 1) Colitis piglets (n =16) received a protein-deficient enteral diet for 10 days. They were then randomized to either control or supplementation with adequate protein or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). Protein and glutathione syntheses were measured by L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and [15N,1,2-13C2]glycine, respectively. (Study 2) Patients undergoing colorectal surgery with (n = 8) or without diabetes (n = 10) received parenteral AAs at 20% of their individually measured resting energy expenditure (REE) perioperatively for 72 hours. (Study 3) Patients undergoing cardiac surgery while on a hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamp received parenteral AAs equivalent to either a high dose of 35% (n = 8) or a moderate dose of 20% (n = 8) of REE. (Study 4) Critically ill patients received either exclusive enteral nutrition (n=8) or enteral nutrition combined with parenteral AA supplementation to achieve a total protein intake of 1.75 (n = 9) or 2.5 g/(kg·d) (n = 9). Stable isotope tracers, such as D-[6,6-2H2]glucose, L-[1-13C]leucine and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, were infused to determine glucose and protein kinetics in all three patient studies. Results: Protein repletion ameliorated plasma protein and tissue protein turnover and systemic GSH kinetics in piglets with colitis and pre-existing protein deficiency, whereas NAC supplementation alone increased cysteine concentrations, but it did not change GSH status. In patients with colorectal surgery, perioperative supplementation of AA alone improved protein balance in patients with diabetes similar to their non-diabetic counterparts. However, postoperative hyperglycemia was prevented only in patients with good glycemic control, but not in those with poor glycemic control before surgery. In patients receiving a hyperinsulinemic-normoglycemic clamp during cardiac surgery, high dose parenteral AAs prevented hypoaminoacidemia. In critically ill patients, high dose parenteral AA ameliorated plasma AA concentrations and improved protein balance compared to exclusive enteral nutrition without supplementation. The dietary protein response (net protein balance) was negatively correlated with clinical scores at ICU admission. Conclusion: Protein or AA supplementation in metabolic stress states improved protein and glucose metabolism. These studies provided insights into the limitations of current nutrition support strategies and a paradigm to improve nutritional interventions to develop optimal regimens. These may be applied in the design and conduct of larger clinical trials"--
Download or read book Reducing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration written by Emily Rae-Dianne Otto and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Swine written by and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each of these popular handbooks contains comprehensive information on the nutritional needs of domestic animals and includes extensive tabular data. All are paperback and 8 1/2 x 11. Some books come with diskettes or Cds that allow users to predict nutrient requirements of specific animals under various conditions and at various life stages.
Download or read book Sustainable Swine Nutrition written by Lee I. Chiba and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Swine Nutrition As climate change continues to have a significant impact on the modern world, it is crucial to find alternative sources of energy and nutrients for swine production. The development of optimal feeding revolves around a multitude of considerations—genetic variations in the pig, variability, availability, and stability of nutrients in feed ingredients, interactions among nutrients and non-nutritive factors, voluntary feed intake, physical (& social) environment of pigs, and more. Establishing the ideal network of factors will only grow in importance as humans assess the methods for our own food networks. Sustainable Swine Nutrition is a comprehensive book on swine nutrition, covering some fundamental aspects of nutrition—namely digestive physiology, water, protein or amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, energy metabolism, vitamins, minerals, and nutrition and immunology. Providing the most up-to-date information on each of these areas, a major emphasis of this second edition is on recent developments and current advances in the field, with a focus on pertinent issues linked with energy and nutrients. In doing so, the book highlights topics and issues that can contribute to the ultimate goal of successful and sustainable swine production. Sustainable Swine Nutrition readers will also find: Environmentally friendly, optimal feeding strategies for successful and sustainable swine production Recent developments, such as alternative feedstuffs, feed additives, and bioavailability Expanded treatment and new chapters on swine physiology, energy and protein, technology, and more Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Second Edition, is an ideal resource for livestock scientists and industry professionals involved in all aspects of pork production.
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Leucine Excess and Leucine Metabolites Supplementation on Growth and Immune Response of Weanling Pigs written by Ramon Gatnau and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Amino Acids in Nutrition and Health written by Guoyao Wu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-06 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume comprehensively highlights recent advances in the metabolism, nutrition, physiology, and pathobiology of amino acids in all the systems of humans and other animals (including livestock, poultry, companion animals, and fish). It enables readers to understand the crucial roles of amino acids and their metabolites in the health and diseases of the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary systems, as well as the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue). Readers will learn that amino acids are not only the building blocks of protein, but are also signalling molecules, as well as regulators of gene expression, metabolic processes and developmental changes in the body. This knowledge will guide nutritional practices to improve the growth, development and health of humans and other animals, as well as prevent and treat chronic (e.g., obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders) and infectious (e.g., bacterial, fungal, parasite, and viral) diseases. Editor of this volume is an internationally recognized expert in nutritional biochemistry. He has over 38 years of experience with research and teaching at world-class universities in the area of amino acid biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology. He has published more than 625 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 62 chapters in books, and authored two text/reference books, with an H-index of 117 and more than 55,000 citations in Google Scholar. This publication is a useful reference for professionals as well as undergraduate and graduate students in animal science, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, biology, human medicine, food science, kinesiology, nursing, nutrition, pharmacology, physiology, toxicology, veterinary medicine, and other related disciplines. In addition, all chapters provide general and specific references to amino acids in systems health for researchers and practitioners in biomedicine, animal and plant agriculture, and aquaculture, and for government policy makers.
Download or read book Cachexia and Wasting written by Stefan D. Anker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-06 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cachexia may well represent the flip side of the tremendous achievements of modern medicine. The aim of this volume, written by world-renowned scientists, is to provide the best available evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutic approach of cachexia, and to facilitate the understanding of the complex yet unequivocal clinical role of this syndrome, that truly represents a disease, or, more likely, a disease within other different diseases.
Download or read book Protein Turnover in Mammalian Tissues and in the Whole Body written by John Conrad Waterlow and published by North-Holland. This book was released on 1978 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feed efficiency in swine written by John F. Patience and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Feed efficiency in swine' has been prepared as a comprehensive treatise on the current state of our understanding of this topic which is so important to the pork industry. Each chapter is written by international authorities who understand both the science and application of their topic area. The book provides detailed insight into the many factors affecting feed efficiency, ranging from diet processing to herd health, from nutrition to physiology and from day-to-day barn management to the adoption of advanced technologies. The authors explain such practical aspects as the challenge of interpreting feed efficiency information obtained on farm or the role of liquid feeding. The authors also delve into more scientific topics such as amino acid or energy metabolism or animal physiology. This book is written for people who have a technical interest in pork production, including nutritionists, geneticists, farm management specialists, veterinarians, other academics and, of course, pork producers.
